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User susceptibility to phishing messages on social media is a growing information security concern. Contingency factors that can influence this susceptibility and the theoretical mechanisms through which they operate need more scholarly attention. To bridge this gap, we present a temptation and restraint (TR) model (a specific manifestation of the dual–system theory) of social media phishing susceptibility, which explains it as an outcome of a struggle between users' temptation toward engaging with a social media phishing message and their cognitive and behavioral restraint against it. The balance in this struggle is a function of various situational contingencies. First, via a Delphi study, we identify four key situational contingency factors in the context of social media that can influence this balance: (1) poor sleep quality, (2) social media ostracism, (3) source likability, and (4) fear appeals. Next, via five randomized controlled experiments using an ostensible social media paradigm with social media users, we show that the TR model explains (a) why and how users engage with social media phishing messages, and (b) when users are more or less susceptible to it based on key situational contingency factors. Our findings offer a nuanced perspective on social media phishing susceptibility, elucidate the fundamental roles of situational contingencies in the genesis of social media phishing victimization, and delineate important directions for future research in this area [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The famous controversy between Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola is known to regard the proper use of Platonism in humanist and Christian context. With special attention to Pico's Commentary on a Canzone, the point of disagreement with Ficino, which is not at all obvious, is examined through a close reading. The result is that Pico sees the temptation of a pantheistic and anthropocentric understanding of the relationship between the human realm and God. Whereas Ficino engaged in making pagan philosophy amenable to Christian theology, Pico was concerned with upholding the otherness of the divine. For the humanist agenda, Ficino made plausible that the human world is divinized, while Pico called for the ascent to God. In Pico's view the Neoplatonists secularized the divine, as was evident in Ficino's philosophical theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uncovers the national deployment of cuteness in the multi-year birthday celebrations of the enormously popular child star Shirley Temple during the Great Depression in the United States. These widely publicized media events promoted the ideology of consumerism through Shirley Temple's brand cuteness, addressing the prevailing anxieties about poverty and patriarchal capitalism in the 1930s. Moreover, Shirley's brand of cuteness necessitated material protection for the child by promoting that if the little girl is "cute"—––innocent, pure, vulnerable, and loyal to the father figures–––, the adult would love her and indulge her with material abundance. Shirley Temple epitomizes girly cuteness and embodies the hope of girls and women for being rewarded by patriarchy. I use archival research and textual analysis to investigate how Fox film studio packaged Shirley's stardom around her birthdays in her movies, media profiles, and publicity stunts between 1934 and 1940. The primary sources include Shirley's movies, mainstream newspapers, women's magazines, fan magazines, and the motion pictures trade press. This study fuses cuteness theories with girls' studies to discuss the temptations for girls and women to perform cuteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temptations are ubiquitous in daily life. In the present studies, we examined reflective justifications for indulging in these temptations. In Study 1, people reported deserving pleasurable activities (at the expense of goal pursuits) after imagining positive events for which they were responsible or negative events for which they were not responsible. In Study 2, participants reported more indulging and less goal progress when they considered negative events if they were given a chance to reflect on their lack of responsibility for those events. Combined, this evidence suggests people might frequently reflect on their experiences in ways that promote indulging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world café (WC) has gained popularity as a participatory method for collecting qualitative data. In this article, we present an instrumental case study -the Moving Social Work cafés- to illuminate why and how the WC might be applied within co-produced research. Our principal argument is that the WC constitutes a coherent and effective means for living up to the principles and values of co-production, as long as it is not treated as a method. We also contend that the WC should be approached as an unmethod, and we explain this approach through the metaphors of jazz and contact improvisation. Broadly, the article encourages qualitative researchers to resist the temptation to methodologize processes that have more potential when they remain constitutionally immature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay surveys some major themes encapsulated within Meister Eckhart's early instructional talks. Specifically, the essay will assess the roles Eckhart saw detachment, vulnerability, temptation, and learning from failure play in the novice's ongoing development. Such insight not only helped the formation of his late medieval audience but also offers a foundation for fruitful discernment to modern readers as they explore the ways in which Eckhart sought to live in God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic intentions of Augustine's preaching have recently been noted by scholars who have focused on how the cures of varying states of emotions are discussed in the sermons. One of the techniques used in this task was sermocinatio, or fictitious dialogue between different characters during the sermon. In this article, I will discuss three different cases in which Augustine makes use of this traditional rhetorical device in voicing out varying reactions and inner responses to ethical instructions on forgiveness, greed and fear. As in other contexts of the fictitious dialogues in Augustine's sermons, the preacher regularly attempts to answer these voices with the living, authoritative voice of Scripture, thus