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This paper expands our understanding of the lived experience of policing by exploring how people describe and analyze one of its salient aspects: its economic consequences. Despite growing scholarship on predatory policing strategies in the aftermath of the Justice Department's investigation of Ferguson, Missouri, we lack an understanding of how these practices are experienced, theorized, and resisted by policed, race-class subjugated (RCS) communities. How do people narrate, make meaning from, or theorize their material relationship to policing? Do policed publics understand such practices as part of broader processes of racialized governance, political power, and community inequality? Utilizing the Portals Policing Project, we collected the largest contemporary database of narratives about policing, including over 850 dialogues that were qualitatively coded. Using a grounded theory approach we analyzed a subset of dialogues that focus on financial aspects of police, court, and carceral encounters to examine how people discussed their experiences with monetary sanctions and their broader meanings and relationships to racialized political economy and geography. When people analyzed the material dimensions of policing and incarceration, four prominent discursive theorizations emerged: (1) Police and courts deploy a variety of techniques (criminalizing public space, strategic application of child support fees, unfair taxation, among others) to structurally control the flow of RCS resources, often toward the state and non-policed White communities. (2) Such resource flows occur in the broader context of municipal prioritization of police and carceral institutions over schools and social services, which permit and sustain RCS community criminalization, extraction, and reproduction of marginalization. (3) Police construct racialized urban spaces and markets, marking informal RCS economic activity as transgressive and delimiting their expansion. (4) Police surveillance is racially embodied and permeates daily life to restrict individual activity and, indirectly, economic potential. Overall, these narratives center the police and carceral state in processes of materialized race-making—the active reproduction of racial economic inequality and dispossession that goes beyond basic racial disparities in state punishment and revenue generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA numerical code library was developed for the radiation transport code MCNP6.3 to calculate generalized response sensitivity coefficients for fixed source neutron transport problems with applications to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. The new MCNP6.3 dependency is used to generate a novel time convolution response that represents a neutron time-of-flight (nToF) signal. The traditional suite of macroscopic cross-section sensitivities and constrained fixed source probability distribution sensitivities are available for both the standard and the new response tallies in this library. However, novel sensitivity coefficients for the constrained hyperparameters of analytic fixed source probability distributions are emphasized in this work for their connection to ICF neutron transport models. Particularly, advanced Monte Carlo methods are developed for calculating the sensitivity of a nToF signal to perturbations in an ICF plasma’s ion temperature and burn history as well as perturbations in the target liner mass density and the shape parameters of the nToF detector’s impulse response function. Together, these capabilities form an advanced suite of computational tools that can be used to analyze and extract information from any ICF experimental platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While rare in the larger population, anal cancer incidence is significantly higher in groups such as sexual minority men and people living with HIV. This qualitative analysis examined participants' experiences and perceptions of barriers to anal self-examination and anal companion examination through interviews completed as a part of a larger clinical trial. Interviews were conducted online with participants (n = 131) within a week of their baseline appointment between January 2020 and October 2021. Content analysis denoted participants' thoughts and perceptions about anal self-examination and anal companion examinations. Of the 131 cisgender men interviewed (mean age 49.9 years, SD 12.7), 92.4% identified as gay, 54.9% identified as white, 22.1% identified as Black, 19.9% identified as Latino, and 44.3% of participants were living with HIV. Participants did not report feelings of excessive anxiety when an abnormality was detected. However, three salient themes emerged as to why participants may not perform an anal self-examination or anal companion examination: (1) physical limitation(s), (2) potential sexualisation of the examination, and (3) level of comfort discussing anal health. Future work must continue to explore methods that not only decrease stigma surrounding anal health but also bolster feelings of accessibility to perform self and couple examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) satellite has been in orbit since 2008 and detects energy-resolved energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) originating from the heliosphere. Different regions of the heliosphere generate ENAs at different rates. It is of scientific interest to take the data collected by IBEX and estimate spatial maps of heliospheric ENA rates (referred to as sky maps) at higher resolutions than before. These sky maps will subsequently be used to discern between competing theories of heliosphere properties that are not currently possible. The data IBEX collects present challenges to sky map estimation. The two primary challenges are noisy and irregularly spaced data collection and the IBEX instrumentation's point spread function. In essence, the data collected by IBEX are both noisy and biased for the underlying sky map of inferential interest. In this article, we present a two-stage sky map estimation procedure called Theseus. In Stage 1, Theseus estimates a blurred sky map from the noisy and irregularly spaced data using an ensemble approach that leverages projection pursuit regression and generalized additive models. In Stage 2, Theseus deblurs the sky map by deconvolving the PSF with the blurred map using regularization. Unblurred sky map uncertainties are computed via bootstrapping. We compare Theseus to a method closely related to the one operationally used today by the IBEX Science Operation Center (ISOC) on both simulated and real data. Theseus outperforms ISOC in nearly every considered metric on simulated data, indicating that Theseus is an improvement over the current state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjective: To describe common components of medical amnesty (MA) policies and examine how MA policies differ across institutions. Participants: 50 U.S. colleges and universities with current MA policies. Methods: A checklist was developed to compare and assess the campus MA policies of 50 institutions. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, and regression analyses were used to examine common policy components and differences across types of institutions. Results: 40% of policies did not include a purpose statement. 42% of policies had no mention about how to use the policy. 48% did not mention restrictions on amnesty. 32% did not mention follow-up actions. 24% of policies mentioned extending amnesty for additional person(s) present. There were no significant differences in policy components across school characteristics. Conclusions: Many policies lacked detail, highlighting the need for guidelines and best practices to develop MA policies. Future research could examine the effects of these policy components on help seeking intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing is an effective method to understand attitudes and beliefs on aging, but the subject matter without an explanation can be misinterpreted. We explored college students' drawings and written descriptions of the life course (N = 567). Participants drew, on average, five life phases. Most drawings included human figures, and most were alone in each life phase. Fifteen percent of the drawings were non-human representations. Some characteristics (e.g. hair changes [58%]) and contexts (e.g. birth [91%]) were present in both the drawings and descriptions. Others were only present in the drawings (e.g. alone throughout the life course [79%]) or mainly described (e.g. school/graduation [92%]). Findings highlight participants thought some associations with aging needed explanation while others warranted no explanation, thus intrinsic to aging. Our study reveals the importance of examining both drawn and written content together when using drawing as a method in aging research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney disease is a devastating condition affecting millions of people worldwide, where over 100,000 patients in the United States alone remain waiting for a lifesaving organ transplant. Concomitant with a surge in personalized medicine, single-gene mutations, and polygenic risk alleles have been brought to the forefront as core causes of a spectrum of renal disorders. With the increasing prevalence of kidney disease, it is imperative to make substantial strides in the field of kidney genetics. Nephrons, the core functional units of the kidney, are epithelial tubules that act as gatekeepers of body homeostasis by absorbing and secreting ions, water, and small molecules to filter the blood. Each nephron contains a series of proximal and distal segments with explicit metabolic functions. The embryonic zebrafish provides an ideal platform to systematically dissect the genetic cues governing kidney development. Here, we review the use of zebrafish to discover nephrogenesis genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disease characterised by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The impact of straining and exercise on ICP regulation is poorly understood yet clinically relevant to IIH patient care. We sought to investigate the impact of Valsalva manoeuvres (VMs) and exercise on ICP and cerebrovascular haemodynamics in IIH. People with IIH were prospectively enrolled and had an intraparenchymal telemetric ICP sensor inserted. Three participants (age [mean ± standard deviation]: 40.3 ± 13.9 years) underwent continuous real-time ICP monitoring coupled with cerebrovascular haemodynamic assessments during VMs and moderate exercise. Participants had IIH with supine ICP measuring 15.3 ± 8.7 mmHg (20.8 ± 11.8 cm cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) and sitting ICP measuring −4.2 ± 7.9 mmHg (−5.7 ± 10.7 cmCSF). During phase I of a VM ICP increased by 29.4 ± 13.5 mmHg (40.0 ± 18.4 cmCSF) but returned to baseline within 16 seconds from VM onset. The pattern of ICP changes during the VM phases was associated to that of changes in blood pressure, the middle cerebral artery blood velocity and prefrontal cortex haemodynamics. Exercise led to minimal effects on ICP. In conclusion, VM-induced changes in ICP were coupled to cerebrovascular haemodynamics and showed no sustained impact on ICP. Exercise did not lead to prolonged elevation of ICP. Those with IIH experiencing VMs (for example, during exercise and labour) may be reassured at the brief nature of the changes. Future research must look to corroborate the findings in a larger IIH cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School mealtimes, for many schools, are characterized by behavioural difficulties, a problematic time of day requiring much attention and resources. Yet for many school food reformers, those wanting food environments to be educative and pleasant, strict behavioural interventions are contrary to the ideals of social learning. This paper presents an ethnographic case study of Peartree Academy, an all-through academy school in England, to explore how school personnel used the dining hall simultaneously as a community space and as surveillance mechanism. We deliberate on causes and variations of how this manifests. A Foucauldian lens, viewing dining space as 'heterotopia' and 'heterochronies' [Foucault, M. 1986. "'Of Other Spaces." Translated by J. Miskowiec. Diacritics 16 (1): 22. ], highlights tensions that shape the everyday for both students and staff in the school. As counter-spaces used differently by administrators, pupils, and food reformers, we show how rules and regulations imposed by staff work