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The United States (US) is amidst an opioid epidemic. In New York City (NYC), there are disparate rates of opioid overdose deaths among communities of color. Many harm reduction methods are being implemented to curb the opioid crisis. Little is known about which strategies people of color use to reduce their risk of a subsequent overdose. This qualitative phenomenological study highlights the lived experiences of 11 NYC Black and Latinx opioid overdose survivors and their strategies to reduce the likelihood of another overdose. ts. A thematic analysis was utilized to identify three significant themes: volition and control; risk factors for overdose; and risk reduction, services, and interventions. The sample's mean (±SD) age was 40.54 (±13.84); 54.55% identified as Latinx and 45.45% identified as Black. Social workers and other health professionals need continued education and training about harm reduction methods and overdose prevention strategies. Implications for social work practice, education, policy, and research are delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examined motivators, facilitators, and barriers for individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) in an online fine motor exercise program supplemental to Rock Steady Boxing. A purposive sample of 6 individuals with PD underwent semi-structured interviews and follow-up member check sessions via Zoom. Data were analyzed through an inductive approach by developing generalizations from themes discovered during the interviews. Three common themes were identified: 'acknowledging that participation in exercise can fight the disease', 'integrating and forming habits', and 'recognizing improvement in function'. Each theme categorized as a motivator, facilitator or barrier for engagement in the fine motor exercises program. Understanding motivators, facilitators, and barriers for individuals with PD to improve engagement in an online fine motor exercise program may lead to better program planning for future virtual learning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cross-sectional data collected from 974 young adult social workers aged 21–29 from three metropolitan cities in China, namely, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, this study examined the effects of contextual constraints, work volition, and career adaptability on decent work conditions and tests a moderated mediation model. Results showed that work volition mediated the relationship between contextual constraints and decent work conditions and that career adaptability moderated the link between work volition and decent work conditions. The indirect effect of contextual constraints on decent work conditions via work volition varied based on career adaptability, that is, the indirect effect was weaker for individuals with a higher level of career adaptability. The results of this study will inform the application and adaptation of the psychology of working theory with the lens of decent work to further promote the well-being and career development of young adult social workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an original interpretation of the fourteenth-century debate over whether every volitio is a cognitio. This debate, I argue, was at its heart a debate about what constitutes the mark of occurrent mental states. Three participants in this debate – Adam Wodeham, Richard FitzRalph, and John of Ripa – articulated three distinct accounts of the mark of the mental. In doing so, they also developed several philosophical accounts of the intentionality of occurrent affective states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-control is essential to the Buddhist soteriological project, but it is not immediately clear how we can make sense of it in light of the doctrine of no-self. Exercising control over our actions, thoughts, volitions, and emotions seems to presuppose a conception of self and agency that is not available to the Buddhist. Thus, there seems to be a fundamental mismatch in the practical instructions for exercising control in the Buddhist texts and the doctrine of no-self. In this paper, we develop and defend a general account of self-control that coheres with Abhidarma Buddhism. We defend the Buddhist against recent arguments that self-control depends on an executive self; instead, for the Buddhist, the psychology of self-control must be 'horizontal' (for example, one desire winning out over another). However, the characterization of the psychological process isn't sufficient for a Buddhist theory of self-control. For the Buddhist account is substantive. According to Buddhism, a paradigmatic instance of self-control is an episode in which the desire that wins is a desire that conforms to Buddhist values; by contrast, an episode is not an instance of selfcontrol if the desire that wins is opposed to Buddhist values. We also argue that there are significant resources on which the Buddhist can draw for enhancing selfcontrol despite the denial of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lingering with waste might seem antithetical for an issue all about newness, but although waste demonstrates persistence, it also indicates change: a body wasting away, an environment becoming a wasteland, a person wasting opportunities or good will. In this essay I argue that the nineteenth-century lyric helps us to think about the accumulation of unusable products, dead ends, waste, as central to intimacy. Percy Shelley's "The Sensitive-Plant" operates as my case study, a lyric fundamentally troubled by the disposability of the human in contrast to the garden's continual disturbing survival, and a poem obsessed with the erotic potential of rot and decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descartes appears to hold that everything we believe is the product of a voluntary choice. Scholars have been reluctant to take this particularly radical version of doxastic voluntarism as Descartes' considered position. I argue that once Descartes' compatibilist conception of free will as well as his position on the 'freedom of indifference' are taken into account, the primary motivations for the rejection of the aforementioned radical version of doxastic voluntarism lose their force. Consequently, we may take Descartes at his word when he maintains that everything we believe, we believe freely – even if we cannot believe anything we wish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I