confronting his hearers with a directly personal and divine address. The aim of this address is to offer functional and habitual therapy for common forms of temptations in Augustine's audience. The entertainment value of these dialogues is designed to make them persuasive and easy to remember in actual instances of mala cogitatio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spending money on goods that satisfy oneself at the moment but not necessarily in the future – temptation goods – is a bothersome habit that applies to most people. However, with very low income, spending on temptation goods can potentially trap a household in chronic poverty, as such spending further minimizes the little financial resources crucially needed. Yet, although studies have included temptation goods into their household analysis, there is no empirical in-depth investigation of what exactly is perceived as a temptation good by one of the most marginalized groups: smallholder farmers residing in the Global South. Therefore, employing descriptive statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis, this paper presents an empirical definition of temptation goods provided by 277 smallholder farmers from rural Cambodia. Our findings partly differ from those found in the literature. For example, while farmers most frequently perceive alcohol, tobacco, and sweets as tempting, they also define unexpected items such as communication, recreation and entertainment, fruit, clothes, and going to the hairdresser as temptation goods. The results hold strong importance for accurate calculations and to understand the often puzzling spending behaviour of the poor, as well as coming up with custom-fit policy interventions that promote long-term welfare-increasing consumption behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students often work on academic tasks in the face of an attractive alternative. In an experimental setting, we examined how students perceive temptation differently across time depending on their self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and autonomy-supportive contexts. Specifically, we focussed on how individual differences in self-efficacy for self-regulated learning interact with different autonomy-supportive contexts (provision of either choice or relevance) to predict students' perceived temptation, affect, and performance across time. Results indicated that students low in self-efficacy for self-regulated learning perceived an increase in temptation across time, while those high in self-efficacy for self-regulated learning perceived a decrease in temptation across time. Moreover, we found that especially for students with low self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, providing choice opportunities or adding relevance to the task predicted lower temptation, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed increasing academic, media, and political attention to the threat of far-right terrorism. In this article, I argue that scholarship on this threat has suffered from two limitations, each with antecedents in terrorism research more broadly. First, is an essentialist approach to this phenomenon as an extra-discursive object of knowledge to be defined, explained, catalogued, risk assessed, and (ultimately) resolved. Second, is a temptation to emphasise, even accentuate, the scale of this threat. These limitations are evident, I argue, within scholarship motivated by a problem-solving aspiration for policy relevance. They are evident too, though, within critical interventions in which a focus on far-right terrorism is seen as an important corrective to established biases and blind spots within (counter-)terrorism research and practice. In response, I argue for an approach rooted in the problematisation and desecuritisation of the far-right threat. This, I suggest, facilitates important new reflection on the far-right's production within and beyond terrorism research, as well as on the purposes and politics of critique therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Bratman's aims in Planning, Time, and Self-Governance is to develop his insights regarding planning to shed light on temptation. I focus on the main case of temptation Bratman appeals to in supporting his conclusion that it can be rational for an agent facing temptation to stick to her prior plan even if she finds herself with an evaluative judgment that favors deviating. Bratman's reasoning is meant to be consistent with the priority of present evaluation, and to be sensitive to Smart's insight that, as Bratman puts it, 'inference from the advantages of the general habit [of non-reconsideration] directly to a specific conclusion about what to do on the present occasion, once the question of what to do on the present occasion is raised, is fraught.' My reasoning suggests that, interpreted in one way, the case Bratman uses to make his argument is not clearly a case of giving in to temptation (or else not a case that requires the sort of novel contribution Bratman thinks is needed); and interpreted otherwise, the case does not raise exactly the challenges Bratman suggests it does, and the challenges it does raise are not directly addressed by the solution Bratman provides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the consumption of alcohol amongst Canadian soldiers based in the East Sussex town of Hastings in 1917. It shows that more relaxed restrictions on alcohol in Britain to those in Canada, all provinces and eventually the federal government had prohibited alcohol by 1918, proved too much of a temptation for some Canadians, who were caught up in instances of drunkenness, disorder and petty crime. The wide availability of alcohol in the town coupled with poor administration and scattered billets provided a fertile environment for ill-discipline. This caused tension between some in the community and the Canadians. Another theme which started to emerge in Hastings was that Canada was more socially advanced than Britain. The motherland's reluctance to completely ban alcohol was viewed as archaic and backwards. For some Canadians, this warranted a loosening of the attachment to Britain and the Empire in favour of Canada. The Canadian's experience of alcohol in Hastings may, therefore, point to how Canada was moving away from Britain and the Empire and strengthening its own sense of self. This aspect warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-control is normally, if only tacitly, viewed as an inherently