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African mangrove forests are threatened by harvesting and climate change. Most bird species that occur in this habitat are either drawn from adjacent forests or woodlands or are marine and piscivorous species. Bird communities of East and southern African mangroves, along the coast from the northern shores of the Red Sea to the Mngazana Estuary in South Africa, are known mainly from a few vegetation studies. Mangrove bird communities in West and Central Africa are better studied, and are listed in this review, together with notes on habitat use within the mangroves. No African bird species are restricted to mangroves, but four species are strongly associated with mangroves in West and Central Africa. These mangrove forests also provide space for migrant warblers (of families Acrocephalidae, Phylloscopidae and Sylviidae), possibly because they lack similar-sized species that are resident in other African forest types. Although African mangroves appear to lack a distinctive avifauna, their possible values as foraging sites for resident coastal and forest birds and as refugia for migrating warblers remain to be documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Researchers and managers of parks and protected areas often employ normative theory or a normative approach when attempting to understand and manage visitor use and related impacts. Normative theory and associated approaches use indicators, thresholds, and evaluative dimensions to estimate visitor opinion about desired resource or experiential conditions. However, visitors' desired conditions are often difficult to study longitudinally. Researchers used Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) and its visitors to investigate the stability of crowding thresholds by comparing 2011 and 2018 visitor survey results. Daily maximum visitation levels remained constant between 2011 and 2018 as did visitors' preferred conditions. However, the use levels that may lead to potential displacement and visitors' acceptance of higher use both increased, suggesting visitors may expect conditions to remain the same but be increasingly tolerant of more visitors at specific attraction sites. Potential implications and further research related to normative theory and norm stability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaucheria species have previously been restricted to upper shore habitats in the Wadden Sea (eastern North Sea, European Atlantic). In contrast to these previous observations, we have now found Vaucheria longicaulis and a distinct plastid lineage of V. velutina spreading along the lower shores, forming extensive turfs at and below low tide level under fully marine conditions near the Island of Sylt. Species and populations were identified by morphological features and reconfirmed by sequencing the plastid-encoding gene rbcL and the psbA-rbcL spacer region. We needed to modify primer sequences to successfully amplify the rbcL region of marine and brackish Vaucheria species. Due to distinct phylogenetic grouping, we can reject the possibility of niche expansions from the upper shore and propose recent introductions as the cause of the newly formed populations at the lower shore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies carried out to date on the Iberian Peninsula have led to the belief that hunter-gatherer sites with exploitation of the marine environment are particularly found in the Cantabrian and Atlantic area. In this study, we present new data and studies of all the coastal sites in the Mediterranean area and we summarize current data, allowing us to change the existing paradigm. We argue for the existence of hunter-gatherer communities who made considerable use of maritime resources from the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient looking glass how long ago before the dividing seed shoot root bole and branch bud blossom and leaf vine and fruit not one not many only the dawning light in your face * A cloud of unknowing your shadow losing track sight in sight of a presence this absence the reach of a hand stretching over the night a candle set aflame looking to catch sight of your face * the poverty of words the helplessness of this search the empty handedness of desert places these landscapes without water these ears eyes mouths without tongues clouds of rain unable to fall * a walk between worlds the hard heartedness at the heart of words each phrase becoming turning sentences that do not will not say what is wanted is this why prayer is becomes what music is Sequence - 2 2. Flame of a Juniper Trunk I there was a time i wind sculpted statues leathered figures faces whodoos seamed granite sanded feldspar crusted calcite chert points flint blades ribboned tasseled throwing spears * I before i a child one basket say two small wove reed baskets carrying leftovers sun baked air dried stone loaves of stone bread yucca agave sotol stringers of fish painters writers hand writing sand painting walls * I there was nothing i a stack of pebbles boulders stone pestles grindstones painting sandstone panels canvas murals ground pigments mineral vegetable urine water and blood cairns waystones milemarkers marking a path where there was no path at all * I before i maps masks tallies of treks sea crossings footprints handprints climbing book cliffs stocks granaries jars of meal jugs of seed grain an anklet a fire ring of purple berries wreathing the flame of a juniper trunk Sequence - 5 5. [Extracted from the article]