engage with the queries, comments, and suggestions raised by my commentators. In response to Lähteenmäki, I focus on Descartes' understanding of the role of prejudice in our pre-Meditation experiences to explain how an engagement with the Meditations can change the mind's understanding of itself. In relation to Boeker, I highlight that for Locke expressions of esteem should ideally be based on insights afforded through the use of reason. I address Clay's concerns by arguing that it would be reductive to conceive of Humean sympathy as a mere conversion process. In reply to Alweiss, I focus on Rousseau's arguments from human nature and the tension arising from them when seen in relation to his understanding of male and female virtue. To engage Reichert's concerns about Herder's expansive conception of knowledge, I argue that for Herder coherence plays a crucial role in justifying sympathetically acquired beliefs. I finally re-examine Kant's distinction between Wille and Willkür, and the causes he takes to be responsible for giving reason a special tendency, to respond to O'Shea's questions about maxims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasingly large body of research in social psychology has underscored the power of brief situational interventions in promoting purposeful change. The present research contributes to the literature on positive psychology interventions (PPIs) by testing a novel volitional intervention that encourages people to engage in activities 'outside their comfort zone.' Participants were randomly assigned either to a condition that encouraged them to engage in an activity outside of their comfort zone over the following two weeks or to a control condition that encouraged them to keep a record of their daily activities. The intervention boosted the life satisfaction of people who were relatively less happy at baseline, with exploratory analyses tentatively suggesting benefits strongest among people who went outside their comfort zone by helping others. Discussion centers on the potential of behavioral 'stretch' interventions to promote positive change and well-being among people dissatisfied with their life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernhard's literary texts are replete with (juridically well-informed) inheritance stories, last wills and legacies, inheritance conflicts and constraints. Many texts follow in their construction the genealogical line from fathers to sons that is burdened by an always fatal family and national history, which is represented via inheritance law and narration. A case in point is the story "Ungenach" (1968), in which the son, as the sole heir, is confronted with a rich inheritance bequeathed to him by his father, who owned huge estates. The story deals with his efforts to organize an "Abschenkung" (divestment by donation) in favor of criminals and outsiders to get rid of his ancestry. A similar plot rules Bernhard's great novel Auslöschung ([Extinction] 1986) on the last will of a wealthy family in the aftermath of Austrian fascism. The paper examines the juridical and poetic dimensions of Bernhard's inheritance writings – beginning with the conflicts around Thomas Bernhard's own last will, which prohibits all performances of his plays in Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors comment on an article by L. Shavelson and colleagues which identifies a key ethical concern associated with medical aid-in-dying (MAiD) laws in the U.S. jurisdictions where the practice is legal. Topics discussed include implications of neuroscience for volition and consent, challenges faced by physicians caring for patients undergoing MAiD, and enabling equity in expressions of volition.

The will to have freedom and to experience equality in learning form a vital relation to our capacity to make choices in life. This article offers a comparison between Sartre and Rancière that is new to the field of research in education and contributes an argument for a relational philosophy of freedom and equality. Existentialist insights into how we experience the world through affect and embodied intelligence are raised in this exploration of the contemporary significance of 'freedom' in education. Questions of capacity for free choice are addressed, in discussion of historically different opportunities across identifications of gender, class and ethnicity in education. In this comparative approach, constructive parallels are identified between Sartre's philosophy of freedom and Rancière's method of equality, that form a new relation to the arts and learning. I argue that there are positive connections that can affirm flexible, responsive and representative free thinking in creative practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apparent consensus among Nietzsche interpreters is that Nietzsche accepts Schopenhauer’s ‘description of the ubiquity of suffering’ (Gemes, K. 2008. ‘Nietzsche and the Affirmation of Life: A Review of and Dialogue with Bernard Reginster.’ European Journal of Philosophy 16: 459–466). In this paper, I argue against this consensus. Specifically, Nietzsche holds that life is not as painful as Schopenhauer makes it out to be, for Nietzsche recognizes two kinds of pleasures that Schopenhauer fails to acknowledge. The only kind of pleasure that Schopenhauer acknowledges is the experience of the cessation of pain that occurs upon the satisfaction of a desire. Nietzsche explicitly rejects Schopenhauer’s view of pleasure; instead, he recognizes pleasurable feelings of power that one can experience when one is trying to satisfy desires, and pleasurable feelings of value that one can experience when one satisfies a desire for something one takes to be valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sets out the main points in Leonardo Polo's theory of moral development, which systematically articulates goods, norms, and virtues. To make them easier to understand, each point has been compared with Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which is well known to specialists and radically different to it. We have chosen three aspects of Kohlberg's theory of moral development to highlight the uniqueness of Polo's theory: a) Kohlberg does not account for the specificity of voluntary acts, particularly the act of deciding; b) The options that solve Kohlberg's dilemmas are isolated from potential prior and subsequent decisions, so his moral development ignores any internal biographical storyline to the