practical capacity or achievement: as exercised only in the domain of action. Questioning this assumption, we wish to motivate the perhaps unexpected idea that self-control is in fact a transversal phenomenon which is applicable both to action and to belief. While there may be some differences in how self-control is manifested in the respective realms of action and belief, these differences do not undermine the basic takeaway: that agents can and do exercise self-control with respect to both actions and beliefs. These arguments target synchronic self-control, or the exercise of self-control on a discrete occasion; in the final section, we examine whether there is also a more holistic trait or stable state of a person which could aptly be considered a form of self-control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research over several decades has demonstrated that children's ability to wait and delay immediate gratification in preschool is related to a multitude of developmental outcomes throughout childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood. However, less research has focused on concurrent abilities, characteristics, and contexts related to the waiting behaviour itself. This study seeks to explore some of the cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and socialization correlates of an at-risk (poor inner city) group of preschoolers' ability to wait. The study used a resistance to temptation paradigm in which children were instructed not to peek at a 'forbidden toy' while left alone. As predicted, 4-year-olds' (M = 4.5; SD = 1.2 months) general IQ and emotion knowledge were related to their delay in peeking, with longer delays related to higher scores. Results also indicated an effect of gender such that girls waited longer than boys. Contrary to expectations, there were no effects related to harsh parenting practices or to general environmental risk. Of all the variables investigated, emotion knowledge seemed to be the most important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trait self-control (TSC) is typically conceptualized as the ability to resist immediately gratifying (but problematic) impulses, and it predicts many positive life outcomes. Recent research, however, suggests that the benefits of TSC may operate not through effortful resistance of temptations, but rather, via good desires and habits. This "desires and habits" hypothesis has been supported in several goal-related domains, such as healthy eating, exercise, and homework. In the present study, we assessed if the hypothesis would be supported in the domain of religious goals. Participants included 166 committed Christians, who identified one religious practice (e.g., prayer) in which they wished to engage on a daily basis. On five days over a two-week period, participants reported experiences regarding desire, temptation resistance, and completion of their religious practice. As hypothesized, TSC predicted the successful completion of religious practices, and this relation was accounted for by good desires and habitual performance of the practice, but not by temptation resistance. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that "self-controlled" individuals may attain their goals not because they stop themselves from giving into temptations, but because their desires and habits are such that they experience fewer temptations to stray from their goals in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-humanism of Kleist's Über das Marionettentheater — wherein the ideal of grace is supposed to make visible mechanical forces devoid of human self-consciousness — takes the form of a temptation. The text nevertheless has a poetological function inasmuch as temptation lies at the genesis of aesthetic experience for Kleist. The paper examines the potentialities of a form of agonistic reading in response to the challenges posed by Kleist's aesthetics of temptation, and concludes by considering Die Marquise von O.... as an elaborate ritualistic manipulation designed to integrate transgressive desire into the ethics of civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are the potential deterrence advantages for new states seeking to acquire long-range conventional precision strike (LRCPS)? Using the case of Poland, this article argues that such LRCPS proliferation offers two possible deterrent benefits. First, LRCPS strengthens its possessors' ability to threaten aggressors with costs in the form of both counterforce denial and countervalue punishment, thereby reducing dependence on great-power allies' extended-deterrence commitments. Second, it provides a new center of retaliatory decision proximate to the threat, thereby strengthening the credibility of great-power allies' extended-deterrence commitments. However, while LRCPS capabilities may indeed bring certain advantages, they may also exacerbate political hostilities, incentivize escalation, and lack the survivability and penetrability needed to generate the envisioned deterrence effects. Thus, the overall consequences of such proliferation for strategic stability and associated international security are ambiguous, meriting a case-by-case analysis. If LRCPS is pursued nonetheless, meanwhile, then a countervailing combination of operational and strategic measures may be employed to reduce both first-strike temptations and adversaries' broader fears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this note is to bring to wider attention a painting, entitled The Temptation of Saint Anthony, by Roelandt Savery sold at Sotheby's London on 7th December 2016. This work of c.1611–1613 includes a depiction of the head of a dodo (Raphus cucullatus), here argued to be probably his earliest depiction of the dodo and apparently one based upon a preserved specimen. The date of the other putatively early Savery dodo (Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Berlin, Inv. No. 717a), cited as 1611 by some, is also discussed, and shown to be almost certainly a late work. In addition, another depiction of the dodo by Savery, in the National Museum of Warsaw, also previously unnoticed in the ornithological literature, is documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Banking and its admirable restraint in avoiding the temptation to call for more regulation: the 2,300 page U.S. Dodd-Frank Act and its progeny have amply demonstrated the perils of that approach. We identify elements of the banking and advisory market that pose challenges in implementing the