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A long-term study was conducted to assess the effect of tillage (conventional, CT and minimum, MT) and residue retention treatments on crop yields, sustainable yield index (SYI), rain water use efficiency (RWUE) and soil properties under sorghum – black gram system in resource poor Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) Alfisol at Hyderabad, India. The results revealed that when averaged over residue retention treatments, MT recorded 12.32 and 5.21% higher sorghum and black gram grain yield, 19.61 and 25.93% higher sustainability yield Index (SYI), and 12.27 and 5.15% rain water use efficiency (RWUE), respectively, over conventional tillage. Residue retention treatments (averaged over tillage treatments) S2 (cutting at 60 cm height for sorghum and 100% retention for black gram) and S1 (cutting at 35 cm height for sorghum and 50% retention for black gram) recorded 33.16 and 16.16, and 32.18 and 14.88% higher sorghum and black gram yield, respectively, over S0 (no residue) and also recorded 26.0 and 9.0, and 48.0 and 22.0% higher SYI over S0 in sorghum and black gram, respectively. Increase in RWUE under S2 and S1 over S0 was 33.19 and 16.23% in sorghum and was 31.4 and 14.53% in black gram. Higher residue retention maintained significantly higher soil organic carbon (SOC), significantly lower bulk density (BD) and significantly influenced potential of hydrogen (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) at all the depths and also increased available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) by 35.43, 24.55, 12.12, 57.6, 53.99, 51.46 and 13.76%, respectively. Thus, the results of the present study are highly useful in improving the crop yields, yield sustainability and soil properties. Therefore, the conservation agriculture practices can be a resource saving and higher crop production technology in the rainfed Alfisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar fertilization has great potential to give higher yields under intensive cropping system and in enhancing the crop tolerance to drought conditions. Different responses of yield to foliar fertilization are probably associated with incorrect timing of application, use of inappropriate fertilizer and lack of concern of soil available nutrients and environmental conditions. Though soil application of nutrients cannot be replaced totally with foliar fertilization, but under various situations like rainfed condition, foliar nutrition can play very important role in enhancing crop yield and nutrient use efficiency. Focusing on this, a field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station, Kovilpatti, under rainfed situation from 2017 to '20 to evaluate the response of foliar application of plant nutrients sprayed during moisture stress condition and to improve the growth and yield of sorghum under rainfed condition. This experiment was laid out in split plot design with replicated thrice and the treatments consisted of main plots: M1 – foliar spray during dry spell, M2 – foliar spray after relieving of stress/dry spell (with favorable soil moisture) and subplots: S1 – urea@1%, S2 – urea@2%, S3 – water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19)@0.5%, S4 – water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19)@0.5% + recommended dose of micronutrient for foliar spray (to be decided based on soil test: zinc, boron, iron, manganese, etc.), S5 – ZnSO4@0.5%, S6 – water spray, S7 – control (no spray of any material/water) under rainfed vertisols of semiarid region. The obtained results showed that the application of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19)@0.5% sprayed during the dry spell significantly increased the plant height, earhead length and grain test weight. This attributes resulted in higher grain yield (1448 kg ha−1), stover yield (2288 kg ha−1), net returns (Rs. 8748 ha−1), B:C (1.16) and rainwater use efficiency (3.85 kg ha−1-mm) when compared to other practices in rainfed sorghum. There is a gradual increase in total major plant nutrient uptake, viz. nitrogen (22.3 kg ha−1), phosphorus (4.56 kg ha−1) and potassium uptake (26.0 kg ha−1) with the foliar application of water soluble complex fertilizer (19:19:19)@0.5% applied during the dry spell condition (S3) during drought stress condition (M1). Foliar application of nutrients along with soil application has several advantages in supplementing the nutritional requirements of crops such as rapid and efficient response by the plants, less product needed and independence of soil conditions. Foliar nutrition designed to eliminate the problems like fixation and immobilization of nutrients. Hence, foliar nutrition is recognized as an important method of fertilization during the dry spell under rainfed condition in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to be trained to forecast the effects of different irrigation water levels and fertilizer doses on the hay yield and some quality traits of herbal parts of Sorghum × Sudan grass hybrid (Sorghum sudanense vs. Sorghum bicolor). The ANN model was developed on the limited field experiments implemented in Bilecik, Turkey, for 2 years in 2021 and 2022. Experiments were conducted in split-plot design with three replications. In the study, three irrigation levels (I100, I60, and I30) were placed in the main parcels, and four fertilizer levels (N0, N50, N100 and N150 kg ha−1) were placed in the sub-parcels. Irrigations were made in three critical periods according to the amount of cumulative evaporation occurring in the Class A Pan. The results showed that irrigation and fertilization are important in terms of yield and quality characteristics. The yield increased depending on the irrigation and fertilization dose, and the highest value was obtained from the I100 × N150 interaction (28.10 t ha−1). The highest protein yield was determined from the I60 × N150 (2.37 t ha−1) interaction, and the Relative Feed Value (RFV) value was determined from the I30 × N150 (92.17) interaction. Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) values increased with decreasing irrigation amount, and the highest IWUE was determined from I30 and the highest WUE was determined from I60 irrigation subjects. According to the field experiments and ANN model, the I80 irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen doses would suit the feed yield and quality of Sorghum × Sudan grass hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity, combined with low soil fertility, constitutes one of the main limiting factors in crop productivity in semi-arid regions. However, nutritional supplementation techniques with nitrogen (N) and molybdenum (Mo) can lead to positive enhancements in the production of these crops. The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of N in the presence and/or absence of Mo on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the productive increase of forage sorghum subjected to water deficit in the semi-arid region. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design, with four replications, in a 5 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, comprising five doses of N (urea): 0, 50, 100, 150, and 300 kg ha−1, two doses of Mo (sodium molybdate): 0 and 160 g ha−1, and three production cycles. The highest yields of green mass (GM) (47.98 Mg ha−1), dry mass (DM) (19.66 Mg ha−1), water use efficiency (WUE) (5.57 kg/m³), and N use efficiency (NUE) (0.26 kg2/g) occurred at the highest N dosage (300 kg ha−1 N). The highest contents and extraction of total N, Mo, chloride (Cl), and potassium (K) were found in regrowth 2 and at the highest N dose (300 kg ha−1). The interaction of N and Mo resulted in higher catalase (CAT) enzyme activity. The meteorological conditions during the cycles strongly influenced the nutrient contents and extraction. The results of the study provide support for producers to use N and Mo fertilization strategies to improve crop productivity, even under water deficit conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides mixture applied to the soil with and without dead cover crops (Sorghum bicolor) for the control of Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth pigweed) and its selectivity in soybeans. This study was structured in split plot (2 × 6 + 2), where factor A plots (with and without dead cover) and factor B six herbicides mixture: flumioxazin + S-metolachlor (50.4 + 1,008 g a.i. ha−1), flumioxazin + imazethapyr (60 + 127.2 g a.i. ha−1), pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone (137.6 + 160 g a.i. ha−1), diuron + sulfentrazone (400 + 200 g a.i. ha−1), metribuzin + S-metolachlor (326.4 + 1,344 g a.i. ha−1) and sulfentrazone + imazethapyr (200 + 100 g a.i. ha−1) and two untreated control plots. As for the results, the herbicides flumioxazin + S-metolachlor, flumioxazin + imazethapyr and pyroxasulfone + sulfentrazone showed excellent control (97–99%) and were not influenced by the plot with and without dead cover. They also showed higher yield soybeans (<2,244 kg ha−1). All herbicides were selective to the soybeans. Overall, pre-emergence herbicides and cover crops were efficient methods for the control of A. hybridus, which farmers should use to avoid losses in yield soybeans due to weed competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to alleviate negative impacts of elephant crop-raiding faced by smallholder farmers around the Okavango delta. Although many studies have identified the relationship between crop-raiding and climatic factors, little attention was paid to aligning cropping duration to high rainfall. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how crop maturity duration influences farmers' vulnerability to elephant crop raiding and food loss. An experimental plot consisting of early and late maturing varieties of maize, sorghum and cowpea was set up and monitored in farms adjacent to corridors. Early maturing varieties yielded more (mean = 0.35 tha−1) than later maturing varieties (mean = 0.25 tha−1). The prolonged stay of crops in fields exposed them more to elephants (p < 0.001). Unlike late varieties, early varieties served as an evasion strategy by allowing earlier harvesting when there was adequate rainfall and elephants rarely frequented farms. Late maturing varieties were harvested at 16–19 weeks when elephants frequented the fields. This harvest timing significantly influences the vulnerability of crops to debilitating elephant raiding. This outcome suggests that policy reviews should incorporate more climate action into smallholder farming systems to strengthen SDG 1: no poverty and SDG 2: zero hunger, ease hostility toward elephants and improve elephant conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a C4 grass plant, requires a higher iron (Fe) concentration in its leaves for sufficient growth compared to C3 grass plants, there are differences in Fe-deficiency tolerance among sorghum genotypes. C4 plant sorghum localizes Fe in bundle sheath (BS) cells as a major site for CO2 assimilation; however, the response of chloroplasts in BS cells to Fe deficiency remains unknown. We compared the allocation of Fe and proteins involved in the photosystems between Fe-deficiency-tolerant and Fe-deficiency-susceptible sorghum genotypes. The distribution patterns of the Fe-requiring core proteins of photosystems I and II were the same in both genotypes, whereas the tolerant genotype, line D100, allocated more Fe to the BS thylakoid membranes than the susceptible genotype, regardless of Fe nutritional status and leaf Fe content. These results suggest that the tolerant D100 sorghum line has mechanisms to supply sufficient Fe to the BS thylakoid membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculants, chitosan, and blend (microbial inoculants and chitosan) on chemical composition, in vitro degradability, fermentative profile, losses, aerobic stability, and microorganism counts of corn, pearl millet and sorghum silages. A randomised block design was used in a factorial arrangement of 3 × 4. Three crops (pearl millet, corn and sorghum) and four additives: Control (without additive), 2 g of microbial inoculants (for ton of forage), 10 g/kg chitosan per kg of ensiled material, and blend (chitosan [5 g/kg] plus microbial inoculants [2 g/ton forage]), with five replicates per treatment. Chitosan increases the CP levels of silages and improves the in vitro degradability of DM in sorghum silage. The microbial inoculants reduced the pH in pearl millet, corn and sorghum silages (P < 0.001). The additives affected (P < 0.05) the aerobic stability of silages throughout the evaluation period. However, when evaluating the chitosan, the average temperature of the pearl millet and corn silages remained stable for a longer period. Chitosan improved the nutritional quality of sorghum silage. Chitosan-treated silages pearl millet and corn silages show great efficiency in aerobic stability due to antifungal activity. The microbial inoculants show reduced gas losses compared to chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect on the morpho-physiological parameters and yield of sorghum cultivated in a greenhouse with reclaimed water (RW) and (dehydrated sludge (DS) obtained in a sewage treatment plant, was evaluated. Six treatments (T), with five repetitions each, were carried out in entirely randomized blocks. Water (W) was used in T1 (W) (control), T2 (W + NPK), and T3 (W + DS); RW was used in T4 (RW), T5 (RW + P), and T6 (RW + DS). The results showed that irrigation with only RW (T4), or W + DS (T3) was very suitable for the cultivation since an adequate nutritional supply was provided. The positive effects on the morpho-physiological parameters, plant height, stem diameter and stem length (in cm), were: T3 – 148.8, 1.50, and 103, respectively; T4 – 154, 1.70, and 107, respectively; and on the grain production in weight of 1000 seeds (g), and productivity in grains per plant: T3 – 6.97 and 1453, respectively; T4 – 6.81 and 1636, respectively. Both treatments showed for most of the parameters, no significant differences compared with those of T2 or T5 with supplementary fertilizers. A high production of metabolites (mg g–1) like free amino acids was also shown: T3 – 6.45; T4 – 8.43 and proline: T3 – 1.86; T4 – 1.77, known to be a good indication of a plant natural defence against stress conditions, and in soluble protein: T3 – 11.20; T4 – 13.51. Therefore, since the production of such grains with RW or DS can be environmentally and economically beneficial, their use is recommended for small and medium farmers in semiarid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecently, kafirins from white sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] grain have shown promise as a source of biopeptides with anti-skin aging effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and inhibition of photoaging-associated enzymes). This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis of kafirins (KAF) for the production of peptides with anti-skin aging properties. The optimization of conditions (reaction time and enzyme/substrate ratio) for liquefaction with α-amylase and hydrolysis of KAF with alcalase was performed using 32 complete factorial designs. Subsequently, ultrafiltered peptide extracts were obtained with molecular weights of 1–3 kDa (KAF-UF3) and lower than 1 kDa (KAF-UF1), which mainly contain hydrophobic amino acids (proline, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine) and peptide fractions with molecular weights of 0.69, 1.14, and 1.87 kDa. Consequently, the peptide extracts protected immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) from ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced damage by preventing the decrease and/or restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)]. Furthermore, KAF-UF3 and KAF-UF1 inhibited (20–29%) elastase and collagenase overactivity in UVB-exposed murine fibroblasts (3T3 cells). Thus, KAF-UF3 and KAF-UF1 exhibited behavior similar to that observed with glutathione (GSH), suggesting their potential as functional peptide ingredients in skincare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAlthough over 350 species of plants have been documented to host the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), its invasion in West Africa has been mainly on maize. This study investigated the factors that limit the host utilization and tested the effects of intercropping of Poaceae (maize, sorghum, rice and Proso millet), Solanaceae (tomato and sweet pepper), and Fabaceae (cowpea and soybean) plants on FAW severity. The laboratory larvae fed with those crops showed higher pupation rates for maize (33.6%) than sorghum (20%), rice (24.2%), Proso millet (17.6%), tomato (fruit = 5.3% and leaf = 6 .4%), sweet pepper (fruit = 1.3% and leaf = 1.6%). Only larvae fed with Poaceae plants reached the adult stage. Female ovipositional potentiality was higher with maize compared to other Poaceae plants. In the field experiments, FAW severities were recorded only on Poaceae plants. However, the severity of FAW was significantly reduced on the intercropped maize with other crops compared to monocultures of maize. Therefore, intercropping can be considered as an eco-friendly FAW-IPM program in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of more sustainable soil management strategies, such as the use of cover crop for no-till system with crop rotation, can help increase nutrient use efficiency and consequently decrease the use of mineral fertilizers for agriculture. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the efficiency of desiccation, decomposition and release of nutrients in the biomass of forage plants of the genus Brachiaria after intercropping with sorghum in integrated systems for soybean productivity. The experiment was conducted in the field in two agricultural seasons in randomized block design with four repetitions. The treatments consisted of biomass obtained after sorghum intercropping with forage plants of the Brachiaria genus (Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás, Brachiaria cv. BRS Ipyporã), sorghum biomass in monoculture, which after cutting for grain production, remained fallow for one year and an additional soybean treatment without soil cover biomass. The results showed that Cropping systems on sorghum and forage biomass resulted in a 25.64% increase in soybean yields compared to soybeans grown without soil cover. The use of tropical forage as a cover crop in integrated systems proved to be an efficient technique for biomass production, in order to minimize the effect of water deficit during soybean development, and nutrient cycling, which resulted in the replacement of mineral potassium fertilization for the no-till soybean system, by making better use of soil nutrients and contributing to greater sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the decomposition and mineralization of pineapple and sorghum litter applied to the surface and subsurface of a Cambisol. The experiment was conducted in pot using pre-treatment (dry oven and fragmented), in a completely randomized design with four replications, following a 2 × 2 × 9 factorial consisting of two plant litters (pineapple and sorghum), two managements (surface and subsurface), and nine incubation times (0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 112 days after application-DAA). The remaining dry mass, the t1/2 (half-life), and macronutrient mineralization were evaluated (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg). The pineapple litter showed the highest loss compared to sorghum litter. Ca and Mg showed the longest half-life and the lowest mineralization rate regardless of the management. The allocation of pineapple and sorghum litter to the soil subsurface favors nutrient mineralization, contributing to the potential release of 82 to 99 kg ha−1 of N, 9 to 17 kg ha−1 of P, and 286 to 401 kg ha−1 of K, respectively, after 112 days. At least 50% of these nutrients were mineralized between four and 35 days, highlighting the litter potential as a nutrient source for tropical crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of seven predominant integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on soil quality indicators and indices under two inter-cropping systems, namely cotton + black gram and green gram + rabi sorghum, at the All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA), Parbhani Center, located in Central and Western Maharashtra, India. The INM practices include F1: Farmyard Manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha−1; F2: Gliricidia @ 3t ha−1 (semi dried leaves + very soft upper twigs); F3: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF); F4: 25% RDF + FYM @ 2.5 t ha−1; F5: 25% RDF + Gliricidia @ 1.5 t ha−1 (semi dried leaves + very soft upper twigs); F6: Control with rotation and F7: Absolute control without rotation. The order of overall performance of the INM treatments, in terms of mean Soil Quality Index (SQI), across both the cropping systems studied was: F1 (2.59) > F4 (2.55) > F5 (2.52) > F2 (2.49) > F3 (2.40) > F6 (2.12) > F7 (2.04). In case of Cotton + black gram system, the predominant soil parameters which emerged as key soil quality indicator, along with their percent contribution toward soil quality index, were: organic C (21%), available Mn (21%), labile C (20%), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) (19%), pH (5%), available S (5%), mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD) (5%) and available K (4%). However, in case of green gram + rabi sorghum system, labile C (24%), available K (23%), available Mn (23%), microbial biomass C (MBC) (21%) and available S (9%) were found to be the key soil quality indicators in the black soil under study. The common indicators for the two cropping systems studied under these Vertisol soils were: available K, available S, available Mn and Labile carbon (LC). Thus, these indicators assume great significance in managing the Vertisol soils under study. The methodology followed and the results of the present study will be immensely useful to different stakeholders in conducting such future studies and managing and improving soil quality under different inter-cropping systems in Vertisols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum grain yield is constrained commonly by soil nutrient deficiency and water stress in semi-arid areas across Africa. Grain yields ranges from 500 to 650 kg ha−1 in some parts of African and even below 500 kg ha−1 in some countries like Mozambique and Zimbabwe without using any nutrient amendments. The use of mineral fertilizer supply nutrients readily in the soil and increasing their availability to crops and improve crop yields. Farmers in rural communities are resources constraint and not able to buy adequate mineral fertilizers and they need to amend mineral it with manure. Application of manure improves soil physiochemical properties and nutrient availability which play an important for plant growth and increasing yields. However, cattle manure commonly used by smallholder farmers is rich in plant residues and require decomposers to use a lot of mineral nitrogen as sources of energy for decomposition hence nitrogen becomes unavailable to plants. Combining mineral fertilizer and manure has a potential of improving yields from 500 to 5000 kg ha−1 depending on soil type and rainfall received in the area. However, semi-arid regions are associated with low and erratic rainfall which causes soil water stress and reduce yields. There is need to combine water management with mineral fertilizer, and organic manure to create a sustainable sorghum production in marginalized areas. This paper reviews the effects of mineral and organic fertilizer in improving sorghum production in semi-arid region and come up with way forward to meet food demand in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, low crop yields are often attributed to a lack of soil nutrients and limited use of chemical fertilizers. However, in areas where soils with low effective soil depth are common, water availability may be a more significant factor that limits crop production than a lack of soil nutrients. In Sudan Savanna, the effective soil depths of three dominant soils, namely Pisoplinthic Petric Plinthosols (PT-pt.px), Petric Plinthosols (PT-pt), and Ferric Lixisols (LX-fr), are < 30, 30–50, and ~ 100 cm, respectively. Consequently, a lack of soil water is anticipated for both Plinthosols types. This study investigated the limiting factor in sorghum cultivation for each dominant soil in Sudan Savanna by creating plots with and without irrigation and fertilization. The results indicated that neither rainfall nor irrigation significantly affected sorghum yield under unfertilized conditions in all soil types, suggesting that even in very shallow PT-pt.px, a lack of soil water was not the limiting factor under unfertilized conditions. However, under fertilized conditions, reduced rainfall significantly decreased sorghum yield in PT-pt and PT-pt.px. In conclusion, in addition to the lack of soil nutrients being the limiting factor in sorghum cultivation under unfertilized conditions, regardless of soil type, lack of soil water becomes a limiting factor in soils with an effective soil depth of < 50 cm (e.g., Plinthosols) under fertilized conditions. These findings underscore the importance of knowing the effective soil depth when developing efficient fertilizer application methods to achieve food security in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's population grows, the agricultural sectors are destined to increase crop production and security. Improving crop yield by using advanced technologies gives remarkable growth to the economy of the country. Agriculture provides over 20% of India's GDP. Using machine learning algorithms, the crop yield can be predicted which is useful to the farmers to plan the cultivation beforehand. In this work, various machine learning (ML) algorithms are applied to predict the yield of 'rice and sorghum (jowar)' and a novel weighted feature approach with a combination of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) is proposed for two Indian seasons. RF is used to select training data at random, and the learning rate approach from deep learning concepts is implemented to add random weights to each parameter; the SVM model is then trained using the weighted training data. The best weights are again applied for the whole data to implement the SVM and RF algorithms. The weighted feature hybrid model is compared with SVM, RF, Decision tree, Naive Bayes, and k-Nearest Neighbor algorithms. RF-based regression method is also implemented and its ability to predict the crop yield has been discussed based on its performance metrics. The results show that the proposed weighted feature hybrid SVM-RF model gives the best accuracy of 90% when compared with the traditional algorithms. Also, the performances of various ML algorithms for crop yield prediction are analysed and cross-validation of the models is performed and compared, which improved the accuracy by 8-10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation aimed at evaluating the effect of different applied ozone dosages of 32.0, 38.0, 44.0 and 50.0 g.kg−1 on techno-functional properties, structural properties, molecular interactions and thermal properties of red sorghum flour. Ozonation led to an increase in the water absorption capacity (1.79 to 2.15 g/g), water solubility index (1.59 to 5.13%), oil absorption capacity (1.27 to 1.71 g/g), swelling power (7.68 to 8.31 g/g), foaming capacity (10.14 to 13.91) and stability and paste clarity (19.35 to 34.30%T); however, there was a decrease in the gel consistency (95.50 to 40.20 mm), flour dispersibility (92.36 to 89.21%), emulsion activity (8.50 to 7.00%) and stability (32 to 22.20%). This alteration in the functional properties could be attributed to the cleavage of various groups due to oxidation and resulting in increased electronegativity. Ozonation enhanced the total phenolic content (226.34 to 276.23 mg GAE/100 g), FRAP activity (8.14 and 12.65 µmol TE/g), in vitro starch digestibility while reduced the total flavonoid content (605.26 to 582.15 mg QE/100 g), DPPH (10.90 to 9.61%RSA) and in vitro protein digestibility. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared microscopy showed modification in the structure and molecular interaction attributing to the widening of the protein and compactness of the starch. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Principal component analysis (PCA) were employed for studying the relationship between different variables and for validation of changes due to ozonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports levels of mycotoxins in sorghum from Niger State, Nigeria, and provides a comprehensive assessment of their potential health risks by combining mycotoxin levels and dietary exposure assessment. A total of 240 samples of red and white sorghum were collected from both stores and markets across four microclimatic zones. Fungal species were identified using a dilution plate method. Aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and ochratoxin (OTA) were quantified using HPLC, whereas cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisins (FUMs) and zearalenone were quantified using ELISA. A. flavus and A. fumigatus were dominant fungal species followed by F. verticilloides, A. oryzae and P. verrucosum. Aflatoxins (mean: 29.97 µg/kg) were detected in all samples, whereas OTA (mean: 37.5 µg/kg) and FUMs (mean: 3269.8 µg/kg) were detected in 72% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Mycotoxins frequently co-occurred in binary mixtures of AFs + OTA and AFs + FUMs. Dietary exposure estimates were highest for FUMs at 230% of TDI and margin of exposures (MOEs) for both AFs and OTA (<10,000) indicating a potential risk associated with combined exposure to AFs and OTA. The Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma cases (HCC/year) attributable to AFs and OTA exposure from sorghum was estimated to be 5.99 × 105 and 0.24 × 105 cases for HBsAg + individuals based on 13.6% HBV incidence. Similarly, the HCC/year for AFs and OTA were assessed to be 3.59 × 105 and 0.14 × 105 at an 8.1% prevalence rate. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate the high prevalence and dietary exposure to mycotoxins through sorghum consumption, raising public health and trade concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex relationship between climate change and major crop output poses urgent challenges for contemporary food production systems. Recognizing the diverse responses of different crops to climatic stressors, it is necessary to investigate the repercussions of climate-induced shifts in various crop yields. Focused on the adverse extreme weather impacts on food security, this research employs multiple specifications to assess the effects of climate change on major crops--maize, sorghum, rice, wheat, sugarcane, bananas, and beans--in Somalia using annual data spanning 1991--2019. The empirical findings from the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach reveal that increasing precipitation positively impacts the long-run output of sorghum, sugarcane, and banana while adversely affecting bean production. Conversely, changing temperatures detrimentally affect the long-run output of sorghum, rice, and beans, although they enhance rice and sorghum production in the short-run. Intriguingly, the study reveals that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and crop-harvested areas significantly enhance the yields of various crops. Moreover, agricultural labour positively impacts bananas while hampering other crop outputs. Based on these results, the study proposes the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties, investment in irrigation infrastructure, enhanced weather prediction and early warning systems, as well as the promotion of sustainable land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is a potentially toxic chemical element, being responsible for many deleterious effects in living organisms. Therefore, understanding its dynamics and influence on plant growth is relevant for food security. The influence of Pb doses on nutrient accumulation in sorghum and soybean in two tropical soils with different buffering capacities was tested in a greenhouse study with four independent experiments (one per species/soil combination). The hypothesis was that the presence of Pb in soil decreases the accumulation of nutrients in soybean and sorghum plants. Soybean cultivated in a Typic Hapludox (TH) and sorghum, cultivated in both a Rhodic Acrudox (RA) and a TH, received 0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2200, and 2800 mg/kg of Pb, while soybean cultivated in RA received 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg of Pb. Seeds were sown 24 h after application of Pb. Plants were harvested 21 days after the emergence of at least 50% of plants from the control treatment (approximately 30 days in total). Lead, macro, and micronutrient contents were determined in the shoot dry matter (SDM), and bioavailable Pb in soil was assessed by Mehlich-1. In general, TH allowed greater Pb uptake by plants, due to its lower buffering capacity. Soybean was the most affected crop with decreasing concentrations of N, K, Mg, and Ca, the latter was especially affected, with deficiency symptoms being observed. Effects on a longer time-scale are unknown, since significant decreases in nutrient contents were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of feeding a new hybrid of sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) in broiler chickens on growth, health, meat, and litter quality was evaluated from 1–42 d. A total of 360-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (40.1 ± 2.3 g) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets: 100% corn-based diet (S0), partial replacement of corn with 50% sorghum (S50), total replacement of corn with sorghum (S100). All diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with similar content of total lysine, total sulphur amino acids, calcium, and available phosphorous. The results indicated that partial or total replacement of corn by sorghum is suitable for broiler chicken diets with no adverse effects on growth, and slaughter performance, as well as litter quality over the whole trial period. Moreover, the substitution of corn with sorghum, reduced (p =.007) abdominal fat associated with an increase in breast and thigh meat colour (L* values; p <.001). Also, a significant (p =.002) decrease in plasma triglyceride was found in broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Except for collagen and hardness in the breast and thigh, and gumminess only in the thigh muscle, there were no differences in fundamental physicochemical (pH, protein, fat, moisture) or textural attributes of meat due to dietary treatment. However, sorghum alters the intestinal microflora, resulting in a lower count of E. coli in the caeca. It can thus, be concluded that sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) can be included in broiler feeds from hatching to day 42, without any adverse effects on the broiler's performance. Climate changes become a threat to the livestock sector and finding novel nutritional solutions for feeding farm animals became a priority. New sorghum varieties are valuable in terms of drought-resistant plants. Replacement of corn with sorghum in broiler diets maintains growth performances and carcase characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important crop originated in Africa that shows susceptibility to herbivores. In this study, we identified two sorghum genotypes with highly contrasting levels of stem damage caused by the caterpillars of Asian stem borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée). Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from genetic cross between resistant (BTx623) and susceptible (NOG) sorghum were used to perform a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in the field. Two major QTLs responsible for higher NOG infestation by stem borer in three independent field seasons were detected on chromosomes 7 and 9, interestingly in positions that overlapped with two major QTLs for plant height. As plant height and stem borer damage were highly correlated, we propose that sorghum height-associated morphological or physiological traits could be important for stem borer establishment and/or damage in sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the impact of mixed silages of biomass sorghum and BRS Capiaçu with cactus pear on the fermentative profile and nutritional value. The silages included forage sorghum cv. Volumax, biomass sorghum cv. 