decisions themselves; and c) The Kohlbergian morality is an ethics of justice and duty, thereby relegating the friendship, which to Polo is the culmination of ethics, to a morally irrelevant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern 'neo-Roman' or 'republican' concept of freedom as liberty from the arbitrary will of another is the starting point for a discussion of three French Renaissance magistrates for whom freedom is paramount political question: La Boétie, L'Hospital, and Montaigne. The first of these sees freedom in ontological terms, the foundation of being as well as of any political system in the form of freedom of expression and amitié. The article shows that that these values are severely tested by the French Wars of Religion. L'Hospital claims that personal and collective liberty is compatible with monarchical rule and submission to the will of another. This attempt to reconcile domination and non-domination is then greatly refined by Montaigne who re-frames the premises of this debate in terms which develop the role of historical figures such as Socrates and Lucan in the defence of individual and civic freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a working model characterizing work volition among women suffering from fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) to better understand the vocational challenges these women face, the drivers behind their ambitions, and the coping strategies they implement. A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted consisting of semi-structured interviews with 15 women diagnosed with FMS who are currently employed. The interviews were analyzed according to the principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The findings point to the enormous efforts these women make to ration their energy and preserve their careers by implementing calming cognitive, social, and solution-focused strategies. Several motivational factors governing work volition emerged from the interviews: (1) a drive for esteem, power, and control; (2) achieving self-actualization and a sense of meaning in life by nurturing of others; (3) preserving a sense of existence through their career achievements; and (4) pushing beyond their physical limits. They reported implementing four calming, cognitive-focused, social support, and solution-focused strategies to reduce pain. Work plays an important role in grounding these women's sense of vitality and normalcy. This is coupled with their enormous efforts to pursue and preserve their careers by calming the mind and the body. Paradoxically, however, these efforts appear to aggravate their physical exhaustion and distress. The complexity of maintaining a career when diagnosed with FMS as well as issues of general physical and mental health are discussed. Career has an existential significance for women with Fibromyalgia. Motivational factors for work volition were identified; these include ambition for esteem, the obtaining of meaning, and gaining a sense of existence. Enormous efforts have been taken to save energy and preserve careers. Women are trapped between their desire to work and the need to conserve energy. Body-mind interventions are recommended for women's rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rediscovery of Peter Fleet's will at the Massachusetts Historical Society provides an opportunity to examine the legacy of early America's first Black newspaperman. Fleet provided a previously unrecognized connection between printed news and the enslaved community of Boston. As the enslaved typesetter of the Boston Evening-Post, he composed more stories of slave unrest than any newspaper in New England during his time at the press. Fleet's labour in the print shop placed him at the center of communication of rumours of rebellion and freedom in the early British Atlantic. Fleet's will may be the earliest known record of probate created by a Black slave in the English-speaking world, but his manuscript gains greater significance as evidence of Fleet's long struggle to assert control over his life and labour at one of early Boston's most influential newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication, behavioural disturbances and low motivation influence the functional potential and the effectiveness of interventions in adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). While the model of human occupation (MOHO) is a conceptual model in occupational therapy, no research on the volition of adolescents with CP in daily activities has been undertaken. To explore the elements contributing to the volition of adolescents with CP based on their own experience A qualitative approach using directed content analysis with volition of MOHO as a framework was applied. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with five adolescents with CP and five parents of the same adolescents. In this study primary codes were categorized into eight categories: family and community-related values, individual values, individual perceptions of ability level, sense of control over conditions, enjoying performing activities, enjoying interpersonal relationships, physical context features and social context features. Personal causation in interaction with environmental features is strongly influenced by adolescents' motivation. Occupational therapists could improve the motivation of adolescents with CP in interaction with the individual's volition with focussing on self-efficacy for promoting personal causation. Adapting to the physical environment and changing the attitudes of others to these adolescents is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for a deflationary account of trying on which 'x tried to ϕ' abbreviates 'x did something with the intention of ϕ-ing', where 'did something' is treated as a schematic verb. On this account, tryings are not a distinctive sort of episode present in some or all cases of acting. 