positive changes called for in the Commission's Report, and potential solutions. We offer three favoured candidates for overcoming anticipated resistance to implementation: learning from the technology giants; creating a meaningful enforcement program; and building a regulatory measurement system that enables a broader spectrum of clients to better assess and compare providers' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research on self-licensing, i.e. employing justifications to give into temptation, largely consists of studies examining dichotomous food choices (healthy vs. unhealthy), while evidence for its effects on how much (unhealthy) food is consumed remains scarce. The present studies aimed to demonstrate self-licensing effects on caloric consumption in both lab (Study 1 & 2) and field setting (Study 3). Design: In all studies, female student samples were recruited. They either received a justification cue (license condition) or not (control condition), after which they could eat freely from unhealthy snacks (Study 1, N = 85 and Study 2, N = 95) or choose a snack for direct consumption at a take-out lunch place (Study 3, N = 110). Main outcome measures: Caloric value of consumed snacks (Study 1 and 2) and chosen snack (Study 3). Results: In all studies, caloric consumption was higher in the license condition compared to the control condition: Participants ate more of the provided unhealthy snacks (Study 1 and 2) and chose a snack of higher caloric value (Study 3). Conclusions: The present research corroborates self-licensing as an important factor in the consumption of unhealthy foods by employing more ecologically valid outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research indicates healthcare workers' personal substance use may affect quality of care. Investigating factors that correlate with coping through substance use may provide insight into improving quality care. Objectives: This study aims to examine potential correlates of coping through substance use among healthcare workers, with a particular focus on humor, social support, stress perception, and smoking temptation. Method: Participants, recruited from healthcare facilities, anonymously completed a 30-minute questionnaire of psychometrically valid measurements. Results: In a sample of primarily female (75.7%), age 20-39 (74.8%), floor staff (i.e., doctors, nurses, technicians/assistants; 61.2%), perceived stress [β =.036, t(98) = 2.55, p =.012], smoking temptation [β =.036, t(98) = 2.21, p =.030], and coping through humor [β =.163, t(98) = 2.033, p =.045] were significant correlates of the coping through substance use, with all relationships positively co-varying. Social support at work did not predict coping through substance use [β = −.032, t(98) = −.814, p >.05]. Furthermore, negative affect/situation smoking temptation was associated with increased coping through substance use [β =.246, t(99) = 2.859, p =.005] and habit/craving temptation was associated with decreased coping through substance use [β = −.260, t(99) = −2.201, p =.030; however, positive affect/social temptation was not [β =.054, t(99) = −.553, p >.05]. Conclusions/Importance: These findings suggest that coping with humor may relate to coping through substance use, while social support at work is either unrelated to coping through substance use in this sample or may not be adequately assessed with the measure used. Consistent with the literature, negative affect/situation was associated with increased coping through substance use. However, habit/craving was negatively predictive. Further research should explore the variables related to coping through substance use among healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of health risks linked with excessive alcohol consumption appears to have little influence on how much some people drink. Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs), in which the consequences of unhealthy behaviour are considered to be neutralised by additional healthy behaviours, are one way of justifying poor health choices. Currently, the role of CHBs within the context of drinking behaviour is not well understood. This research examined associations between alcohol specific compensatory health beliefs (ACH-Beliefs) and behaviours (ACH-Behaviours), alcohol consumption and alcohol specific self-efficacy (ASE), via an online survey completed by 249 participants, aged 18 + years (63.1% female;Mage = 41.62 years; SD = 14.80). Higher ACH-Beliefs were associated with increases in ACH-Behaviours. While both predicted alcohol consumption, a greater proportion of variance was explained by ACH-Behaviours. ASE was a significant mediator of those relationships, suggesting that those with higher ASE may be better equipped to regulate drinking behaviour. Recommendations for future research include measuring both CHBs and behaviours within an experimental design, and further investigation of related cognitions such as compensatory behaviour intentions. Alcohol misuse interventions may wish to consider the potential roles of CHBs and behaviours in facilitating maladaptive coping strategies, and how addressing these may reduce harms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present research explored people’s everyday practice of counteractive control. Experience sampling was used to test our prediction that strong temptations would promote self-control. Participants were 237 Japanese citizens with ages ranging from 18 to 69. Results indicated that perceived temptation prompted stronger resistance and restraint of behaviors, compared to those cases where no conflict was perceived. In addition, multilevel path analysis revealed the underlying process such that (a) a strong desire toward temptation intensified perception of conflict; (b) perceived conflict bolstered the value of goals that were in disagreement with the temptation; and (c) highly valued goals promoted self-control (i.e., stronger resistance and hence less yielding to temptation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new reading for a proverb in Chaucer'sPrologueto theWife of Bath's Tale(ll. 89–90). The dangers in assembling “fyr and tow” have long been understood simply as a figurative warning against sexual temptation, following a common precedent of Scripture and vernacular proverb. I argue here that the Wife's usage invites a contemporary, sensational reading of fire and tow as well: a reference to the fatal accident of the bal des ardents at the French royal court in 1393, which