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Due to an alarming threat of air pollution and climate change, governments around the world are now actively promoting electric vehicles. The case for vehicle electrification is even more important in big cities of developing countries, where motorcycle is a dominant mode of travel. To promote electric motorcycles successfully, we need to understand the factors that would drive the consumer choices when buying a motorcycle. This study chose Bandung in Indonesia as the case study location, where nearly 75% of vehicles are motorcycles. This study conducted a survey of preferences from over 700 residents and included battery charging methods such as plug-in/battery swap at home/office, superfast charging at stations, and deployed an innovative modelling approach constraining the mixture of distributions for monetary attributes. The study found that quick recharge in 10 minutes and battery swap at station are preferred over the base method of plugin at home/work. The battery swap at home has been perceived the same as plug-in home/work and the respondents are indifferent to this option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiographic methods using pulp-tooth volume ratio (PTVR) are important for dental age estimation. According to previous studies, using PTVR possesses different relationships with age in males and females but none of the studies have used a homogenous (approximately equal numbers of individuals in each age range) age distribution to assess this relationship and the effect of sex as a predictor on age estimation. This study was performed on Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)images of 521 left maxillary and 681 left mandibular canines of 719 subjects of Pakistani origin (368 females and 349 males) aged from 15 to 65 years. Planmeca Romexis® software was used to trace the outline of the pulp cavity and tooth and to calculate respective volumes. Subsequently, Microsoft® Office Excel 2016 was used to calculate the ratios. Regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between PTVR factoring sex as apredictor for age estimation. The obtained results showed that including sex as predictor with maxillary PTVR (R2 = 0.46) have the highest predictive power. The relationship between maxillary PTVR including sex with chronological age demonstrates anon-linear relationship. The conclusion is that including sex as predictor with maxillary PTVR produced the best estimate of chronological age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a hybrid methodology for analysing the causal relations between public transportation development, tourism and land use by combining System Dynamics (SD) with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and agent-based modelling (ABM). It is applied to illustrate the quantitative and spatial effect of the two phases Light Rail Transit (LRT) development in Asia New Bay Area, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. This paper also furthers the application of the ABM spatial information as interactive variables in the stocks-flow model. The simulation results support that development policies of LRT are significant to the future tourism in Asia New Bay Area, while the under debate second phase of LRT is estimated to raise the number of visitors in long term by alleviating the deteriorating road traffic congestion. This policy-oriented simulation can serve as a reference to the decision-makers towards the future management of LRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-distance travel is growing in Europe. While it only accounts for around 3% of trips made, it contributes around a third of distance travelled and to the growing problem of carbon emissions. Despite this there has been little evidence on what causes growth in long-distance travel. This paper presents the LUNA model, a System Dynamics model of long-distance travel in Europe, able to analyse effects of both socio-demographic and transport policy scenarios. We present the development and calibration of the model and its application to three different scenarios based on recent EU evidence and policy. We show that socio-demographic assumptions play a significant role in the evolution of long-distance travel-related emissions. Transport policy tends to affect mode choice but only efficiency improvements contribute significantly to a reduction in emissions. Even quite strong policy change is not enough to meet the EU reduction targets by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by vehicles in real driving environments are only partially understood. This has been brought to the attention of the world with recent revelations of the cheating of the type of approval tests exposed in the dieselgate scandal. Remote-sensing devices offer investigators an opportunity to directly measure in situ real driving emissions of tens of thousands of vehicles. Remote-sensing NO2measurements are not as widely available as would be desirable. The aim of this study is to improve the ability of investigators to estimate the NO2emissions and to improve the confidence of the total NOx results calculated from standard remote-sensing device (RSD) measurements. The accuracy of the RSD speed and acceleration module was also validated using state-of-the-art onboard global positioning system (GPS) tracking. Two RSDs used in roadside vehicle emissions surveys were tested side by side under off-carriageway conditions away from transient pollution sources to ascertain the consistency of their measurements. The speed correlation was consistent across the range of measurements at 95% confidence and the acceleration correlation was consistent at 95% confidence intervals for all but the most extreme acceleration cases. VSP was consistent at 95% confidence across all measurements except for those at VSP ≥ 15 kW t−1, which show a small underestimate. The controlled distribution gas nitric oxide measurements follow a normal distribution with 2σ equal to 18.9% of the mean, compared to 15% observed during factory calibration indicative of additional error introduced into the system. Systematic errors of +84 ppm were observed but within the tolerance of the control gas. Interinstrument correlation was performed, with the relationship between the FEAT and the RSD4600 being linear with a gradient of 0.93 and anR2of 0.85, indicating good correlation. A new method to calculate NOx emissions using fractional NO2combined with NO measurements made by the RSD4600 was constructed, validated, and shown to be more accurate than previous methods. Implications: Synchronized remote-sensing measurements of NO were taken using two different remote-sensing devices in an off-road study. It was found that the measurements taken by both instruments were well correlated. Fractional NO2measurements from a prior study, measurable on only one device, were used to create new NOxemission factors for the device that could not be measured by the second device. These estimates were validated against direct measurement of total NOxemission factors and shown to be an improvement on previous methodologies. Validation of vehicle-specific power was performed with good correlation observed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Commemoration of the anniversary of the deaths of Joe Orton and Kenneth Halliwell brings centre-stage an event which has caused difficulties for those writing about Orton. These difficulties mainly originate in John Lahr's biography, which used the deaths as a frame for viewing Orton's life and work. This essay attempts to think afresh about those deaths by drawing on texts that pre-date the biography, namely the news reports of witness evidence at the inquest. These texts have very different tone and detail from the biography but get lost under the memory- and archive-management which characterises the early Orton industry. In following where the news reports lead us, the essay takes the opportunity to ask questions about the concept of anniversary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamic free surface of geophysical flows has the potential to enable direct inference of the flow properties based on measurements of the free surface. An important step is to understand the inherent response of free surfaces in depth-limited flows. Here a model is presented to demonstrate that free surface oscillatory spatial correlation patterns result from individual surface features oscillating vertically as they advect over space and time. Comparison with laboratory observations shows that these oscillating surface features can be unambiguously explained by simple harmonic motion, whereby the oscillation frequency is controlled by the root-mean-square water surface fluctuation, and to a lesser extent the surface tension. This demonstrates that the observed "complex" wave pattern can be simply described as an ensemble of spatially and temporally distributed oscillons. Similarities between the oscillon frequency and estimated frequency of near-bed bursting events suggest that oscillon behaviour is linked with the creation of coherent flow structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by concerns of climate change, governments across the world are introducing a number of policies to accelerate the uptake of low carbon vehicles (LCVs), with a specific focus on electric motors. However, there is uncertainty in the effectiveness of such policies and technology pathways, which are inherently interlinked. This article considers the short-term situation to 2020 and focuses on the concern that these policies may bring about some disproportionate impacts in society due to changes in mobility. An ethical framework is established that seeks to balance obligations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and rights to car ownership, then selected policies are modelled within this framework to assess acceptability of implementation. Although these policies are successful in introducing LCVs and reducing GHG emissions, findings also indicate uneven cost burdens and reduced affordability of car ownership. Following this, recommendations for policy amendments and model improvements are made. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Private toll operators generally seek to maximize their profit while accounting for the re-routing and demand response of the road users and, in the case of competitive toll operation, the response of other toll operators. Traditionally, the literature assumes that toll operators act under perfect information or set up a game-theoretic approach to find the competitive equilibrium. This article takes a different approach. A system-dynamics approach is used to model both the users' route choice and demand response to changes in generalized cost and to model the toll operators' decision rules or toll-update strategies. Simple examples are used to demonstrate that the approach can lead to the traditional equilibrium solution under the assumption of perfect knowledge, but that other solutions may occur when operators use estimates of elasticities based on observed data. The solutions are shown to depend upon the frequency of the decision or change in toll level, and errors are related to the disequilibrium which is present as users respond to changes in toll levels. Finally, alternative toll-setting strategies are investigated whereby one operator may act aggressively to increase its share of the market while maximizing profit. This tactic is compared to the traditional Nash and Stackelberg solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of decreased venous vasculature visibility (VVV) on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) venography in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients versus controls, and to compare this with assessment of whole brain atrophy. Methods: Forty MS patients and 22 controls without known central nervous system (CNS) disease who had non-specific white-matter (WM) lesions were imaged on a 3T GE scanner using SWI venography. Apparent total venous volume (ATVV) and increased average distance from vein (DFV) were calculated for various vein mean diameter categories: ,0.3, 0.3-0.6, 0.6-0.9, and .0.9 mm. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify potential discriminatory metrics. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of these metrics, along with normalized brain volume (NBV), were calculated to determine sensitivity and specificity values between the groups. The efficacy of the metrics was validated against blinded data from 14 MS patients and 8 controls who had non-specific WM lesions. Results: PCA identified 0.3-0.6 mm venous relative fraction (VRF) and DFV as useful metrics. ROC analysis results in initial sample of 40 MS patients and 22 controls were (sensitivity, specificity): 0.3-0.6 mm VRF (95.0%, 100.0%); DFV (100.0%, 100.0%); and NBV (82.5%, 68.2%). The results in validation sample were: 0.3-0.6 mm VRF (92.9%, 75.0%); DFV (100.0%, 100.0%); and NBV (78.6%, 75.0%). Discussion: Altered VVV indices on SWI venography showed high sensitivity and specificity for MS. The value of SWI venography for diagnosis of MS has to be further tested at early disease stages and against patients with other neurologic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay on training in the theater art is presented. It notes that before training reached theater, it has been associated with the transmission of skills and techniques as well as the creation of coherent group entities. It notes the efforts Elsie Fogerty, William Archer and Harley Granville Barker in the foundation of training schools at theaters. The emergence of the concept of apprenticeship in dance theater as well as the training model mass dance are also tackled.