'x tried to ϕ' simply relates some doing of x's to a further aim x had, which may or may not have been achieved. Consequently, the analysis of 'x tried to ϕ' adds nothing to our basic understanding of the nature of action or agency. The account handles examples of naked trying, trying without acting – for example, trying but failing to move when paralyzed – by construing 'did something' as a schematic verb for a broader class of purposive events than actions, subsuming inter alia the formation of intentions-in-action. It gives a technical sense to 'doing with the intention of ϕ-ing' so that it includes any doing that can be construed as for the purpose of executing the intention of ϕ-ing. This subsumes as a limiting case the formation of an intention-in-action to ϕ, which is for the purpose of executing that very intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present randomized controlled trial evaluated if a workplace physical activity (PA) program that comprises both a PA component and a psychological coaching component (PA + C) is more effective in changing cognitive determinants of PA than a PA program without coaching component. Design:N = 213 employees were cluster-randomly assigned to two groups: the PA + C group received the MoVo-work intervention, combining a psychological coaching component and a PA component. The PA group received the PA component without psychological coaching. Main Outcome Measures: Strength of goal intention, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, action planning and barrier management were assessed at five time points (before and at the end of the intervention, as well as 6 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after the intervention). Results: After six weeks and one year, respectively, the PA + C group showed significantly higher goal intentions (p =.018) and self-efficacy beliefs (p =.006) than the PA group; and, at a descriptive level, a clear tendency towards better barrier management. Conclusions: The results indicate that a workplace PA program, including psychological coaching, may partially improve the effects of a pure PA program on critical motivational and volitional determinants of PA behavioural change among employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased emphasis on implementing effective integrated STEM education calls for in-depth student understanding of the nature of each separate discipline. This study examined how South African Grade 9 and 10 students who had completed 'Natural Sciences and Technology' as a school subject, perceived technology and its relationship with science in a South African context. Data were collected using a questionnaire with open-ended and Likert-type questions. We utilised Mitcham's typology of technology to analyse students' descriptions of technology, in combination with Gardner's framework to analyse how students perceived the relationships between science and technology. The results indicate that students hold narrow views of technology, mostly referring to technological objects and activities in their descriptions of technology, but neglecting technology as knowledge and volition. In terms of their perceptions of the relationship between science and technology, students hold several misconceptions. If we are to develop students' scientific literacy and technological capability, we need to ensure that students have opportunities to reflect and engage with the nature of and interactions between science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decent work is crucial for an individual's life development and well-being. The psychology of working theory defines the relationship between micro and macro factors that might be strongly influenced by the context. The aim of this research was to study how people working in the formal and informal economy in Burkina Faso describe their working conditions and the notion of decent work and how economic constraints and marginalisation influence work volition, decent work and work fulfilment using a mixed method approach. A study shows that above and beyond the usual components, social recognition is an especially important aspect of decent work in this context (N = 51). A second study shows that economic constraints and marginalisation factors have an impact on obtaining a decent work, mediated by work volition, both being related to work fulfilment outcomes (N = 501). Results suggest that the objective and subjective components of decent work might refer to two aspects of the same reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the political, theological, and literary significance of civil death (mors civilis) in early modern England and claims the relevance of this doctrine for our thinking about incarceration today. Civil death makes explicit the state's capacity to render a criminal inanimate before the law, stripping him of not only rights and possessions but also the capacity to will. Civil death's seventeenth-century theorists claim that civil death does not only come after a crime as punishment, however; it also precedes it as cause, the criminal's will having been rendered dead by sin in order for the crime to have been committed in the first place. After exploring the genealogy of civil death, I analyze how this doctrine affected the literary representation of imprisonment and revolt in John Milton's oeuvre, especially Samson Agonistes (1671). Milton's play both diagrams the imprisoned Samson's experience of civil death and illustrates how it can be transformed it into an instrument of revolutionary resistance. I conclude with a brief demonstration of how the dehumanizing effects and revolutionary possibilities of civil death persist today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that in cultural history, Homo Ludens, the Dutch historian Johan Huizinga describes play as an informal voluntary activity according to guided rules accepted freely under limits of space and time. Topics include considered that the play or the game is an opportunity for building relationships that may go beyond the moment of play.