against the original intentions to develop the dining hall into a community forum in which children develop positive eating behaviours and good citizenship. The children became subjected to power relations through which bodies became docile or resistant, with less opportunity for social learning. True progressive food reform thus requires, ultimately, deeply understanding and negotiating the multiple, overlapping functions of dining spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this investigation was to evaluate listener auditory-perceptual assessment of employability for individuals with hypernasal speech. Using an online survey platform, listeners with managerial experience evaluated speech samples from individuals with varying hypernasal resonance disorder severity to determine auditory-perceptual judgements regarding intelligence and employability. Speech samples of individuals with hypernasal speech were rated lower on scales of intelligence and employability, and more likely to be selected for jobs with infrequent rates of communication and lower levels of responsibility. Additionally, males with hypernasal speech were perceived as less intelligent, less employable, and more likely to be selected for a job with infrequent communication in comparison to females with hypernasal speech. Results of this preliminary investigation suggest that individuals with hypernasal speech may face employment barriers. The conclusions collected from this initial investigation open the doors for further research addressing linguistic considerations and aspects of employability. This is an important consideration for individuals with either acquired or congenitally related hypernasal resonance disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommendations are a high form of community consultation, but rarely solicited in surveys of resident attitudes despite their potential to better inform planning and foster stronger event loyalty in an era of mega-event crisis. This paper innovates by identifying and structuring open-ended recommendations for the 2032 Brisbane Olympic Games from host region residents 10 years prior to that mega-event. From an online survey of 897 respondents, 946 discrete recommendations for event "success" were organised through thematic analysis into high level "event," "community" and "organiser" themes. In the emergent community vision for the Games derived from these themes, host city residents aspire for efficient, affordable, and authentic Games that benefit and involve the host community and learn from the past. The vision's focus on resident self-interest is unsurprising but challenges event organisers to accommodate the interests of multiple stakeholders. The aspiration for a sustainable community, nevertheless, is conducive to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and complements recent IOC reforms and the official 2032 Games Vision which call for greater responsiveness to host community interests. Under a framework of soft transformative governance, facilitating micro-transformations should ensure that marginalised groups are heard and their aspirations integrated into early mega-event planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strength2Strength (S2S) is a group psychoeducational program aiming to build resilience among families supporting relatives after traumatic injury. To test the feasibility, acceptability and outcomes of teleconference delivery of a 5 hour S2S program in rural New South Wales. A mixed methods design investigated the (i) convenience of telephone-based delivery; and (ii) acceptability of the program material (purpose-designed survey and the Narrative Evaluation of Intervention Interview). Program efficacy was measured with the Resilience Scale (RS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC); the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS); Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21 (DASS-21); Carer Assessment of Managing Index (CAMI); and Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS). Participant outcome data were collected at baseline, post program and 3 months follow-up. 11 participants supporting adult relatives with severe brain injury completed the program. All participants and facilitators commented positively about the cost, ease of use and quality of the teleconference facility. Statistically significant gains were found between pre-program and follow-up scores on the RS, CD-RISC, PANAS-Positive, and CAMI, with statistically significant reductions found on the DASS-21 Depression Scale and CBS scores. The study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of telephone–based delivery of S2S to family participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of proper randomization in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and highlights common red flags that indicate a misunderstanding or misuse of randomization. The author emphasizes the need for low risk of bias and proper study design elements such as randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding. The article also addresses issues such as testing baseline group differences, imbalance at baseline, equal-sized groups, and poor reporting of randomization methods. The author concludes that it is crucial for researchers to use best practice methods and properly report their use to ensure reliable contributions to science. [Extracted from the article]