very nearly took the life of Charles VI. Such a reading allows for a more complete critical understanding of the Wife of Bath's sources and her social identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A more negative implicit evaluation of unhealthy food stimuli and a more positive implicit evaluation of a weight-management goal have been shown to predict lower consumption of unhealthy food. However, the associations between these evaluations, temptation to indulge and consumption of unhealthy food remain unclear. The current study investigated whether temptation would mediate the relationship between implicit food and goal evaluations and consumption (resembling an antecedent-focused route to self-control of eating), or whether those evaluations would moderate the relationship between temptation and consumption (resembling a response-focused route). A sample of 156 women (17–25 years), who tried to manage their weight through healthy eating, completed two implicit association tasks assessing implicit food and goal evaluations, respectively. Intake of four energy-dense snack foods was measured in a task disguised as a taste test, and participants reported the strength of experienced temptation to indulge in the snacks offered. Negative implicit food evaluation was associated with lower snack intake, and temptation mediated this relationship. Implicit goal evaluation was unrelated to both temptation strength and snack consumption. The findings contribute to an understanding of how negative implicit unhealthy food evaluation relates to lower consumption, namely through the mediation of temptation to indulge in those foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the Dispositional Self-Control (DSC) Scale, which reflects individuals’ tendency to override 2 types of temptations, termed doing wrong and not doing right. We report a series of 5 studies designed to test the reliability and validity of the scale. As hypothesized, high DSC predicts distant future orientation and low DSC predicts deviant behaviors such as aggression, alcohol misuse, and aberrant driving. DSC also predicts task performance among resource-depleted participants. Taken together, these findings suggest that the DSC Scale could be a useful tool toward further understanding the role of personality in overcoming self-control challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conflicts between immediately rewarding activities and more enduringly valued goals abound in the lives of school-age children. Such conflicts call upon children to exercise self-control, a competence that depends in part on the mastery of metacognitive, prospective strategies. The process model of self-control organizes these strategies into five families corresponding to sequential phases in the process by which undesired and desired impulses lose or gather force over time. Situation selection and situation modification strategies involve choosing or changing physical or social circumstances. Attentional deployment and cognitive change strategies involve altering whether and how objective features of the situation are mentally represented. Finally, response modulation strategies involve the direct suppression or enhancement of impulses. The process model of self-control predicts that strategies deployed earlier in the process of impulse generation and regulation generally will be more effective than those deployed later. Implications of this self-control perspective for school-age children are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppose you resolve now to resist an expected temptation later while knowing that once the temptation arrives your preference or evaluative assessment will shift in favor of that temptation. Are there defensible norms of rational planning agency that support sticking with your prior intention in the face of such a shift at the time of temptation and in the absence of relevant new information? This article defends the idea that it might be rational to stick with your prior intention in part because of your anticipation of regret in the further future if you were to give in to the temptation. It does this by appeal to the significance of anticipated future regret to the agent’s present standpoint, and to the role of the agent’s standpoint in her self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Discussion of temptation has figured prominently in recent debates concerning instrumental rationality. In light of some particularly interesting cases in which giving in to temptation involves acting in accordance with one’s current evaluative rankings, two lines of thought have been developed: one appeals to the possibility of deviating from a well-grounded resolution, and the other appeals to the possibility of being insufficiently responsive to the prospect of future regret. But the current appeals to resolutions and regret and some of the verdicts provided face some serious challenges. Building on recent work concerning instrumental rationality, and delving into some important complications concerning human psychology, I revisit the relevant cases of temptation and analyze them in a way that puts resolutions, rational failure, and regret in their proper places. In the process, I highlight and explain the significance of the neglected fact that resolutions can introduce effective anchor points, which can serve agents faced with temptation well, even if the resolutions are abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Belief allows us to coordinate our thought with our action. As Ramsey famously puts it, belief is a map by which we steer. For belief to play its role, on the one hand it must be stable under certain kinds of informational change; on the other hand it must be sensitive to changing evidence. Keeping belief stability in mind, we can ask about the norms that govern belief change in circumstances where there is epistemic pressure on us to change our belief. One such circumstance involves interpersonal conflict—in cases of disagreement with others. Another such circumstance involves intrapersonal conflict—the case of epistemic temptation. In this paper, I focus on a particular epistemic temptation case to explore what is rationally permitted and what is rationally required for us to do in the name of stability of belief. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay explores the role of rhetoric in everyday online activities, arguing that scholarship in digital rhetoric can be informed by Raymond Williams's theory of media flow. Turning to Martin Heidegger and John Poulakos, I argue that the Web's rhetoric of the possible encourages a momentum of text consumption by which users are tempted to further immerse themselves in a “flowing” media experience. As digital technologies provide new opportunities for the surveillance and personalization of our Web practices, this article concludes by encouraging scholars to be critical of the tempting possibilities—and possible selves—crafted by this rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Understanding the psychological processes that underpin the limited self-control resource could have important consequences for health behavior change interventions. The present study employs a 2 × 2 (autonomous/controlling × depleted/not depleted) experimental design to investigate whether an initial act of self-control influences participants' ability to employ counteractive control strategies that help to resist temptation and stick to a focal physical activity (PA) goal. Experimental instructions manipulated the environments to generate autonomy-supportive and controlling conditions. After completing either a depleting or a not-depleting Stroop task, undergraduate students' (N = 77) counteractive evaluations toward a temptation (to complete a sedentary trial with no information) and a focal goal (to complete a physically active trial that provided valuable information) were measured. Despite the successful manipulation of the experimental conditions, results indicated no significant effect of the motivational support condition or depletion condition on the value that the participants placed on a temptation or a focal goal. A significant interaction between depletion condition, autonomous motivation and controlled motivation was observed for subjective vitality. Participants high in autonomous motivations and low in controlling motivations maintained levels of subjective vitality whether depleted or not. We discuss the importance of future experimental work into the effects of temptations on self-control resources in the PA domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study we interrogate the ways nutrition and health have become increasingly influential to children's everyday life practices and conceptualisations of food. We challenge the orthodoxy of meanings afforded to food that draw a distinct binary between ‘good’/‘bad’ or ‘healthy’/‘unhealthy’; ideas widely promulgated in health texts, popular culture and pedagogical practice. Whilst these dominant medico-scientific discourses are pervasive in accounts of food, they are not the only meanings that permeate the popular cultural and pedagogical landscape; for instance, there has been a burgeoning interest in culinary cooking programmes and food sustainability in recent years. In this study, we use Foucault's notion of biopower to trace the various ways food is governed through interventions; pedagogised by popular culture; and, taken up in school policies and practices. We draw on interviews with 32 Year five students from Australian public and private primary schools. Not surprisingly, the analysis demonstrates how students reiterated food as a practice of ‘temptation’ and ‘risk’, similar to nutrition-based knowledge of food circulated in popular culture and health programmes. This suggests that other meanings of food are often socially and pedagogically marginalised. We argue that because of the perceived risk attached to food practices, these young people see food as an object of guilt and a reason for self-surveillance. After discussing the results we consider some of the consequences for young peoples’ sense of self and their relationships with food in every day life, particularly in light of the perilous effects of deeming food as ‘good’/‘bad’ from such a young age. As a point of departure we explore some of the subjugated knowledges that can be brought to the table of food pedagogies in schools in order to bring about a broader assemblage of food ‘truths’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A legendary anecdote of early Islamic origins about a songstress attempting to seduce a pious man, a humorously moralizing tale that promotes sexual propriety and, more specifically, male resistance to the temptations of the female voice and body through its dramatic presentation of a Qurʾānic verse, has inspired a number of modern fictional works. Most of these adaptations expand and elaborate on the contents of the anecdote while remaining within the genre of narratives of sexual abstinence. The film Sallāma (1945), however, turns the songstress, played by Umm Kulthūm, into a chaste figure, and screenwriter Bayram al-Tūnisī reworks the ‘Sallāma and the Priest’ anecdote accordingly. The scene in the film which is based on the tale, and which culminates in Umm Kulthūm's incantation of Qurʾānic verses, does not warn against the temptations of the flesh associated with the female voice, but argues instead that woman's voice is not ʿawra. Woman's voice is not, in other words a ‘private part’ that should be concealed in the context of prayer, but rather a useful instrument of collective worship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study the author examined the developmental differences in inhibition and cognition of 4–8-year-old children as a function of the suggested presence of a supernatural agent. Previous evolutionarily-relevant research has suggested that humans are naturally primed to think in terms of supernatural agents and that, given the correct context, individuals readily accept novel supernatural entities and alter their behavior accordingly. All children in this study played 4 games designed to assess their present level of inhibitory and cognitive development. Children in the experimental condition were also introduced to an invisible Princess Alice and were told that she was watching during the games. Following these measures, all children engaged in a resistance-to-temptation task. Results revealed that cognitively advanced children were more likely to express belief in Princess Alice than were less cognitively advanced children. This research provides support that cognitive maturity, rather than immaturity, may be necessary for children to express belief in novel supernatural agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When faced with a partner transgression, what causes an individual to avoid the temptation to respond in kind? We theorized that for those who incorporate their close relationships into