Older people (OP) living at home alone face several health risks. Health professionals are increasingly called upon to contribute to the prevention of these risks. In this article we to develop an analytical framework to look at volition to risk taking in the ordinary everyday activities of OP living at home alone. We conducted a qualitative study to explore how OP think about risk throughout their actions, how risk influences them in their activities and the place they give to risk in the ordinary activities of their daily lives. Twenty participants (twelve women, eight men) living alone at home in French-speaking Switzerland were interviewed using the specific explicitation interview method. Focusing on micro-action sequences, the participants were asked to convey their subjective experiences while performing these actions. Occupational and activity choices seem to always have underlying motivations rooted in a set of values, such as maintaining a sense of control over one's own existence, competence (perceived self-efficacy), and identity congruence. Risk taking was closely associated with OP's intimate volition to maintain their own personal trajectory. The way in which OP understand the risks they face in their daily lives and what they do to cope with these risks serves as an analytical tool for studying ageing. We consider that a more detailed understanding of which risks affect or benefit OP, and how, makes a valuable contribution to studies of ageing and to studies into the nature and role of risk in everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rejections of Hume's account of agency as 'implausible' and 'defective' have not been uncommon in recent commentary, but these responses have been elaborated without acknowledgement that Maine de Biran offered a critique of the Scottish philosopher on this point two centuries earlier. In criticizing Hume, Biran argues that awareness of the power of the will in effort, understood as the relation of will to resistance, is the fundamental fact of all consciousness. This article revisits Biran's critique in the light of a recent defence of Hume and with reference to the first Enquiry's crucial footnote denying that effort can ground the idea of causal power. The article also addresses one of the background motivations for Hume's sceptical account of agency to which Biran does not respond directly, namely what the first Enquiry presents as the 'inconsistency' of the idea of free will as a power removed from all causal determination. I conclude by arguing that Biran cannot offer an adequate response to Hume on this point, and that a fuller, more compelling response can be found in the development of the French spiritualist tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish his vision of theology as the doctrine of 'living to God,' William Ames, the English puritan theologian exiled in The Netherlands, strongly emphasized the will as the seat of faith. This prominence has often been interpreted as an extreme version of voluntarism eliminating the intellective elements altogether and regarded as something outside mainstream, Reformed orthodoxy. However, when analysed through the distinction between habit and action, it will be clear that Ames's emphatic statements on the will reflect his concern for the singularity of virtue, and that he did assign some roles to the intellect in terms of the action of faith. Therefore, the difference over the question of the seat of faith is highly technical in nature and should not be exaggerated. Ames argued for the priority of the will over the intellect by drawing from Scotist sources, which was compatible with the Thomistic idea of premotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the Vocational ID that integrates linguistic and visual representations of a career counselling client's self. Based upon findings from the Life Design paradigm [Savickas, M. L., Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J.-P., Duarte, M. E., Guichard, J., ... van Vianen, A. E. M. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the twenty-first century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 239–250. doi:] and the Personality Systems Interaction theory [Kuhl, J. (2000b). The volitional basis of personality systems interaction theory: Applications in learning and treatment contexts. International Journal of Educational Research, 33(7–8), 665–703. doi:], the Vocational ID facilitates working on clients' vocational identity. In this article, we present the theoretical framework, its practical applications, and a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locke's account of belief formation poses a number of philosophical and practical difficulties. As John Passmore and others have shown, Locke appears to hold both that belief is involuntary (in the sense that assent is determined by the balance of available probabilities), and that it is in significant measure voluntary (insofar as we are sometimes free to disregard even the most suggestive evidence). In this paper, I argue that Locke's aim was neither to defend an involuntary nor a voluntary conception of belief, but rather to emphasize our God-given obligations with respect to our beliefs, in our paradoxical condition as beings both created and free. Once this perspective is adopted, it becomes clear that Locke's account of belief formation is both internally consistent and (contrary to claims made by Jeremy Waldron) compatible with the requirements of his case for religious toleration. Where this account breaks down, however, is in demonstrating that we do, in fact, have the ability (and not just the duty) to regulate our beliefs – a power which Locke is ultimately only able to establish by appealing to the justice and omnipotence of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Will, preferences and rights' is the new guiding principle for all support for or exercise of decision-making under the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities, but its meaning is disputed and practice implications are poorly understood. This article explores key debates across disciplines and draws on grounded theory fieldwork findings to bring greater clarity to the principle within law, policy and practice settings. It is argued that the principle calls for a nuanced understanding which cautions against expectations that mere enactment into law or adoption within programs of support will prove to be a panacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the use of the Nachlass material has been much debated in Nietzsche scholarship in recent decades. Some insist on the absolute interpretative priority of his published writings over those unpublished and suggest that an extensive engagement with the Nachlass is harmful because it is something Nietzsche rejected. To verify this claim, they appeal to the story of Nietzsche asking his landlord in Sils-Maria to burn some of his notes. Since the notes that were ultimately retrieved are purportedly incorporated into the compilation The Will to Power, the story also leads some to conclude that Nietzsche rejected his project on the will to power. However, the reliability of this story has been questioned. In this manuscript I first present the decisive piece of evidence that will settle the controversy over the story's authenticity. After showing that it is true that in 1888 Nietzsche wanted some of his notes burned, I address the question of what we can conclude from this story. I argue that it neither suggests the abandonment of the will to power project, nor warrants a devaluation of the Nachlass. Finally, I will discuss the methodological problem of the use of Nietzsche's Nachlass in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death as an inevitable reality is a subject of study in various philosophical schools. This concept can be reviewed within three realms: semantics, ontology, and epistemology. The objective of this article is to examine death within the ontological realm in the thoughts of Mullā Sadrā and Schopenhauer, and it attempts to answer the question whether philosophical discussions on the concept of death in Sadrā's transcendental wisdom, despite differences in principles, methods, and objectives, are comparable to Schopenhauer's intellectual framework. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study first investigates the issue of death in the thought of both philosophers and then focuses on their comparative analysis. The findings of this study show that both philosophers believe in the dichotomy in the world, immortality of human nature after death, existence of suffering in the world, asceticism, austerity, love, and affection to all human beings. However, each of them analyzes and explains the issue of death within his own intellectual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is in part an intervention in the ongoing debate inaugurated by Peter Harrison in 2002 when he called into question the validity of what had come by then to be called 'the voluntarism and science thesis.' Though it subsequently drew support from such historians of science as J.E. McGuire, Margaret Osler, Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs and, more recently, John Henry (in rebuttal of Harrison), the origins of the thesis are usually traced back to articles published in 1934–1936 and 1961 respectively by the philosopher Michael Foster and the historian of ideas Francis Oakley. While classifying Foster's work as pertaining to the ecology of ideas rather than their history, the article argues for the complementarity of the two approaches and seeks, not only to vindicate the voluntarism and science thesis itself but also to locate it within the broader constellation of ideas embracing legal and political as well as natural philosophy that the political philosopher Michael Oakeshott characterized as pertaining to a fundamental tradition of European thinking dominated by the master conceptions of Will and Artifice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Baret of Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, died in 1467. A wealthy and well-connected merchant, he left what may well be the longest and most personally revealing will of 15th-century England. His cadaver tomb (erected by 1463) and chantry ceiling survive in his parish church of St Mary's, Bury St Edmunds. The design of John Baret's tomb is unusual. In most surviving English sculpted cadaver monuments, an image of the deceased in life tops the tomb, and a carving of them as a corpse is placed below, usually within some form of cage structure. John Baret's memorial inverts this pattern. His sculpted, full-sized cadaver occupies the top of the tomb, while the image of Baret in life is much smaller, carved only in low relief and positioned low down. Similarly, the tomb inscriptions stress Baret's sinfulness and invite prayer for his soul, but without highlighting his worldly achievements or status. Baret's tomb thus emphasises death, unworthiness and his status as a sinner. This article considers how the wills of John Baret and his associates may provide an explanation for the unusual design of his cadaver tomb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This retrospective study explored how mechanisms and elements of the Intentional Relationship Model may support volition and engagement in occupation for individuals living with dementia. Methods: Concepts grounded in the Intentional Relationship Model framed a secondary analysis of the experiences of one therapist who examined the volitional expression of persons with moderate dementia according to the Model of Human Occupation. Field notes from thirty-eight hours of therapist interactions with three participants living with moderate dementia were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Frequent use of collaborating and encouraging modes appeared effective in supporting volition and engagement in occupation in participants. Interpersonal skills of the therapist that appeared essential for positive interactions with participants were understanding interpersonal characteristics and responding to interpersonal events. Conclusions: Clinical implications related to use of IRM with this population are presented, and suggestions for future research and training of therapists are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The purpose of the present study was to determine if intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitoneal (IP) injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a viral mimetic that binds to toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), affects food intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, plasma corticosterone (CORT) and glucose concentrations, and crop emptying rate in chicks (Gallus gallus). 2. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly decreased food intake. 3. IP but not ICV injection of poly I:C significantly suppressed voluntary activity, whereas ICV injection decreased time spent sitting. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly increased plasma CORT and glucose concentration. Neither ICV nor IP injection of poly I:C significantly affected cloacal temperature. 4. In addition, ICV injection of poly I:C significantly reduced crop emptying rate, whereas IP injection had no effect. 