This paper investigates both theoretically and empirically the impact of market structure on the price discovery process at the opening of trading of IPOs. Some papers suggest that IPO value uncertainty is not fully resolved at the offering but continues into the aftermarket. Our model predicts that this ex-post uncertainty, i.e. the residual uncertainty about the firm value in the aftermarket, is related to the level of fragmentation in the aftermarket. Our model further predicts that consolidated markets are more efficient in resolving ex-post uncertainty than fragmented markets. Using the introduction of the opening IPO Cross on Nasdaq as a natural experiment, our empirical analysis provides compelling evidence that IPOs in fragmented markets exhibit larger levels of ex-post uncertainty and, consequently, larger underpricing than in consolidated markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nordic hamstring curls (NHC) are a commonly used injury intervention method in amateur team sports. Seventeen elite male academy soccer players performed an 8-week low volume NHC programme. Pre-post intervention measures of isokinetic eccentric knee flexor (KF) strength, linear speed, COD performance, hamstring muscle thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length were recorded. No significant main effects were observed for measures of isokinetic KF strength (P ≥ 0.19), linear sprint speed (P ≥ 0.47) or hamstring muscle architecture (P ≥ 0.30). However, significance was noted for improved COD performance (P < 0.01; mean difference, −0.06, p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.09; d = 0.80), exceeding the minimal detectable difference (MDD = 0.05 s). A low-volume NHC intervention may contribute to significant improvements in COD ability, independent of no significant changes in eccentric KF strength, linear sprint speed or muscle architectural properties in elite youth soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents today have never known a world without the internet and social media. Therefore, it is crucial to help adolescents develop healthy social media practices and address problematic use. In this quasi-experimental design study, the authors focused on examining whether a difference existed in problematic social media use (PSMU), fear of missing out (FOMO), mindful attention, and life satisfaction among adolescents (n = 54) that complete a five-week, mindfulness-based intervention (i.e. Mindful Connections) compared to those who did not. Participants were students at one high school in the Southeastern region of the United States. A statistically significant difference existed between the intervention and control groups in PSMU, F(2, 52) = 6.018, p <.05, and mindful attention, F(2, 52) = 4.65, p <.05. However, a statistically significant difference did not exist between the groups in FOMO, F(2, 52) = 3.343, p =.828, or life satisfaction, F(2, 52) = 1.754, p =.191, with both the intervention and control groups having lower scores of FOMO and life satisfaction after the intervention. The results are promising for using a mindfulness-based intervention to address dysregulation and problematic social media use and encourage mindful attention and healthy use. More research is needed regarding this area of study, as this study is the first study focused on examining the Mindful Connections curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This profile offers an analysis of Extinction Rebellion (XR) from the vantage point of vanguardism. Vanguardism is a Leninist approach that marshals universal(isable) grievances to mobilise massconstituencies. XR is used as a conduit through which to raise awareness of vanguardism's environmental applications. XR is introduced before a theoretical framework for understanding vanguardism is offered. The article then discusses XR's politics, before discussing its protest repertoire. It is found that whilst vanguardism is ordinarily associated with the left, XR contributes to its 'greening', taking the pursuit of uprising beyond the left. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this explanatory sequential design study was to better understand caregivers' perceptions about and interest in evidence-based early childhood sleep health promotion recommendations. A purposeful sample of mothers of 20 1–5-year-old children (10 children exhibiting optimal sleep and 10 children exhibiting insufficient/fragmented sleep) attending a preschool serving a low socio-economic (SES) status metropolitan community were invited to participate in qualitative interviews. Data were coded according to a grounded theory approach and themes were identified within the optimal and suboptimal sleeper groups. Mothers reported different approaches to managing electronics by optimal/suboptimal sleeper group, with mothers of optimal sleepers limiting access to electronics more than mothers in the suboptimal sleep group. Other themes of sleep health practices did not differ meaningfully between groups. Maternal perspectives about early childhood sleep health were similar across optimal and suboptimal sleepers on most elements of child sleep health. Managing child sleep was contextually influenced and these results highlight the complexities of how families living in lower SES environments perceive common sleep recommendations. Thus, sleep health education efforts should be tailored to the needs and values of specific families and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal injuries are a concern for automotive applications, requiring large parametric studies to understand spinal injury mechanisms under complex loading conditions. Finite element computational human body models (e.g. Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) models) can be used to identify spinal injury mechanisms. However, the existing GHBMC detailed models (with high computational time) or GHBMC simplified models (lacking vertebral fracture prediction capabilities) are not ideal for studying spinal injury mechanisms in large parametric studies. To overcome these limitations, a modular 50th percentile male simplified occupant model combining advantages of both the simplified and detailed models, M50-OS + DeformSpine, was developed by incorporating the deformable spine and 3D neck musculature from the detailed GHBMC model M50-O (v6.0) into the simplified GHBMC model M50-OS (v2.3). This new modular model was validated against post-mortem human subject test data in four rigid hub impactor tests and two frontal impact sled tests. The M50-OS + DeformSpine model showed good agreement with experimental test data with an average CORrelation and Analysis (CORA) score of 0.82 for the hub impact tests and 0.75 for the sled impact tests. CORA scores were statistically similar overall between the M50-OS + DeformSpine (0.79 ± 0.11), M50-OS (0.79 ± 0.11), and M50-O (0.82 ± 0.11) models (p > 0.05). This new model is computationally 6 times faster than the detailed M50-O model, with added spinal injury prediction capabilities over the simplified M50-OS model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tsitsa River catchment is a complex social-ecological system (cSES) in a rural area