System optimal (SO) or first best pricing is examined in networks with multiple user classes and elastic demand, where different user classes have a different average value of value of time (VOT). Different flows (and first best tolls) are obtained depending on whether the SO characterisation is in units of generalised time or money. The standard first best tolls for time unit system optimum are unsatisfactory, due to the fact that link tolls are differentiated across users. The standard first best tolls for the money unit system optimum may seem to be practicable, but the objective function of the money unit system optimum is nonconvex, leading to possible multiple optima (and non-unique first best tolls). Since these standard first best tolls are unsatisfactory, we look to finding common money tolls which drive user equilibrium flows to time unit SO flows. Such tolls are known to exist in the fixed demand case, but we prove that such tolls do not exist in the elastic demand case. Although common money tolls do not exist which drive the solution to the exact time system optimal flows, tolls do exist which can push the system close to time system optimum (TSO) flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) has been around for just over ten years. It is probably the most "minimal" - and hence fastest - block cipher ever devised and yet appears resistant to most attacks. In this article, we describe the algorithm, its simplicity of design and ease of use, its cryptographic strength, and the wide range of implementations and applications of the cipher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the observation by Antonin Artaud that western theatre is dialogue based and incapable of releasing the primitive forces of life, and attempts to demonstrate how noise is produced in both, performer and audience, and how this noise is itself scripted. Objective of speech to deny ornamentation and create a spectacle of vocal power; Choreography of the body by speech; Use of syllabification as a sort of delivery; Technique of accretion in speech delivery; Structure and accompaniment of movement by rhetoric;