5. These results suggested that central TLR3 is related to anorexia, stress response and retardation of crop emptying while peripheral TLR3 is related to anorexia, change in behaviour and stress responses during viral infection in chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study investigated: (a) how motivated patients are to use their hearing aid, and (b) whether post-motivational variables (e.g. action planning, coping planning) have anything to offer in terms of developing interventions to boost hearing aid use. Design: participants completed a questionnaire designed to tap Health Action Process Approach constructs prior to their hearing aid prescription and fitting. Study sample: Sixty-seven patients attending NHS audiology clinics. Results: Participants reported very strong intentions to use hearing aids (Median = 7.00 Q1 and Q3 = 6.67, 7.00, on a +1 to +7 scale) and high self-efficacy (Median = 7.00, Q1 and Q3 = 6.00, on a +1 to +7 scale) leaving little room for improvement. In contrast, participants reported moderate levels of post-motivational variables (action planning Median = 4.25, Q1 and Q3 = 1.13, 7.00 and coping planning Median = 2.75, Q1 and Q3 = 1.00, both measured on +1 to +7 scales) thereby showing significant scope for change. Conclusions: Future interventions to increase hearing aid use should focus on ensuring that patients' motivation is translated into action, rather than further trying to boost motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Theories and models that address harmful health behaviors often do not incorporate factors related to alcohol. Methods: The aim of this article is to review the role of alcohol use on risky sexual behavior and to suggest how alcohol-related factors can be incorporated into health behavior change models. Results: Suggestions for modifying health behavior change models are presented, including integrating motivation and volition phases of models with a preconsumption and consumption phase of alcohol use. Conclusions: These modifications may be useful in developing interventions designed to increase the occurrence of safer sex behaviors affected by alcohol and other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the perceptions parents have of the causative and curative factors for their child's externalized behaviors and what treatment they prefer to receive from their primary care integrated behavioral health team. This is a qualitative study, using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 parents representing 14 patients with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) who sought care from their primary care physician for treatment of the DBD. Participants spoke of uncertainty of the cause of the DBD and the desire to find parenting approaches that augment the effectiveness of pharmacological intervention provided by the primary care team. Parents' responses suggest that they are eager for more education about their child's DBD and how to engage at-home management of the symptoms. Discussion focused on the import of considering the voices of these parents when implementing brief parent management training programs in integrated behavioral health primary care programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the importance of human will in education. Human potentials may be fulfilled for us by the genes that we inherited from our parents, or in the education that they and our teachers give us. However, there is one specific way of fulfilling human potential, and that is the act of will. Human unity is nowhere more fully exemplified than in this act of will. The need for human will is important because of the increasing problems of impulses, indecisions and misconduct. The author suggests ways of thinking about the integrity of the person as exemplified in that kind of an act of will.

This essay argues for the need for an ‘optimism of the intellect’ - in the form of the need for cultural studies - in the face of a growing ‘pessimism of the will.’ It illustrates the value of cultural studies by considering three contemporary problematics: post-truth, polarization and consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the learning dispositions of first-generation disadvantaged students at a university in South Africa's Western Cape Province. Based on qualitative data collected over a 2-year period, it focuses on findings from 7 purposively selected students at this university. Utilizing Bourdieu's concept of habitus and Wacquant's conceptual elaboration of this concept, the article explores the affective, cognitive, and conative (practices) dimensions of the students' habitus as interrelated aspects crucial to understanding how they develop their dispositions to learn. The article illustrates how the students' learning dispositions are produced through the active and strategic exercise of each of these 3 (affective, conative, and cognitive) interrelated embodied dimensions. I argue that understanding these embodied habitus generating practices are crucial for comprehending how they establish effective learning dispositions for successful educational engagement at their university. The significance of this article lies in offering a perspective of first-generation disadvantaged students' learning dispositions in respect of establishing their educational engagement practices at the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tercer abecedario espiritual (1527) was the most influential work of Franciscan friar and widely read spiritual author Francisco de Osuna (c.1492-c.1540). This essay focuses on descriptions of the soul in his treatise in order to highlight a series of correspondences between Nahua and Franciscan metaphysics. It argues that these correspondences, based on sensorial experiences of the material world and inductive reasoning, aided the success of the Franciscan project of evangelization during the early decades of the colonization of Mexico through the 1570s. Moreover, it contends they led to changes in the concept of the soul in the Nahua/Spanish contact zone. Because Nahua terms for animating forces ihiyotl, -yolia, and tonalli—which signify winds, heart, and heat—have been studied in close detail, this essay uses them as a framework to interrogate Osuna's representations. Such an approach demonstrates that scholarship comparing Mesoamerican metaphysics with that of colonizing missionaries requires reciprocal scrutiny of European concepts at the time of contact. Finally, this analysis explores Bruno Latour's 'compositionism' as a model for approaching the premodern qualities of meditative recollection and for examining the intersections between Nahua and Franciscan aesthetics of interiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research has consistently indicated that fear of stigma is a pertinent factor when understanding the poor prevalence of treatment seeking among individuals with mental illness, particularly eating disorders (EDs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment experiences of ED sufferers within an Australian context, in addition to exploring