'BRS 716,' BRS Capiaçu grass, a mix of 60% biomass sorghum 'BRS 716' with 40% Opuntia ficus indica Mill ('Gigante') cactus pear (based on fresh matter), and a mix of 60% BRS Capiaçu grass with 40% Opuntia ficus indica Mill ('Gigante') cactus pear (based on fresh matter). The experiment followed a randomized experimental design with five treatments and eight repetitions. The highest gas losses (P < 0.01) and lowest dry matter recovery (DMR; P < 0.01) were observed in the BRS Capiaçu grass and BRS Capiaçu grass with cactus pear silages. The lactic acid concentration in the biomass sorghum with cactus pear silage was 49.96% higher than in the Volumax sorghum silage . Volumax sorghum and 'BRS 716' biomass silages demonstrated higher DM contents (P < 0.01; mean 33.44%) compared to other silages. There was no significant difference (P = 0.24) among silages regarding the potentially degradable insoluble fraction of the DM, with a mean of 51.75%. The mixed silage of biomass sorghum with cactus pear exhibited lower losses and higher DMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate sorghum hybrids associated or not associated with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization (N) during planting on the yield, fermentative profile, and nutritional value of the respective silages. Five sorghum hybrids (Volumax, 201813B, 201814B, 201709B, BRS716) were evaluated with three nitrogen fertilization strategies using urea (100 kg ha-1 of N) and Azospirillum brasilense, and urea (100 kg ha-1 of N)/A. brasilense in association. A randomized block design was used in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, with five hybrids, three fertilization strategies and three replications (blocks). The useful area of each experimental unit was 3 m x 3 m. The biomass sorghum hybrids showed a dry matter (DM) production (P = 0.01) 48.31% higher than the DM production of the Volumax forage (mean of 17.49 t ha-1 of dry matter). There was no difference between the sorghum hybrid silages in the pH values (mean of 4.11; P = 0.68), gas losses (mean of 3.74% of DM; P = 0.19). The sorghum hybrids biomass 201709B and BRS 716 showed better digestible and DM productivity. Azospirillum brasilense can be used as a nitrogen fertilization strategy in partial or total replacement of urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the digestibility of agricultural residues is one goal of sustainable livestock production, and the role of rumen microbiome-feed interaction is critical for efficient digestion. This study was aimed at isolating and evaluating in vitro the effect on dry-matter digestibility (IVDMD), relative feed values (RFV), volatile fatty acid (VFA) synthesis, pH changes, and gas production (GP) by the inclusion of native rumen strains in mixtures of corn, sorghum, and oat agricultural residues with ruminal fluid. The results show that an inoculum of 1 x 1010 colony-forming unit per millilitre (CFU/mL) of the aerotolerant native rumen strain Lysinibacillus fusiformis increases the IVDMD, RFV, and VFA values of all mixtures. During agricultural residue fermentation, the pH was stable, and propionic acid was the primary fatty acid synthesized, indicating increased energy availability for efficient cattle growth performance while limiting molecular hydrogen (H2) synthesis for conversion to methane (CH4). These results suggest that L. fusiformis could be used as a direct-feed microbial to promote sustainable livestock production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to link the fermentation of fibrous agricultural residues in ruminal fluid inoculated with a fibrolytic native strain and digestibility in favour of increasing the efficiency of livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study determined the effect of reducing dietary ingredients and group feeding on diet selection, nutrient intake and digestibility in choice-fed sheep. Three feeds comprising of veld hay (VH), sorghum stover (SS) and maize stover (MS) were offered ad-libitum while lucerne hay (LH) and bean straw (BS) were offered at restriction. Twelve sheep were allocated into three groups (i) group-fed in 3 sheep per pen, (ii) individually fed and, (iii) individually fed with SS exclusion. Sheep were rotated across the groups in four periods of 10 days. Diet selected, intake, refusals, spillages and faeces were monitored for seven days. The proportion of BS and LH consumed did not differ between group-fed and individually fed sheep with or without SS inclusion. Intake of MS and SS was lower in individually fed sheep while intake of VH was higher (p < 0.05). The proportion of BS and MS selected among individually fed sheep was similar with or without SS inclusion (p > 0.05). Diet selection was influenced by group feeding, but not the removal of SS. The scarcity of one dietary component may not result in the selection of undesired but available feeds if the quality is similar or poorer to the absent feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different mixture ratios of sorghum (S) and cluster bean (CB) on fermentation parameters, nutritional composition, and gas-methane production of mixture silages. Five different mixture ratios (100%S, 75%S+25%CB, 50%S+50CB, 25%S+75%CB and 100%CB) were used in this study. Effects of mixture ratios on entire parameters were highly significant (p ≤ 0.01). Decreasing ADF and NDF ratios and increasing crude protein, ash and oil contents and condensed tannin levels were observed with increasing cluster bean ratios of the mixtures. However, cluster beans reduced WSC and lactic acid and increased pH, butyric acid and ethanol contents. The lowest Fleig score was obtained from cluster bean silage (100%CB). The lowest gas-methane production was obtained from cluster bean silage and the greatest ME and NEL values were obtained from sorghum silage (100%S). The best OMD values were obtained from sorghum silage and 75%S +25%CB mixture silage. The present findings revealed that a 50%S+50%CB mixture yielded high nutritional composition and good fermentation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addressed the different proportions of millet and sorghum silage biomass BRS 716 (BRS-716 silage) in the diet of crossbred heifers ¾ Holstein x ¼ Zebu on their nutrient intake, and digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen balance, ingestive behaviour, and growth performance. Five experimental diets with 0, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100% of BRS-716 silage in compared to millet silage were evaluated. The roughage: concentrate ratio in the total dry matter (DM) of the diets was 75:25. The diets were evaluated in ten heifers with an initial body weight of 264.95 ± 19.4 kg (± SEM), following the experimental design in two 5 x 5 Latin squares, simultaneously. The total experimental period lasted 105 d, divided into five periods of 21 days, including a 17-d initial adaptation, and four for data collection, and samples. The increase of BRS-716 silage in the diet of crossbred dairy heifers did not change the dry matter intake (DMI), and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDFI). For the purine derivatives, and microbial synthesis, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05). The average daily gain was 0.795 kg/d. The millet silage, and BRS-716 silage in the diet of crossbred Holstein x Zebu heifers used exclusively or combined in different proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon enhances plant growth and development, alleviating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought severe abiotic stress that hampers plant growth and production globally, posing threat to food security. Mass production of sorghum is crucial to eradicating the present increasing food insecurity in water-stressed regions. The study evaluated the effects of silicon on nutrients uptake, growth and yield of sorghum under different water regimes. A two-season field trial was carried out to evaluate two sorghum varieties (seredo and Machakos local red), silicon (with silicon and without silicon) under three irrigation regimes (20%, 40% and 60%) laid out in Randomized Completely Block Design in a factorial arrangement replicated thrice. Data was collected on growth, yield and nutrients uptake, which was subjected to analysis of variance using R software. Results showed that Seredo variety had the highest root dry weight (123.5 g) and longest roots (51.4 cm). At 60% water regime and silicon amendment enhanced sorghum growth better than other treatments. Seredo variety recorded the highest grain yield (4.82tha−1), phosphorus (95.53 kg ha−1), nitrogen (32.16 kg ha−1), K (76.06 kg ha−1), calcium (3919.00 kg ha−1) and magnesium (165.02 kg ha−1). Seredo had the maximum harvest index of 0.41. At 40% water regime, Seredo variety amendment with Si produced the highest grain yields and nutrients uptake. Si amendment can improve sorghum growth and yield under water stress conditions, as indicated by high grain yield and nutrients uptake achieved at 40% water regime. The use of Silicon is recommended for improving sorghum productivity in regions experiencing low rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erratic rainfall, high evapotranspiration rates and droughts are major factors limiting crop production in semi-arid areas. Tied ridges that have crossed ties within the furrow are among the physical soil and water conservation measures. During the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons, we examined the efficacy