of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and the site of the Tsitsa Project (TP); a multi-stakeholder, transdisciplinary landscape restoration project aiming to improve sustainable livelihoods and ecological infrastructure. We investigated transformation mechanisms in a framing of multidimensional linkages, including the recognition of differentiated scales and levels. Linkages were analysed through the development of two vignettes: 1) a citizen technician employed to monitor sediment loads in rivers to inform landscape restoration activities (local scale); and 2) a senior government official responsible for (regional scale) operational and on-the-ground restoration initiatives. Vignette data were generated during a workshop, from TP researcher reflexivity, and interviews with the TP Catchment Coordinator and vignette subjects. Data were analysed and presented: i) as a heuristic diagram, ii) through a narrative, and iii) as a matrix table. Each analysis incorporated a different conceptualisation of scale in relation to four social processes related to transformative change: learning, agency, power and structure. Transformation is demonstrated and leverage points and areas of intractability for promoting and constraining future transformation towards social-ecological sustainability, were identified respectively. Further, we suggest that an understanding of transformative processes was enriched and nuanced by combining a triad of complementary analytical exercises. These allowed a focus on unique stories and contexts, but also the identification of generalisable patterns and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous research studies inspecting the safety benefits of centreline and shoulder rumble strips (RS) on pavements, there has been limited exploration into the impact on pavement durability due to the installation of RS. The RS milling process creates micro-cracks in the pavement structure that could propagate to macro cracks over time with freeze and thaw, moisture damage, and traffic loading, thereby decreasing the lifespan of the pavements. The primary objective of this study was to develop testing procedures for RS samples as well as analysis methods to determine the impact of potential controlling factors such as permeability and resulting moisture damage; freeze–thaw; the presence of microcracks; surface layer sealants (chip seal); RS size, depth, type, and RS location in relation to the longitudinal construction joint. The flexural beam fatigue test suggests that sinusoidal rumble strips had 38% increased fatigue cracking resistance. Moreover, the sinusoidal rumble strip resulted in 41% improved cracking and structural performance in the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) tests. Also, the rutting performance of sinusoidal rumble strips was similar to the control section without rumble strips. In addition, 0% moisture infiltration was observed in sinusoidal rumble strip specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People reliant on agropastoral land systems are vulnerable to variability and changes in land function. Their vulnerability is linked to their exposure and sensitivity to various land system components and is often mediated by access to multiple livelihood capitals. We quantify aspects of that intersection with household vulnerability as measured by food insecurity, and as it is mediated by access to livelihood capitals. We use a structural equation model of household vulnerability, organized under a livelihoods framework, fitted empirically using a combination of information from 726 household surveys. These surveys were conducted in communities in Namibia, Botswana and Zambia, and are contained within a socio-ecological gradient in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area of southern Africa. We provide evidence that adaptive capacity strongly mediates household vulnerability to food insecurity via both direct and indirect pathways that are statistically associated with land use-derived functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have sought to understand how Indigenous and Western knowledge systems can be bridged for development research to be (a) more inclusive of local actors and knowledge and (b) more relevant to the problems it aims to address. Research in Amazonian Indigenous contexts remains dominated by a 'Western' science struggling to accommodate bottom-up development research. This paper examines how Indigenous and Western knowledge is bridged in knowledge co-production with Amazonian Indigenous communities, and what outcomes such bridging incurs. The paper uses a systematic realist review analysing 22 studies. It finds that the bridging of Indigenous and Western knowledge, in co-production with Amazonian Indigenous communities, was based on partnership between Indigenous and scholarly communities. Emphasising mutual respect, power-sharing, and empowerment of Indigenous communities, this bridging contributes to generation of knowledge that is more legitimate and beneficial for all actors involved in the co-production process. However, the paper also observes a gap between knowledge co-production in theory and practice. Power-relations between Western scientists and Indigenous communities need to be further addressed in development research. More work is needed to enhance the legitimacy of knowledge, in order to further empower Indigenous communities to address local challenges according to their own contexts and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive dissonance refers to a state where two psychologically inconsistent thoughts, behaviours, or attitudes are held at the same time. The objective of this study was to explore the potential role of cognitive dissonance in biomechanical loading in the low back and neck. Seventeen participants underwent a laboratory experiment involving a precision lowering task. To establish a cognitive dissonance state (CDS), study participants were provided negative feedback on their performance running counter to a pre-established expectation that their performance was excellent. Dependent measures of interest were spinal loads in the cervical and lumbar spines, calculated via two electromyography-driven models. The CDS was associated with increases to peak spinal loads in the neck (11.1%, p <.05) and low back (2.2%, p <.05). A greater CDS magnitude was also associated with a greater spinal loading increase. Therefore, cognitive dissonance may represent a risk factor for low back/neck pain that has not been previously identified. Practitioner summary: Upon establishing a cognitive dissonance state in a group of participants, spinal loading in the cervical and lumbar spines were increased proportional to the magnitude of the cognitive dissonance reported. Therefore, cognitive dissonance may represent a risk factor for low back and neck pain that has not been previously identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) is a somatostatin-like polypeptide. CART has been localized in the CNS, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, pancreatic islets and enteric nervous system. We investigated the cellular localization of CART in normal human prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and acinar adenocarcinoma. CART was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), and its gene expression was identified by RTqPCR. We found cellular expression of CART in both normal prostatic luminal secretory epithelial cells neuroendocrine cells (NEC) of both ducts and acini. The cellular appearance indicated a cycle of neuropeptide synthesis and secretion as validated by ISH/IHC concordance. RTqPCR analysis also validated the immunohistochemical data and gene expression, which both indicated low to moderate expression in prostatic tissues. CART expression also was increased in both neuroendocrine and glandular epithelial cell populations from samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia as validated by IHC, ISH and RTqPCR. CART expression was markedly diminished and, in some cases, entirely absent in tissues of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Owing to loss of CART expression in adenocarcinoma and its increase in benign prostatic hyperplasia, CART may prove to be an important prostate marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural residents experience higher rates of perinatal depression (PND) than non- rural peers; yet are less likely to receive screening. The Supplemental Special Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) offers a potential screening site. Using sequential mixed methods, we surveyed rural Michigan WIC clinics about PND screening. Then randomly selected providers completed qualitative interviews. Nineteen of 26 clinics completed the survey (73.3%). Eighty-three percent indicated interest in PND screening if barriers were reduced (n = 15). Eleven providers completed interviews, resulting in five core codes. Rural Michigan WIC clinics are promising sites for PND screening if implementation barriers are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some systems lowering any one of several stress variables limits the extent to which the others are able to accelerate random event times. That is, each stress variable can cap acceleration of the time to failure distribution, independent of the others. For example, repeated electrostatic shocks will set off a high-explosive detonator within the first few attempts only if voltage and energy are both sufficiently large. This article presents a class of time-to-event models with soft thresholds on multiple stressors. These models are fit to data obtained from an experiment performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory to estimate probabilities that detonators will fire from accidental electrostatic discharge. The models include a limited failure component to account for the possibility that a fraction of units is completely unable to produce the event of interest regardless of how long one waits or how many trials are attempted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to help child welfare professionals understand connections between the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), Tribal sovereignty, and Native American well-being, and prepare to uphold ICWA in the face of the impending U.S. Supreme Court case. ICWA provisions, intentions, implementation, and impact are described, followed by summaries of prior legal challenges, judicial erosion, and the Haaland v. Brackeen case. The article explores implications if ICWA is overturned, including ramifications of non-preferred foster care and adoption placements and self-determination, health, and socioeconomic repercussions. Advocacy strategies for upholding ICWA are presented to help protect Native children, families, and Tribal Nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared two morphing techniques (and their serial combination) to create subject-specific finite element models of 15 astronaut vertebrae. Surface deviations of the morphed models were compared against subject geometries extracted from medical images. The optimal morphing process yielded models with minimal difference in root-mean-square (RMS) deviation (C3, 0.52 ± 0.14 mm; T3, 0.34 ± 0.04 mm; L1, 0.59 ± 0.16 mm) of the subject's vertebral geometry. <1% of model elements failed quality checks and compression simulations ran to completion. This research lays the foundation for the development of subject-specific finite element models to quantify musculoskeletal changes and injury risk from spaceflight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to test the effects of different duration naps on post-nap cognitive performance during simulated night shifts. We used a randomized laboratory-based crossover trial design with simulated 12-hr night shifts and each participant completing three conditions of 72 hrs each (Clinicaltrials.gov; registration # NCT04469803). The three conditions tested included no-nap, a 30-min nap opportunity, and a 2-hr nap opportunity. Naps occurred at 02:00 hrs. Cognitive performance was assessed with the Brief 3-min Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B). Four PVT-B measures include: reaction time (RT in milliseconds (ms)), lapses (RT > 355 ms), false starts (reactions before stimulus or RT <100 ms), and speed (1,000/RT). The PVT-B was performed at the start of the simulated night shift (19:00), end of shift (07:00), pre-nap (02:00), and at 0 mins, 10 mins, 20 mins, and 30 mins following the 30-min and 2-hr nap conditions. Simultaneously, participants reported subjective