Examines different representations and constructions of the human body in the performing arts. Suggestive application of phenomenology to the circumstances of performance; Corporeal nature of human existence and consciousness; Analysis of the range of bodies associated with the Restoration of its dramatic production.

Focuses on the notion of erotic silence in performance art. Representations of male sexual activity depicting silence during sex as a symptom of alienated subjectiveness; Reference to plays with erotic scenes; Attribution of non-speaking sex between gay men as a heightened form of sex to men in general; Claims on sexually performed silence as utopian.

This paper presents a review of traffic control as applied to congested or over‐saturated conditions. The paper begins with an introduction to traffic control in general, it then goes on to describe types of congestion, objectives for congestion control and some approaches to congestion control. Although the paper is mainly concerned with traffic signal control, other measures such as road pricing are described briefly. More and more, traffic engineers have realized that existing traffic signals fail to perform satisfactorily under prolonged congestion or over‐saturated conditions. The paper identifies a number of theoretical studies which attempt to deal with such problems. It then describes the following traffic control systems, OPAC, PRODYN, SAGA, SCATS, SCOOT, STAUKO and UTOPIA, some more developed than others, and discusses their ability to deal with congestion. The paper presents the author's conclusions and recommendations for future research in the development of over‐saturation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses various essays related to the importance of training.

Transport strategies have been developed for nine European cities toachieve optimum performance in terms of a range of objective functions. The functions selected represent economic efficiency, sustainability and a combination of these. The strategies have been based on combinations of a standard set of policy instruments, including public transport infrastructure, frequency and fares, road capacity increases, low cost road pricing and parking charges. The optimisation method is described, and results presented. The reactions of city authorities to the proposed strategies are discussed and implications for transport policy outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]