their sense of self, priming a mental representation of their romantic partner would activate relationship-relevant cognitive-affective associations that would promote pro-relationship responding. Dating undergraduates (N = 140; 81 females) received either a partner or control prime and later completed a measure of relationship maintenance. Results demonstrated that participants with a highly relational self-construal exhibited an increase in benign attributions for a partner transgression following a relationship reminder, controlling for relationship satisfaction and commitment. It was concluded that relational self-construal is an important individual difference variable in the experimental activation of relationship maintenance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (N = 435; 219 girls), the authors derived several measures of regulation and dysregulation that predicted, both concurrently and longitudinally, children's positive and negative peer interactions in multiple contexts. Observers rated peer interactions in child care and during dyadic play with a friend, and mothers rated peer behavior. The authors based the derived measures on resistance to temptation (36 months) and delay of gratification (54 months) tasks, as well as observations in child care of children's compliance and defiance with adults at both ages and maternal reports. Preschoolers who had better impulse control and who were more compliant and less defiant with adults engaged more often in friendly, positive, peer play and were less negative in their peer play across contexts. Associations between regulation and dysregulation and peer interaction were broader and more consistent at 54 months than at 36 months. Longitudinally, regulation at 36 months was only modestly associated with more positive and less negative peer play at 54 months. The authors discuss findings in the context of developing self-regulation and its importance for early peer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What Shakespeare reveals in Macbeth is the all too human temptation to embrace tyranny. In exposing this temptation, however, Shakespeare also shows that the alleged inevitability of tyranny is a contradictory illusion that cannot survive the cycle of violence that it spawns. In comparable terms Abraham Lincoln exposed the tyranny of slavery as the hypocritical mockery of democracy which threatened the very survival of the American republic. Instead of teaching an illusory and despairing resignation to the tyrannies that plague human history, however, both Shakespeare and Lincoln defend a biblical standard of hope and justice (for all human beings) that is the very opposite of tyrannical illusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on two contradictory attitudes toward taste in early modern Italy. Many writers in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Florence described taste, along with the abundance of rich foods provided by the new mercantile economy, as a corruptive force, which created the portal to a sinful lifestyle. Several early humanists challenged this view of the sense by portraying the table "as the altar of humanity" where youth might learn to eat with moderation and to consume knowledge through conversation. For these writers, such as Palmieri and Alberti, taste can lead to communion with others rather than to an endless pursuit for self-satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is it in the human psyche that lends itself to violent terrorist temptations? My position is that there is a fundamentalist core in all of us and that liberation is a mutual process. This article presents stories and experiences that shine light on this most critical issue of our time: fundamentalist radicalism and violence. One such story is Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival poem that dates to the era of the medieval Crusades. We will feel the difficulties we face when a deeply entrenched paradigm governing how we relate to ourselves and each other requires change. In the deepest sense this is the task we face with regard to the fundamentalist threat in the world today. Fundamentalist terrorism and warfare represent a total failure of the human spirit. Jung (1934) said, “The only chance for redemption is in consciousness.” Beyond this, von Eschenbach (1210) knew that liberation is a mutual process and struggle for humanization. Examples are discussed that show how living with the demand of mutuality can be the basis of a most powerful practice of being and problem solving on both the personal and societal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1060s, monastic teacher, author and copyist Otloh St Emmeram (c.1010-c.1070) composed an account of his many temptations, including his doubts about the existence of God and the truth of scripture. These doubts have generally been linked to a renewed interest in secular learning, and especially the techniques of logic or dialectic associated with the rise of early scholasticism. In his Book of Temptations, however, Otloh expressly denied the influence of secular texts, and located his doubts instead within his daily reading of holy scripture. This article identifies a perceived breakdown in the traditional ties of obligation between the monastery and the wider world as leading Otloh to question the value of monastic devotion to divine reading. It examines the state of mind attributed to the doubter, as well as the specific arguments that both precede and reinforce this. It also considers exactly how Otloh presents the experience of divine inspiration, and its fruits in literary composition, as providing satisfactory solutions to doubt not only for himself, but also for his readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men's experience of sexual coercion is seldom the subject of research, yet it is commonly reported in all settings and increasingly evidence from South Africa points to the health risks associated with sexual coercion of men by men. Thirty-one in-depth interviews were conducted with heterosexual men aged 18-25 years who were volunteers in an HIV prevention behavioural intervention evaluation in the Eastern Cape. Men chosen included some who had reported coercion by men and women in their baseline structure interviews and some who had not. Sexual coercion by men involved abuse of trust and age-related power, temptation through material goods, as well as use of aggression. The narratives were notable for the anger that was caused by these