patient views on framing EDs as biogenetic conditions, given the increased understanding and presentation of EDs as biologically based conditions. Methods: Semi‐structured online data collection was conducted with 35 Australian women with a history of an ED (54.3% in treatment, 45.7% in “recovery” or “recovered”). The data were evaluated using a three‐phased coding system, allowing findings to emerge from significant themes inherent within the raw data (thematic analysis). Results: Treatment was perceived as traumatic, punitive, blaming, lacking in understanding/education, and overemphasised the physical dimensions of the illness. The experience of volitional stigma in the healthcare system was frequent and expected, and for many sufferers had adverse effects. Biogenetic framing was perceived to be more likely to reduce (rather than exacerbate) stigma, particularly perceptions of volition and personal responsibility. Although reductions in blame and responsibility were welcomed, there was concern that biogenetic explanations could negatively impact recovery by endorsing genetic fatalism and encouraging self‐fulfilling prophecies via genetic essentialism. Conclusions: Overall, findings highlight that attention to volitional stigma within the health system is required (particularly education) and that aetiological framing (with caution and sensitivity) is perceived to be a feasible stigma reduction method by ED sufferers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses Kant and Hegel's philosophies of action and the place of action within the general structure of their practical philosophy. We begin by briefly noting a few things that both unite and distinguish the two philosophers. In the sections that follow, we consider these and their corollaries in more detail. In so doing, we map their differences against those suggested by more standard readings that treat their accounts of action as less central to their practical philosophy. Section 2 discusses some central Kantian concepts (Freedom, Willkür, Wille, and Moral Law). In Section 3, we take a closer look at the distinction between internal and external action, as found in Kant's philosophy of morality and legality. In Section 4, we turn to Hegel and his distinctions between abstract right (legality), morality, and ethical life, as well as the location of his account of action within his overall theory of morality. We discuss the distinction between Handlung and Tat, and non-imputable consequences. The overall aims of our essay are to shed light on some puzzles in Kant and Hegel's conceptions and to examine where their exact disputes lie without taking a stand on which philosophy is ultimately the most satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article features the contributions of Fichte and Schopenhauer to a philosophical account of action against the background of Kant's earlier and influential treatment of the topic. The article first presents Kant's pertinent contributions in the areas of general epistemology and metaphysics ("transcendental philosophy"), general practical philosophy ("moral philosophy"), the philosophy of law ("doctrine of right") and ethic ("doctrine of virtues"). Then the focus is on Fichte's further original work on the issue of action in those same areas. Finally, the article turns to Schopenhauer's radical revision of the Kantian and Fichtean affirmative accounts of acting and willing through the correlated introduction of the irrational will, the self-negated will and ethical inaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schopenhauer asserts that 'the will, which is objectified in human life as it is in every appearance, is a striving without aim and without end'. The article rejects some recent readings of this claim, and offers the following positive interpretation: however many specific aims of my specific desires I manage to attain, none is a final aim, in the sense that none terminates my 'willing as a whole', none turns me into a non-willing being. To understand Schopenhauer's claim we must recognize his central contrast between happiness and will-lessness. Happiness is the satisfaction of individual desire, but no act of will that succeeds in satisfying individual desire is the attainment of a final aim, in that none brings about a conscious state in which the subject experiences no more unfulfilled desires. Such a state is the ultimate goal of existence, in Schopenhauer's view, but happiness does not provide a route along which it can be attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this article is the principle of non-vengeance, or a denial of the spirit of revenge [der Geist der Rache– Ger.], and how it is conceptualized in Friedrich Nietzsche and Lev Shestov. Both thinkers make this principle central to their philosophical discussions. However, they have different motives and ways of realizing the principle in their theories. Nietzsche’s approach is manifested in his idea of the eternal recurrence, while for Shestov, the principle is rooted in his interpretation of the biblical myth of “repealing the past evil.” Nietzsche defines vengeance as the will to repeal a past misdeed. Only our own will, turning toward the past and reevaluating itself, can free us from the spirit of revenge. Shestov goes beyond Nietzsche, transforming a moral problem into a theodicy problem. Truth is in the power of an Almighty Creator, who is capable of repealing something that has existed before. The absolute freedom of an all-powerful God who by his own volition can at once repeal a past evil shall solve the problem of vengeance. This article attempts to show the evolution of the two philosophers’ views on the problem of vengeance and non-vengeance, putting those views in the context of the key events in the thinkers’ lives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mental disorders and psychiatric institutionalization reduce the volition and limit the occupational performance of those affected. This article investigates the relationship between volition and occupational performance of people with mental disorders and analyzes the influence of sociodemographic variables on their volition. The results show that high levels of volition and regular participation in occupational therapy programs improve independence in daily occupational performance but also show that psychiatric pathology and the length of institutionalization reduce this volition. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]