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The purpose of this research is first to ascertain what the brand image of a globally recognized sport club is as perceived by the citizens of a foreign market, then to determine how brand image predict behavioral intentions from the perspective of citizens of a foreign market. Using Real Madrid as an example, a survey study was conducted to collect data from residents of Shanghai, China on their perceptions of the club using a public intercept methodology, and CFA analysis resulted in a 16-item scale showing acceptable validity resulted in the creation of five dimensions titled 'club performance', 'CSR activity', 'club quality', 'club history and tradition', and 'team spirit'. In addition, the study supported the assumption that club image would predict the behavioral intentions of citizens from a foreign market. Professional sport clubs wanting to engage with foreign markets need to recognize the relationship between their brand image and the behavioral intentions of citizens in each foreign market to attract them to become supporters of the club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper articulates the development of a scale to measure the expected CSR in professional football clubs from a community's perspective and to explore the expectations of CSR in professional football clubs by Chinese citizens. An initial scale containing 39 items along eight dimensions was first developed before an empirical survey study was conducted in which data was collected from a sample of 300 residents from Shanghai. A CFA analysis and modification resulted in a seven-factor instrument of 29 items. Among the factors, 'responsibility to spectators' was rated the most important, followed by 'youth educational initiatives', 'responsibility to employees', 'financial responsibility'; 'health initiatives', and 'environmental initiatives', with 'philanthropic activities' considered the least important factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So what does the concept of 'sense of community' mean to a rural society? Some would argue that sense of community is more important to rural society because it literally defines the community. This is in contrast to a larger community, where there are many sub-communities that define the make-up of the overall community and as such significantly distorts and diminishes the sense of community. There are many concepts, functions, and activities that are part of defining and developing a sense of community. One group of activities that many rural societies believe contributes to a sense of community are festivals, events and recreation. The purpose of this paper is to articulate the value recreation, arts, events and festivals have on a rural shire's sense of community, including evidence of membership opportunities in the community, the ability for individuals to influence the direction of the community, the presence of a network to allow for integration and fulfilment of needs, and the potential for various levels of shared emotional connectedness. The research conducted for this paper was completed in conjunction with the Colac-Otway Shire in country Victoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]