assaults. In contrast, coercion by women was framed as 'temptation'. In some cases young men were tempted by much older women and those in a position of trust and the experience did not make them feel good. There are very substantial differences in the circumstances of coercion of young men by men and women. This needs to be taken into account in the growing trend to research coercion of men and present findings in a way that equates these two experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether temptations not to be physically active (PA) contribute to the explanation of PA, controlling for self-efficacy. A cross-sectional random sample (n=700; 63.3% Female; Mean age=47, SD=17.1) completed a, computer assisted telephone interview assessing temptations, self-efficacy, and PA behavior. A two-factor (affect and competing demands) temptations model fit the' data (χ2 = 70.91, df = 13, p < .0001, RMSEA = .08, CFI = 0.98). The model relating temptations scales with PA, controlling for self-efficacy, also fit the data (χ2 = 240.06, df = 72, p < .0001, RMSEA = .06, CFI = 0.96). There were statistically significant paths from self-efficacy with PA (γ = .43), but paths from temptations were not significant (p>.05). Temptations did not account for variation in PA behavior beyond that explained by self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, health behavior seems to be governed not only by reasoned attitudes and goal-directed behavior but also by impulsive influences. The notion of a conflict between reflective and impulsive processing which is incorporated in prominent dual-system accounts (e.g., Metcalfe & Mischel, 1999; Strack & Deutsch, 2004) may yield important benefits for the understanding and prediction of health-related behavior. In this article, we suggest a basic framework for the prediction of health-related behavior which combines (a) reflective influences (as measured via self-report), (b) impulsive influences (as measured via implicit measures), and (c) situational or dispositional moderators that shift the weight between reflective and impulsive influences. The practical utility of such a framework is demonstrated by drawing on recent evidence from several areas of health psychology such as eating, drinking, drug abuse, and sexual behavior. Implications for the understanding of health behavior and applied health interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay examines John Milton's biblical epic poem "Paradise Regain'd." The epic focuses on the temptation of Jesus Christ in the wilderness in the order given in Luke 4 as plot, therefore presenting Satan's offers of lures concerning concupiscentia oculorum as the second temptation. The second temptation focuses on the accumulation of wealth, fame and numerous amorous liaisons typifies the covetousness. Milton emphasizes an interrelationship between eating and sex. The poem is an attempt to discredit Jesus Christ and the religion he comes to represent.

The present paper introduces a novel approach to understanding failures of self-regulation in chronic dieters. Traditional approaches to this problem have focused on consciously controlled processes of eating regulation, such as the realisation that one has overeaten, or the experience of food cravings. We argue, however, that dieters' problem might rather lie in their sensitivity to the hedonic aspects of food and the resulting inhibition of their dieting goal. We present a goal-conflict model that integrates recent findings on hedonic sensitivity in eating regulation with social cognition research on nonconscious goal pursuit. We show that the perception of attractive food triggers hedonic thoughts about food in chronic dieters and leads to the inhibition of their dieting goal. These processes make subsequent overeating more likely, while bypassing dieters' conscious awareness. We discuss how our model can accommodate earlier research findings in this area, and we consider its implications for dieting behaviour and for our attempts to resist temptations more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students are often faced with the temptation of attractive activities, which may interfere with the learning task and result in detrimental effects on experience and performance. Seventy-seven students (50 girls, 27 boys; M age = 15.9 years; SD = 1.65 years) participated in an experiment that reflected the typical situation of students having to learn for school while other, attractive activities are present (e.g., television). Students who carried out the learning task (learning from text) while they were waiting to watch video clips reported more motivational interference and had worse learning results than did students who watched the videos first. The degree of availability of the video clips during the learning task had no differential effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a book of common prayer and lectionaries for Mass to be read on 25th February 2007, the first Sunday of Lent. These selected readings include 26th chapter of Deuteronomy, Psalm 91, 10th chapter of Romans and 4th chapter of Luke. The article explains how a Christian can strengthen his faith in God by pondering on temptation and sacrifice by illustrating Jesus Christ's reply to the devil. The article mentions the teachings of Pentateuch and other writers.

The goal of this study was to develop, translate, and evaluate measures for decisional balance and situational temptations for Bulgarian adolescent nonsmokers and to test the predicted relationships with stages of change. Students in the last grades of high school (15–19 years old) recruited in 12 randomly selected schools participated in the study. Data from the 369 nonsmokers (61.8% female, mean age 16.4 years, 97.1% Bulgarian) were used in the measurement development. A two-factor model for decisional balance (CFI = .94) and a hierarchical three-factor model for temptations (CFI = .90) demonstrated the best fit. The predicted crossover pattern for decisional balance and decreasing trend for temptations across the stages of change was verified. Both measures demonstrated tau-equivalent invariance across gender, in addition to good psychometric properties. These results, with the caveat of the noted limitations, support the cross-cultural validity of these transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs and indicate that they can be used as a basis for development of smoking prevention interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]