ratings of fatigue and other constructs. Twenty-eight (15 female), mostly certified emergency medical technicians or paramedics, consented to participate. For all three conditions, looking within condition, PVT-B lapse performance at the end of the 12-hr simulated night shift (at 07:00) was poorer compared to shift start (p < 0.05). Performance on PVT-B speed, RT, and false starts were poorer at shift end than shift start for the no-nap and 30-min nap conditions (p < 0.05), but not for the 2-hr nap condition (p > 0.05). Compared to pre-nap measures, performance on the PVT-B assessed at 0 mins post-nap showed significant performance declines for lapses and speed for both the 30-min and 2-hr nap conditions (p < 0.05), but not at 10, 20, or 30 mins post-nap. After waking from the 2-hr on-shift nap opportunity (at 0 mins), participants rated sleepiness, difficulty with concentration, and alertness poorer than pre-nap (p < 0.05). Participants in the 30-min nap condition rated alertness poorer immediately after the nap (at 0 mins) compared to pre-nap (p < 0.05) While sleep inertia was detectable immediately following short 30-min and long 2-hr nap opportunities during simulated night shift work, deficits in cognitive performance and subjective ratings quickly dissipated and were not detectable at 10–30 mins post-nap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blunting of the sleep-related dip in blood pressure (BP) has been linked to numerous cardiovascular outcomes including myocardial infarction. Blunting of BP dipping occurs during night shift work and previous research suggest that a 60-min or longer on-shift nap is needed to restore normal/healthy BP dipping. We sought to determine the effect of different durations of napping on BP during and following simulated night shifts. We hypothesized that the greatest benefit in terms of restoration of normal BP dipping during night shift work would be observed during a longer duration nap versus a shorter nap opportunity. We used a randomized crossover laboratory-based study design. Participants consented to complete three separate 72-hr conditions that included a 12-hr simulated night shift. Nap conditions included a 30-min and 2-hr nap compared to a no-nap condition. Ambulatory BP monitoring was assessed hourly and every 10-30 mins during in-lab naps. Blunted BP dipping during in-lab naps was the primary outcome. Goal enrollment of 25 (35 with attrition) provided 80% power to detect a mean difference of 5 mmHg in BP between nap conditions. Of the 58 screened, 28 were consented, and 26 completed all three 72-hr conditions. More than half (53.6%) were female. Mean age was 24.4 years (SD7.2). Most (85.7%) were certified as emergency medical technicians or paramedics. The mean percentage dip in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) did not differ between the 30-min and 2-hr nap conditions (p > 0.05), yet a greater proportion of participants experienced a 10-20% dip in SBP or DBP during the 2-hr nap versus the 30-min nap (p < 0.05). For every additional minute of total sleep during the 30-min nap, the percentage of SBP dip improved by 0.60%, and the percentage of DBP dip improved by 0.68% (p < 0.05). These improvements approximate to a 6% per minute relative advancement toward normal/healthy BP dipping. Restoration of a normal/healthy dip in BP is achievable during short and long duration nap opportunities during simulated night shift work. Our findings support the hypothesis that BP dipping is more common during longer 2-hr versus shorter 30-min naps. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04469803. Registered on 9 July 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental stewardship (ES) typically occurs at nonprofit organizations through stewardship programs. Organizations may have limited capacity to understand what motivates volunteers, which limits recruitment and sustainment. Using a community geography approach, we propose that stewards self-sort and mobilize based on how an organization's scale of operation matches the scale of stewards' motivations. We test this in a comparative research design wherein volunteers at two disparate partner organizations were surveyed (n = 341). After collapsing those motivations via exploratory factor analysis, a nominal logistic regression model predicted each volunteer's organizational affiliation as a function of their motivations. The results reinforce a "First Law of Environmental Stewardship", which states that all stewards share certain overarching motivations; but motivations are more alike within organizations than between organizations. The close correspondence between motivational and organizational scales suggests that nonprofits seeking to broaden their volunteer pools can experiment with multiscalar programming, combining immediate, place-based actions alongside movement-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how doctoral graduates in Aotearoa New Zealand are being impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey captured the employment and mobility situations of doctoral graduates from 2019 to early 2021 from six of the eight universities in NZ. The 406 survey responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, as well as drawing on Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) theory in an inductive analysis of freeform comments. Most respondents were aspiring to academic careers, but the pandemic led to the loss of job offers for 19.2% and altered career plans for 60.6%. Family circumstances impacted career decisions for 21.4% and these were complicated by mobility difficulties with border closures and visa issues. The impacts of the pandemic on careers were significantly greater for international graduates. The qualitative analysis revealed themes of uncertainty, complications, pragmatism and academia. Using CIP, it is apparent that the pandemic has created a more complex job environment and heightened stress and anxiety over career and mobility options. As shown in our conceptual model, NZ universities need to better prepare graduates for the landscape of career possibilities, making students aware of their attributes, supporting their wellbeing, and helping them navigate the complexity of the current job environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares two South African monument spaces, the well-known Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria and the lesser-known 1820 Settlers National Monument in Makandha (formerly Grahamstown). While ultimately both monuments enact cultural violence through the veneration of European settler groups, they do so in contrasting ways, which may make a difference in ultimately mitigating their cultural violence. While the Voortrekker Monument presents an explicit narrative of Afrikaner supremacy literally carved in marble, the 1820 Settlers National Monument features more abstract symbolism and its leaders have long shown willingness to alter and use the monument in ways that interrupt (at least somewhat) the adulation of settler culture. Comparison of the sites, though, show that the ambivalence of the 1820 Settlers Monument may not be enough to remove the cultural violence done by such monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project investigates the ethical frameworks in place for Pakistani television news journalists reporting cases of domestic violence. It also examines the provision and structure of training for Pakistani media professionals to support accurate and balanced reporting of such violence. The research comprised in-depth semi-structured interviews with a small group of television journalists. The findings reveal that there was no formalized code of ethics guiding how journalists represent incidents of this crime, its victims, or perpetrators. Moreover, it was revealed that due to a paucity of formal professional development opportunities, journalists negotiate the challenges of reporting domestic violence on-the-job, resulting in instances of irresponsible reporting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite national increase in pediatric ethics consultation volume over the past decade, protected time and resources for healthcare ethics consultancy work has lagged. Correlation study investigating potential associations between ethics consult volume reported by recent national survey of consultants at children's hospitals and five programmatic domains. 104 children's hospitals in 45 states plus Washington DC were included. There was not a statistically significant association between pediatric ethics consult volume and hospital size, rurality of patient population, or number of consultants. Academically-affiliated children's hospitals had fewer ethics consults compared to nonacademically affiliated. Association was found between full-time equivalent (FTE) hours and number of ethics consults (p < 0.0001). Spearman rank correlation between ethics consult volume and FTE was 0.5. While the results of this study should be interpreted with caution, investment in protected time for ethics consultancy work may translate into increased volume of pediatric ethics consults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overmedication of people with intellectual disabilities, particularly when psychotropic medications are used for challenging behavior (CB) in the absence of a psychiatric disorder, is a significant public health concern. Support staff play a pivotal role in influencing the prescribing process. Staff views and attitudes toward medication use for CB are therefore of paramount importance. We have conducted four focus groups involving support staff (n = 8), home managers (n = 5) and trainers (n = 3), two of which primarily explored participants' experiences and views on using medication for CB and medication withdrawal. Some participants felt medication use was justified, but others saw that as a form of chemical restraint. Most agreed that polypharmacy of psychotropics might lead to side effects. Some acknowledged the lack of shared decision-making involving people with intellectual disabilities and their families. There was universal anxiety about withdrawing the medication. All agreed on the need for more medication-related information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the growing environment on the aroma of agricultural products such as wine, coffee, or tea has been investigated in detail, leading to the concept of regional identity; however, there have been only limited studies examining regional variation in hops. A systematic investigation of Cascade and Mosaic® hops from the 2020 harvest year grown at 39 different locations in Oregon and Washington was performed using chemical/instrumental and human sensory analyses, which revealed significant between-state and within-state differences for both varieties, suggesting substantial regional and subregional identity effects. A subset of 14 hop samples was selected to produce standardized single-hop beers (IPA) in pilot scale. Sensory evaluation of the beers revealed similar regional-dependent results as observed for the hops with slightly stronger fruity, citrus, and tropical notes but weaker herbal, grassy, and woody notes in the beers compared to hops, suggesting that the regional identity effect was observable in beer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on social entrepreneurship are unexplored at this time. However, recent literature argues that social entrepreneurship is a critical tool for addressing issues both created and exacerbated from this virus. As such, this article aims to answer the question: What considerations should be made when examining the impact of COVID-19 on the social enterprise sector? This paper argues that close attention must be paid to social enterprise: (1) financial performance, challenges, and opportunities, (2) geographic location and its influences on opportunities or obstacles, and (3) resilience strategies employed to address issues caused or exacerbated by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the relationship between the need for orientation (NFO) and knowledge/misperception about COVID-19 using a two-wave panel survey of U.S. adults (W1: N = 1,119; W2: N = 543). The findings suggest that moderate-active NFO rather than high NFO better predicts individuals' level of knowledge and misperception. We also found that different media use (vertical media and horizontal media) and individuals' epistemic beliefs (intuitionism and rationalism) have distinct implications for knowledge and misperception about COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]