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By employing the platformization of cultural production from a critical political economy approach, this article analyzes the transition of the Korean cultural industries to the platform-driven phase of Hallyu. By discussing the highly transnationalized and platformized Korean Wave in the shifting global media environment, it examines how Netflix platformizes and appropriates the Korean broadcasting industry through various strategies, such as investing in original content creation, licensing Korean content, and subcontractualization of Korean production. These strategies reveal that Korean cultural industry firms have become subordinated to, and rely on, global OTT platforms. In light of the growing influences of Netflix and other global platforms, the article explores the implications of the platformization of cultural production for the transnational cultural flows of Hallyu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the discourse surrounding the transnational flows of South Korean popular culture, known as Hallyu (the Korean Wave), and its relationship to the country's soft power through a discourse analysis of Korean news and social media. Specifically, the study explores how Hallyu was addressed as Korea's soft power tool during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it gained even greater popularity overseas through digital means. The study questions how local cultural intermediaries, such as journalists, critics and YouTubers, have engaged with the Hallyu phenomenon. Although Hallyu is often considered a core component of Korea's soft power, aimed at increasing its influence in overseas reception points, there is a lack of studies on the meanings of Hallyu as a discursive construct in the Korean mediascape. Therefore, this study explores how Korean news and social media perceive and represent the global circulation of their local cultural content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the number of North Korean defectors in South Korea has increased, their portrayal in the mainstream media remains marginal and biased. Given this context, this article explores how North Korean defectors have gradually engaged in self-representation through new media technologies, such as personal broadcasting on digital platforms. In so doing, it reveals that the defectors at least partially challenge the dominant representation or lack of representation of North Koreans and seek self-representation. Drawing on scholarly literature and textual analysis of North Korean defectors' self-representation through Internet personal broadcasting, this study examines how defectors explore different ways of negotiating the dominant construction of themselves as the other of South Koreans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korean idol pop music (K-pop) has been circulated transnationally and has attracted fans globally. Drawing on qualitative interviews with K-pop fans in Spain, this article explores how the geo-cultural difference and distance signified by K-pop are consumed in the Spanish context, in which non-Western cultural forms are often othered and marginalised. The article shows that, while K-pop is stereotyped and racialized as a Chinos (Chinese) commodity in Spain, the fans questions the pervasive association of K-pop with the term Chinos and appropriate K-pop as a cultural resource for engaging with alternative possible lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how diasporic Korean youth engage with the recent global circulation of South Korean pop music ('K-pop'). It explores how young diasporic Koreans negotiate K-pop as an ethnic and/or global cultural form in their transition to adulthood. Drawing on interviews with young people of Korean heritage in Canada, the study addresses how a diasporic sound, which connects the nostalgia for the ancestral homeland and the global mediascape, is appropriated for young people's identity work. By examining diasporic Korean fans' consumption of K-pop, this study suggests a perspective for understanding the recent K-pop phenomenon as a diasporic youth cultural practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on qualitative interviews with Canada-based K-pop (contemporary South Korean “idol pop” music) fans, this study discusses how transnational fans experience and interpret K-pop as a form of cultural hybridity that facilitates global imagination. In particular, the study explores how fans consume and translate transnational pop music while engaging with different modes of global imagination in their everyday lives. In so doing, the study contributes to a better understanding of the text and context of K-pop through the lens of audiences’ negotiation with globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in angiogenesis and progression of cancer and its expression was associated with gene polymorphisms. Since the impact of polymorphisms of the VEGF on non-Hodgkin lymphoma prognosis has not been fully elucidated, we investigated 149 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) at the National Cancer Center, Korea. Five polymorphisms were analyzed with clinical characteristics as well as international prognostic index (IPI). Hazard ratios (HRs) were determined for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The rs1570360 polymorphism exhibited a genotype frequency of GG (76%), GA (20%), and AA (4%), and it was significantly associated with poor prognosis in DCBCL patients treated with R-CHOP with HR of 2.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.29–4.63; p=0064]. These findings suggest VEGF polymorphisms might be significant prognostic indicators for DLBCL treated by R-CHOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working during the night can disrupt the normal circadian rhythm by altering the melatonin level. A low level of melatonin is associated with an increased risk of cancer, possibly by decreasing the expression of tumor-suppressor genes, such asp53. To determine whether nighttime work is associated with melatonin level in serum as well as the expression of related genetic markers, we enrolled 100 female nighttime medical technologists employed at a hospital in South Korea. Melatonin concentration andmelatonin receptor 1(MT1) expression were significantly lower in nighttime than in daytime workers (1.84 pg/mL versus 4.04 pg/mL; 1.16 versus 1.61, respectively). However,p53expression showed no difference between the groups. In summary, nighttime work could be an important risk factor for circadian disruption, but not a direct risk factor for cancer in medical technologists in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study explores how young Korean migrants appropriate information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Canada. Drawing on qualitative interview data, the study focuses on Korean 'digital generation' immigrants who grew up with the rapid development of the ICT industry in Korea. By addressing the specific demographic of young migrants who have already been saturated by digital media in their pre-migration childhood, the study explores how the young people's memories of earlier digital media use are articulated with their adoption of newer media forms during the postmigration period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how young people in transnational contexts use communication applications (apps) through mobile platforms built into the smartphone. Drawing on qualitative interviews with young adults from transnational South Korean families in Canada, the study examines how young people use, and create meanings with, different apps in transnational contexts. In the study, the participants frequently used the Korean-based mobile platform of Kakao, as well as the globally popular Facebook, to mediate different human networks and emotions. By appropriating different mobile platforms, they sought to widen their peer networks in Canada and to maintain diasporic ties with their country of origin and/or ethnic communities in the host society. The young Koreans’ negotiation of the different app platforms illustrates a unique process of global–local and cultural–technological articulations in the appropriation of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study explores diasporic Asian young people's engagement with the recent wave of Korean pop culture, also known as the Korean Wave, in Canada. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted in Toronto and Vancouver, the study examines how transnational cultural flow is articulated with social media and ethnic sociality. In the study, while the transnational flow of Korean media content was largely reliant on social media, it was renegotiated by the users’ subject positions as ethnic minorities and by their ethnic networks in the Canadian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dramatic increases have occurred in the number of children who speak languages other than English at home in the United States and English language learners (ELLs) need support both for becoming proficient in English and for maintaining their first language. In this paper, five types of bilingual education implemented in the United States are reviewed: submersion, English as a second language instruction; transitional bilingual education; maintenance bilingual education; two-way immersion (TWI), with TWI programs being the focus for most of the paper. A brief history of the policy evolution of bilingual education in the United States is provided. Research reviewed suggests that compared to students exposed to other programs, students in TWI programs are better off in terms of achievement and in L1 and L2 development. Although benefits of TWI programs are demonstrated, limitations of the current research also exist, and are discussed. Challenges implementing TWI programs are discussed and policy recommendation are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the popular teaching evaluation siteRateMyProfessors.comas a social, technological and cultural form of the digital reputation society. The site's socioeconomic context shows the process of media integration and commodification, while its technological aspect reveals the salience of certain pedagogic features, such as easiness, clarity, standard and entertainment. In comparison, the site's reviewer postings show how rating subjects may negotiate its socioeconomic and technological features. The empirical analysis addresses the limitations and possibilities of the participatory culture that emerges in the digital reputation society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examines the ‘overseas working holiday phenomenon’ in Korea, drawing on a content analysis of policy and media discourses and qualitative interviews with Korean working holidaymakers in Canada. The study reveals a significant disjuncture between popular representations of transnational mobility and the participants' actual experiences of it. The process of repackaging youth as a potentially ‘global generation’ in the recent discourse of the working holiday phenomenon in Korea implies that transnational mobility can be a discursive construct that may conceal the immobility of a particular group of people, such as youth. The study argues that transnational mobility should be reconsidered as a symbolic and lived process in which national issues are negotiated and contested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of young people are making long-stay travels while postponing their transition to adulthood and seeking ‘global experience’. Among various forms of long-stay travel, the working holiday has been popular among young people looking for opportunities to work during travel. In order to empirically explore how global experience is negotiated by young travellers, this study analyses the narratives of 30 South Korean working holidaymakers in Toronto, Canada. The in-depth interviews reveal that the working holiday in Canada is considered by its participants to be a process of seeking the ‘true self’ and a way of enhancing social mobility, both of which lead to a sense of self-development. Drawing upon the empirical findings, the article suggests that the discourse of self-development naturalises a particular mode of neoliberal subjectivity and thus standardises the practice of global experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how transnational working holidaymakers imagine and negotiate their identity positions in ethno-racial structures of the host society. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 53 Korean working holidaymakers in Canada, the study addresses how the young people are racialised by being exposed to the ‘white gaze’ and re-ethnicised by engaging with the Korean diaspora. The study examines how the transnational mobility of working holidays bothbreaksfrom andcontinuesthe mobile subjects’ ethno-racial identity. The study’s findings contribute to the understanding of the racial dimensions of working holidaymaking, a largely overlooked topic in previous tourism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Selective energy transfer between quantum dots and gold nanoparticles was used to simultaneously detect mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. We functionalized the surface of gold nanoparticles and green and red-emitting quantum dots using four different probe DNAs that were designed to be a perfect complementary to an in-frame deletion mutation in exon 19 or L858 R point mutation in exon 21 of EGFR. We found that the presence of the deletion mutation in exon 19 in target oligonucleotides caused fluorescence quenching at 525 nm due to energy transfer from green-emitting quantum dots to gold nanoparticles, whereas point mutation in exon 21 resulted in quenching at 620 nm due to energy transfer from red-emitting quantum dots to gold nanoparticles. This method could successfully be used to simultaneously detect the presence of two types of mutations in EGFR. We also defined a parameter (i.e., the extent of quenching) to quantify fluorescence quenching phenomenon. By varying the fraction of mutant type DNA in target oligonucleotides, we showed that detection sensitivity based on the extent of quenching was about 5%, which is lower than the conventional direct sequencing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic macrocyclodimeric palladium(II) complex, [(dppp)Pd(m-pmps)]2(CF3SO3)4 (dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; m-pmps = 1,3-bis(3-pyridyl)-1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane), was synthesized and its molecular structure determined by X-ray single crystallography. The complex has 19 rings consisting of one 20-membered metallamacrocycle, 2 six-membered metallacycles, 4 pyridyl groups, and 12 phenyl groups. The local geometry around palladium(II) approximates to a typical square planar arrangement with two cis phosphines (P-Pd-P = 90.54(7)°; N-Pd-N = 84.6(2)°; Pd-P = 2.259(2) Å, 2.270(2) Å; Pd-N = 2.100(5) Å, 2.112(5) Å). The triflates were smoothly exchanged to produce [(dppp)Pd(m-pmps)]2(X)4 (X- = [image omitted], [image omitted], [image omitted], [image omitted], and [image omitted]; (X)2 = [image omitted] and [image omitted]). According to 1H-NMR chemical shifts and conductivity measurements, the macrocyclodimer was sensitive to the Hoffmeister series of anions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]