of repaired tied ridges for maize crop (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Kongwa district of Tanzania as an alternate labour saving strategy for managing climate risks associated with variable rainfall. Treatments consisted of three tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT) which involved the preparation of a flat seedbed using handhoe, annually constructed tied ridges (ATR) and tied ridges that had been constructed during the previous season and had been repaired (residual tied ridges–RTR). Data were collected on labour requirements and crop performance. RTR increased economic returns by 29% and 80% over ATR and CT, respectively. Maize grain yield shows a trend of RTR >ATR>CT with values ranging from 2465 kg ha−1 to 4185 kg ha−1 (P < 0.01). While tillage and/or variety did not influence sorghum grain yield significantly (P > 0.05). The use of RTR is recommended because of low labour requirements and greater economic benefits than CT and ATR under maize cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procyanidins (PCs) is member of the proanthocyanidins (or condensed tannins) class of flavonoids. They are oligomeric compounds, which can be formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. PCs are abundant in our diet, including chocolate, apple, grapes, legumes, berries, peanuts, and others. Metabolic diseases (MD) are disorders that negatively alter the normal metabolic process, which can influence the ability of body cells to perform critical biochemical reactions (e.g. distribution of macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates). Obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcohol fatty liver disease, etc. are examples of MD. Thus, this review briefly summarized the rich sources, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical outcomes of PCs. This comprehensively discussed the potential role of PCs against MD. PCs are abundant in dietary fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and grains. Among all PCs sources, grape seeds, sorghum, chocolate, and apples have high concentrations. Based on available studies, PCs and PCs-rich foods have excellent biological effects against MD, e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Among all effects of PCs, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and cardio-protectivity are promising. In conclusion, PCs or PC-rich food are promising bioactive compounds or components for the management of MD. Therefore, PCs or PCs-rich food can be used as potential ingredients for the development of functional foods with more health benefits and high consumer acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the water uptake, anatomical and biochemical changes of sorghum, three genotypes including grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor], Sudan grass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. drummondii (Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse] and Johnson grass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] were subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG 60000)-induced drought stress (PEG 60000) at 0, −0.15, and −0.3 MPa levels, hydroponically. In all genotypes, stele diameter decreased as osmotic potential of the medium decreased and the largest stele diameter (247 µm) was observed in Johnson grass at control and declined to 196 µm under −0.3 MPa PEG. Drought affected the diameter of peripheral metaxylem (PMX) and central metaxylem (CMX), negatively. The number of PMX and CMX in Johnson grass was 36 and 200% more than in grain sorghum under −0.3 MPa PEG, respectively. In all genotypes, chlorophyll a and b declined under drought, but in Johnson grass, it only decreased 25 and 29%, respectively. Johnson grass had the highest total chlorophyll content, while carotenoid content was stable under drought stress in this genotype. Drought stress increased catalase and peroxidase activities but decreased relative water content (RWC) and hydraulic conductivity (hc). Under drought, the higher seedling dry weight and root to shoot ratio in Johnson grass might be related to higher hc, total chlorophyll content, and RWC. Moreover, Johnson grass showed less water loss and more efficiency in water uptake under induced drought stress; and it could be attributed to the larger stele diameter, number, and diameter of PMX, substantiating their roles in drought adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malted sorghum wort, supplemented with Vernonia amygdalina extract during boiling, was fermented with a Saccharomyces strain for 192 h. This was a preliminary study to examine how use of this substitute hop compound affected alcohol production and yeast growth. Alcohol content was modelled as a 3-parameters Gompertz growth model. The three levels of extract of Vernonia amygdalina, which were added to sorghum malt wort, induced reductions in alcohol content of 3, 12, and 25% after 192 h of fermentation and reductions in optical density at 600 nm of 27, 33, and 48%, respectively, were obtained. Yeast growth curve peaked at around 60 h and alcohol decreased as the content of Vernonia amygdalina extract increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar nitrogen (N) plays a central role in photosynthetic machinery of plants, regulating their growth rates. However, field-based methods for monitoring plant N concentration are costly and limited in their ability to cover large spatial extents. In this study, we had two objectives: (1) assess the capability of unoccupied aerial system (UAS) and non-imaging spectroscopic data in estimating sorghum and corn N concentration and (2) determine the impact of spatial and spectral resolution of reflectance data on estimating sorghum and corn N concentration. We used a UAS and an ASD spectroradiometer to collect canopy- and leaf-level spectral data from sorghum and corn at experimental plots located in Stillwater, Oklahoma, U.S. We also collected foliage samples in the field and measured foliar N concentration in the lab for model validation. To assess the impact of spectral scale on estimating N concentration, we resampled our leaf-level ASD data to generate datasets with coarser spectral resolutions. To determine the impact of spatial scale on estimating N concentration, we resampled our UAS data to simulate five datasets with varying spatial resolutions ranging from 5 cm to 1 m. Finally, we used a suite of vegetation indices (VIs) and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) to estimate N concentration. Results from leaf-level ASD spectral data showed that the resampled data matching the spectral resolution of our UAS-based data at five spectral bands ranging from 360 to 900 nm provided sufficient spectral information to estimate plot-level sorghum and corn N concentration. Regarding spatial resolution, canopy-level UAS data resampled at multiple pixel sizes, ranging from 1 cm to 1 m were consistently capable of estimating N concentration. Overall, our findings indicate the possibility of developing monitoring instruments with optimal spectral and spatial resolution for estimating N concentration in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a ruinous insect pest, native to tropical and subtropical regions of western hemisphere. It has recently invaded Indian subcontinent during 2018, causing severe damage to crops of several genera of many plant families. The incidence of FAW infestation ranged from 12% to 74%, indicating its establishment in central India where it poses an immediate and significant economic threat to crop production. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh isolate is closely related to the isolates of southern states of India. Studies on biology of FAW indicated no variation in biological parameters, when reared on fodder maize and fodder sorghum, however recorded longer larval and pupal duration (16.07 and 10.00 days) when reared on artificial diet. The adults laid more number of eggs under crop mosaic condition with varied phenological crop growth stages and the fodder maize (782.33 eggs) was most preferred for oviposition. A total of five parasitoids were recovered from the field collected larvae and also predation by generalist predator, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) was recorded during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of lead from water and wastewater is a serious term for protecting the public and the environmental. Herein, an agriculture waste of sorghum bagasse modified with NaOH was used to adsorb Pb(II) from an aqueous solution. The modified sorghum bagasse (MSB) was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). MSB with NaOH shows smoother, increasing porosity and pore size (mesopore). In a batch system, the parameter adsorption was investigated. The adsorption of Pb(II) by the adsorbents was optimum at pH 5.0, contact time: 15 min, adsorbent dosage: 6 g L−1 and initial concentration: 80 mg L−1. The pseudo second-order model was suitable to describe the kinetic of the process with the diffusion model of the Elovich model. Meanwhile, the adsorption isotherm model was suitable with the Langmuir model and gives a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) 12.29 mg g−1. The Gibbs free energy was negative, and the enthalpy was negative, indicating the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process. These results indicated that the MSB had potentially become an efficient, sustainable and low-cost adsorbent for Pb(II) uptake from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing farmers' attention to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to introduce new, suitable sorghum cultivars. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield stability of grain sorghum genotypes via AMMI and GGE biplot analyses to identify high-yielding and best adapted genotypes for release in Iran's warm-temperate regions. Seven promising grain sorghum lines (KGS15, KGS19, KGS23, KGS25, KGS27, KGS32, and KGS36), along with three commercial cultivars (Kimiya, Payam, and Sepideh), were studied in seven regions of Iran (Karaj, Isfahan, Gorgan, Birjand, Shiraz, Zabol, and Hamedan) during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. AMMI analysis showed that genotypes G7, G3, and G6 had the lowest AMMI stability values (ASV). GGE biplot analysis showed that genotype G6 had the highest grain yield (GY) in most environments, whereas genotype G1 was specifically adapted to the Hamedan province. According to the average-environment coordination of the GGE biplot, genotype G6 was the most desirable genotype, significantly better than the second and third best genotypes G4 and G3 (G4 was missed by AMMI). This study also indicated that the GGE biplot method was more effective than the AMMI method in analyzing genotype by environment and identifying superior genotypes. Overall, G6 can be introduced as the superior-most genotype for cultivation in Iran's warm-temperate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender gaps in crop productivity can negatively affect rural socio-economic development of agrarian economies with serious implications for food and nutrition security. We assess productivity in men- and women-managed sorghum plots in Lira, Kumi, and Serere districts in Uganda. We find men-managed plots have higher productivity of 850.6 kgs/ha compared to women-managed plots (832.6 kgs/ha). An observed mean gender gap of 18 per cent due to structural advantages of men's plots (57 per cent), structural disadvantages of women's plots (33 per cent), and endowment (10 per cent) exists. Therefore, interventions aimed at promoting equitable access to institutional support services are paramount in reducing structural disadvantages against women farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the coefficients of standardised ileal amino acid digestibility for selected high-fibre feedstuffs (Expt.1) and to assess the additivity of coefficients of apparent (cAIAAD) and standardised (cSIAAD) ileal amino acid digestibility for diets containing combinations of sorghum, maize and soybean meal. 2. In Expt. 1, broiler chickens (324) were allocated to 54 metabolism cages (nine diets with six replicates). In Expt. 2, broiler chickens (315) were allocated to 63 metabolism cages (seven diets with nine replicates). The diets in Expt. 1 were a nitrogen-free diet plus eight semi-purified diets in which soybean meal (SBM), low-protein SBM (LPSBM), soybean hull, wheat bran, maize bran, rice bran, dried sugarbeet pulp or maize gluten feed were the only sources of protein in the respective diets. In Expt. 2, the seven diets were a nitrogen-free diet, and six semi-purified diets consisting of individual feedstuffs (SBM, maize, or sorghum) or combinations (maize and SBM; sorghum and SBM; or maize, sorghum, and SBM) as the only sources of protein. 3. In both experiments, all the broiler chickens received the same maize-SBM diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements according to the breeder's recommendations from d 0 to 16. Allocated experimental diets were provided on d 16, and ileal digesta were collected on d 21. 4. In Expt. 1, SBM and LPSBM had greater (P < 0.01) cSIAAD for indispensable and dispensable amino acids than the other feedstuffs. The rice bran had greater (P<0.01) cSIAAD values than wheat bran and maize bran, except for Leu, Cys, and Pro. 5. In Expt. 2, predicted cAIAAD values for maize-SBM and maize-sorghum-SBM were generally lower (P<0.01) than actual values. The actual and predicted cSIAAD values for maize-SBM, sorghum-SBM and maize-sorghum-SBM combinations were not significantly different. 6. It was concluded that the standardised amino acid digestibility of sorghum, when combined with other feedstuffs, was additive and that approximately three-quarters of total amino acids in the assayed high-fibre feedstuffs, except for dried sugarbeet pulp and maize gluten feed, were digestible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxifolin (dihydroquercetin), which has various pharmacological functions, is contained in edible plants. Some taxifolin-containing foodstuffs such as adzuki bean and sorghum seeds are cooked by themselves and with other starch-containing ingredients. In this study, non-glutinous rice flour (joshin-ko) and potato starch were heated with taxifolin. The heating resulted in the slowdown of pancreatin-induced hydrolysis of suspendable starch in joshin-ko and soluble starch in potato starch. The products of taxifolin formed by the heating such as quercetin were combined with starch during the heating and/or retrogradation, which was converted into the suspendable starch in joshin-ko and the soluble starch in the potato. Taking the difference in protein content and amylose chain length between joshin-ko and potato starch into account, the slowdown is discussed to be due to the binding of the reaction products of taxifolin to proteins in suspendable starch in joshin-ko and to soluble amylose in potato starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate morphophysiological indices, phenology and cutting time of forage cactus (Opuntia and Nopalea spp.) clones intercropped with sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor). The experiment was carried out from 2017 to 2018, in two cropping systems (monocropping and intercropping), comprising 12 treatments, consisted of three cactus clones: 'IPA Sertânia'—IPA, 'Miúda'—Miu and 'Orelha de Elefante Mexicana'— OEM, in a monocropping system and nine combinations the cacti and sorghum (cultivars 467, SF11 and 2502) to comprise each of the intercropping systems. Cladodes morphophysiological indices were obtained: absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate (NAR), specific cladode area rate (SCAR) and the cladode area index rate. OEM showed higher absolute growth rates at the beginning of the cycle, compared with IPA and Miu. NAR was higher in the monocropped OEM and in the OEM-2502 intercrop than under all the IPA and Miu systems (monocropping and intercropping), but the SCAR rate was higher for IPA (monocrop and intercropped). Miu showed a shorter duration of phenophase 2, but OEM had a higher rate of cladode emission during this phase. Cactus-sorghum intercropping systems cause a significant reduction in growth rates of the forage cactus. Intercropping has an earlier cutting time than the monocropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of different forms and energy sources for energy protein supplementation for grazing cattle on nutrient intake digestibility, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen utilisation, urea and creatinine metabolism. Five rumen cannulated crossbred steers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment design of 21-d periods. Steers were randomly designated to one treatment sequence: BSES (bran sorghum energy supplement); BCES (bran corn energy supplement); BPFES (bran protect fat energy supplement); SBES (solid block energy supplement); SMES (solid molasses energy supplementation). Animals were individually allocated in paddocks covered with Urochloa brizantha and were offered a concentrate at 400 g/100 kg of LW. Steers fed with bran supplements had higher supplement intake and total digestible nutrients compared to steers fed with solid supplements. The animals that received starch-based energy source in supplements had lower concentration of acetate and total volatile fatty acids compared to steers supplemented with protected fat source. Steers fed solid supplements had higher nitrogen excretion compared to steers fed bran supplements. The bran supplements were superior to solid alternatives. Addition of protected fat positively influenced the digestion of grazing beef cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The animal feed nutritional value is dependent on the feed chemical composition and which could be affected by sulfur fertilization and irrigation regimes. Therefore, the present study was formulated to evaluate the effect of sulfur fertilization and irrigation regimes on fodder sorghum in semi-arid region. A two-year field experiment (2016/2017) was conducted on multi-cut hybrid sorghum with three moisture regimes (60 and 120 Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE), and no irrigation) and three sulfur (S) levels (0, 15 and 30 kg/ha S) as sub-plot treatment in split-plot design replicated thrice. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that individually irrigation scheduling at 60 CPE and sulfur application at 30 kg/ha resulted maximum plant height, leaf area index and number of tillers. The application of 30 kg/ha S observed with higher total green fodder yield which was 20.1% in 2016 and 16.8% more than control in 2017 and nearly, similar results were also obtained in relation to dry matter yield. Sulfur fertilization and irrigation at 60 CPE showed 39.5% mean reduction in hydrocyanic acid and the average crude protein of 10.5% and in vitro dry matter digestibility of 55.5% at 1st cut was recorded. Application of S and irrigation regimes improved the nitrogen and sulfur concentration in fodder. In conclusion, the application of sulfur @ 30 kg/ha through any sulfur source could be considered as the potential sulfur fertilizer in improving the injurious effects of water deficit condition of hybrid multi-cut fodder sorghum through alterations in nutrient uptake, yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil infertility is one of the constraints contributing to poor sorghum production in semi-arid areas across Africa. To increase sorghum production, there is need to address soil fertility issues. Therefore, the objective was to assess the effects of Leucaena/cattle manure combination on grain and stover yields, harvest index and net return of two sorghum varieties (Macia and SV1) under rainwater harvesting techniques. The field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design over three cropping seasons in a split-split plot arrangement. Results show significant (P < 0.05) increase in sorghum grain yield with increased applications of Leucaena/cattle manure combination. Macia variety had statistically greater (P < 0.05) grain yield than SV1 variety. Tied contour show considerably higher yield for both varieties across all seasons. Stover yield show significant differences (P < 0.05) as affected by Leucaena/cattle manure and rainwater harvesting techniques. Rainwater harvesting techniques significantly influence (P < 0.05) harvest index, with tied contour and infiltration pits having comparably higher harvest index than standard contour. Application of Leucaena/cattle manure combination show significant increases in harvest index with increased application rates. However, no significant effect was observed at 20 and 30 t ha−1 from SV1 variety across all seasons. Leucaena/cattle manure combination significantly influenced (P < 0.05) sorghum net return across all seasons except at 5 t ha−1 where no significant effect was observed. Macia variety had higher net return than SV1. To increase grain yield and net return, farmers can adopt Macia variety, tied contour and 10 t ha−1 Leucaena/cattle manure combination due to higher incremental yield per tonne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the microbial populations, fermentation profile, chemical composition, losses and aerobic stability of sorghum silages enriched with urea and Lactobacillus buchneri. Experiment design was set up as a completely randomised design with a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of four treatments (SS – sorghum silage without additive; SSI – sorghum silage with L. buchneri (105 cfu/g fresh matter); SSU – sorghum silage with urea (% DM); and SSUI – sorghum silage with urea and inoculant) and four opening times (15, 30, 60, and 110 days), with four replicates. The silage pH was influenced (P < 0.01) by the treatments, with the highest values found in SSI and SSU. Lactic acid contents decreased in SSI and SSUI, while acetic acid levels in those silages increased, consequently reducing the ethanol content (P < 0.01). The lowest yeast counts were obtained in SSI and SSUI. There was an effect for aerobic stability (P < 0.05) in which higher aerobic stability was observed to SSUI (87.3 h) compared to SS (61.0 h) and SSU (62.3 h). SSI did not differ between the other silages. The inoculant L. buchneri as associated with urea promoted positive effects on both fermentation and aerobic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the nitrogen application need to optimise the Forage Sorghum yield and the quality silage in regions of humid and mesothermal climate. For the agronomic evaluations of the hybrids, a completely randomised block design was adopted, while for silages evaluation, the design used was completely randomised. The treatments were: 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg of N.ha−1, with four replications each. The results showed that there was an increasing quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for dry matter percentage (% DM) of the plant stem, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), and crude protein (CP) of the silage. The decreasing quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for panicle size (PAS). Also, there was an increasing linear effect (P < 0.05) for the fresh matter production (FMP) and dry matter production (DMP), and linear decreasing (P < 0.05) for the levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and gas losses (GL). Based on the nitrogen use efficiency of the plant and the silage quality, an application of 50 kg of N.ha−1 is recommended for forage sorghum grown in regions of humid and mesothermal climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum grain is a staple food for about 500 million people in 30 countries in Africa and Asia. Despite this contribution to global food production, most of the world's sorghum grain, and nearly all in Western countries, is used as animal feed. A combination of the increasingly important ability of sorghum crops to resist heat and drought, the limited history of the use of sorghum in Western foods, and the excellent functional properties of sorghum grain in healthy diets, suggests a greater focus on the development of new sorghum-based foods. An understanding of the structural and functional properties of sorghum grain to develop processes for production of new sorghum-based foods is required. In this review, we discuss the potential of sorghum in new food products, including sorghum grain composition, the functional properties of sorghum in foods, processing of sorghum-based products, the digestibility of sorghum protein and starch compared to other grains, and the health benefits of sorghum. In the potential for sorghum as a major ingredient in new foods, we suggest that the gluten-free status of sorghum is of relatively minor importance compared to the functionality of the slowly digested starch and the health benefits of the phenolic compounds present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is the fifth largest crop in the world and has potential health benefits, but vast quantities of sorghum roots are discarded after harvest. Based on the previous antiplatelet aggregation for this species, two new multi-substituted 3H-indole alkaloids sorghumine A (1) and sorghumine B (2), together with 14 known compounds (3–16), were found from the water extract of sorghum roots. Compounds 1–2 were identified by analyzing their spectroscopic data and physic and chemical properties, and the absolute configuration was further determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis and calculations. 1–2, 4, 6–8 and 13–15 showed significant inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate. 2–4, 6–9 and 11 showed significant inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen. 4–6, 8, 10–11 and 16 showed significant inhibition on platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that active compounds can bind to P2Y12 and COX-1 receptors in platelet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are bacteria that can enhance protect native plants from abiotic stresses including drought. The inoculation of these PGPB into crop forage plants may increase productivity helping to suppress its growing demand in semiarid regions. The present paper aims to evaluate the Sorghum bicolor L. morphogenic characteristics and growth inoculated with native bacterial isolates from the Brazilian semiarid region under drought conditions. The endophytic bacteria isolated from root nodules of native leguminous plants named Mimosa tenuiflora (isolates – MTBV77, MTP78, MTBV12), Desmanthus pernambucanus (isolates – DPP1) and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (isolate – MCLR34) were all presumably identified as rhizobia by performing the Polymerase Chain Reaction duplex amplification technique using primers that amplify the nifH and nodC genes. The seeds and roots of sorghum seedlings were inoculated with bacterial isolates. The plants were cultivated in pots under favorable water conditions (80% of the available water) and dry conditions (40% of the available water). The inoculation with bacterial isolates increased emission, elongation and length of the S. bicolor leaves, as well as increased its stem elongation, height, and shoot dry-matter content. However, the magnitude of the effects varied according to the imposed water regime. Thus, rhizobacteria from root nodules of Brazilian native legumes have the potential to promote plant growth. The bacterial isolates DPP1 and MTBV77 attenuate the effects of water stress and promote S. bicolor growth under drought conditions and are therefore promising for the use as an inoculant for S. bicolor sustainable cultivation to forage purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]