The research history of the Viking Age has often described the Scandinavian expansion towards the rest of early medieval Europe as involving a clash between markedly distinct cultures. These oppositions appear in written accounts contemporary to the events and have been used to stress widely common ideas about the 'civilized' south and the 'barbarian' north. In this article, we argue that these ideas focused originally on religious rather than on cultural differences and that they were constructed in connection with specific, conflictual situations. By considering the archaeological record from Frisia and Jutland, thus focusing on cultural expressions and practices in the regions presumably separated by this sharp cultural contrast, we observe a high degree of cultural similarity with local variations. Therefore, we support the previously suggested idea of a cultural continuum on the eastern shores of the North Sea region, crossing alleged political, ethnic, and territorial boundaries. This should prompt a discussion on the adequacy of our understanding of cultural interactions in connection with the Viking phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turfgrass lawns demand high inputs of nitrogen (N) to maintain attractive and functional landscapes. Endophytic diazotrophs have a high potential to increase N in the host plant and promote growth by biological N fixation. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic diversity of culturable putative diazotrophs associated with seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) cultivars in southern China. A total of 78 isolates were collected from the roots, stems and leaves of healthy plants. A phylogenetic analysis showed that all the isolates were classified into 10 species from nine genera. The dominant genera were Bacillus, followed by Curtobacterium and Stenotrophomonas. The population of diazotrophs in the roots was more diverse than that in the stems and leaves. The 10 representative strains were found to be positive for nitrogenase activity and amplification of the nifH gene, and nine strains could solubilise inorganic phosphate. In addition, two isolates of bacteria, Bacillus pumilus and Lysinibacillus macrolides, were selected to evaluate the promotion of plant growth by inoculation. Ryegrass and rice plants inoculated with bacteria displayed significantly greater root and shoot biomass than un-inoculated plants. It is crucial to further explore their potential roles in the biology of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I consider the building and demolition of the Alhambra, once known as Cape Town's Mother Theatre, as a way of approaching the transformations of the city centre in the twentieth century. I show how city planning schemes and segregation policies transformed the central district's cinema theatres – particularly the area informally called "Theatreland" – and proposed alterations to the seashore land that restricted pedestrian access from and to the sea. My essay identifies three moments that ordered these configurations of the central district and its cinemas, and how they became implicated in the city's competing aesthetic projects. Cinemas, I argue, offer an important lens onto urban transformations in Cape Town, particularly in relation to the city's maritime connections and the construction of the Foreshore. I trace these "cinema-scapes," from their metropolitan ties to civic nationalist symbolism, and the different imaginaries of the public in Cape Town which, I suggest, inform a contemporary nostalgia for cinema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the growing enlargement of the spheres of competition from the Middle East into the Horn of Africa. It does so by using insights from regional order and realist neoclassical literature to understand the expansion of regional powers into this area as the result of strategic interactions within their own region. The central argument is that the clashing interests among Middle Eastern regional powers and power asymmetry with Horn of Africa countries are driving an increased security interdependence between the two Red Sea shores. This increasing security engagement by competing Middle Eastern states is producing an insecurity spillover which threatens to exacerbate regional instability in the Horn. It also presents a new role for Middle Eastern regional powers as security providers, particularly in the case of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkey. To substantiate this argument, the paper analyses interregional security dynamics by focusing on three empirical cases in the 2015–2020 period: The Gulf Cooperation Council's crisis, the establishment of a Turkish military bases in the Horn of Africa and Israel's new diplomatic engagement in Eastern Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the time of the British Mandate in Palestine the development of Tel Aviv, which the Jaffa Arabs regarded as the realization of the Zionist enterprise, was perceived as a real threat to Jaffa's future. The two cities' geographic proximity threw into bold relief the differences between the two levels of development. As the years passed the two cities' development demonstrated Tel Aviv's supremacy over Jaffa. From the years of the Arab revolt (1936-1939) the gap between the development of Tel Aviv and of Jaffa inexorably widened. By time the Mandate ended Jaffa's condition had so deteriorated that the need to narrow the gap had become urgent. Jaffa had to be transformed into a modern city, but also – indeed principally – to be restored to its former strength and status in the context of the worsening Arab-Jewish conflict. The will to achieve this aim intensified as long as Tel Aviv continued to flourish. The article evaluates how far the chasm between the two cities in their development influenced Jaffa's condition in the declining years of the Mandate. It shows that it damaged Jaffa, being a significant factor reducing its status as an urban center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endemic bull kelp Durvillaea willana Lindauer grows on South and Stewart/Rakiura Islands, with a small North Island population on the northern Wairarapa coast. Drawing on field observations, the distribution of this species is mapped. Within its biogeographic range, there are three lengthy tracts of rocky shore where the kelp is conspicuously absent. These distributional gaps are: Wellington's south coast (despite proximity to populations on the South Island side of Cook Strait), the southern and central Wairarapa Coast, and in South Westland. Theorising that these gaps have been caused by earthquake-driven coastal uplift, this paper examines the effects on Durvillaea species of a 7.8 Mw earthquake in 2016, which raised around 100 km of seashore along the Kaikōura coast, plus the historical evidence of uplift along the Akatore Fault, south of Dunedin. This evidence suggests that the requirements for such local extinctions are that the uplift is consistently higher than the kelp's vertical range, and that it occurs along an entire rocky coastal tract flanked by barriers to recolonisation such as long beaches or deep ocean–major obstacles to a non-buoyant kelp with poor dispersive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the mechanical behaviour of nano magnesia–cement-reinforced seashore soft soil (NmC3S) was evaluated and characterised by the direct-shear testing of seashore soft soil (3S), cement reinforced seashore soft soil (C3S) and NmC3S. The comparison among these three types of soils indicates that NmC3S has greater shear strength and deformation modulus than C3S and 3S. The shear stress of both C3S and NmC3S increase significantly prior to a shear displacement of 1.0 mm, followed by a sharp decline before reaching the critical state. The failure displacement increases as the applied normal stress increases. NmC3S demonstrated greater friction angle than both C3S and 3S; however, the magnitude of its cohesion lies between that of C3S and 3S. Moreover, a mathematical model that describes the shear stress–displacement curve was proposed, which can effectively model the strain-hardening and strain-softening curves of these three types of clays. Finally, a generalised formula for capturing the stress–displacement behaviour of these three materials is presented with the explanations for the physical meaning of each parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qingdao is a thriving port city in the Shandong Province of the People's Republic of China, located on the shores of the Yellow Sea. Between 1897 and 1914, the city was a so-called German mandated territory, named Tsingtau. In 2018, Qingdao's population numbered approximately 9 million. The city is an important industrial centre in China and one of the ten biggest ports in the world. It is a centre of advanced maritime sciences and technology research and development, a UNESCO city of film, a much-favoured tourist city and, not to forget, the production site of the famous Tsingtao beer, offered in Chinese restaurants all over the world. The German history of the city is still visible and is well protected. In contrast to many other cities in China, the old city centre of Qingdao has been fully preserved. The "German" conservation area along the beach is an attractive place for local citizens as well as for Chinese honeymooners and tourists from overseas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a geological survey in southwest mainland New Caledonia, potsherds were recorded in the profiles at four coastal sites. Subsequent archaeological investigations at two of these sites have allowed us to diversify the ceramic data and show them to be local variants of Podtanean, Puen, and Plum ceramic types. These are characteristic of production in the southern part of the archipelago during the first millennium BC and first millennium AD. The presence of fishing sites showing no indication of permanent settlements on these seashores, and the clear absence of second millennium AD occupations related to the "Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex", characterized by large sedentary hamlets, illustrate a significant shift in settlement patterns between the first and second millennium AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suaeda japonica Makino is an annual herb found in the seashore in Korea and Japan. In this study, we presented second complete chloroplast genome of S. japonica which is 152,112 bp long and has four subregions: 83,620 bp of large single-copy (LSC) and 18,102 bp of small single-copy (SSC) regions are separated by 25,195 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions including 128 genes (83 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 36.4% and those in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.2%, 29.2%, and 42.7%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees show that two S. japonica is monophyletic. This chloroplast genome suggests further investigation to find the relationship between morphological variations and genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource-based adventure activities have a unique potential to foster connections to place that may assist park managers in simultaneously promoting enjoyable visitor experiences and achieving environmental sustainability. Our study examined links among recreation, conservation, and place attachment by comparing the pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors of surfers (n = 52) and other types of recreationists (n = 56) at Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA). Intercept surveys during 2016 revealed that when compared to nonsurfers, surfers were more frequent visitors to CAHA and reported significantly higher levels of place attachment. When controlling for other variables, surfers were also more likely than other recreationists to engage in both high-effort (e.g., participating in environmental groups) and low-effort (e.g., picking up litter on the beach) forms of place-protecting, pro-environmental behavior at CAHA. Managers should consider the potentially powerful role that surfers and other adventure recreationistsmay play as environmental stewards and park advocates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the effects of distance from the seashore on soil biotic communities is limited and restricted to soil arthropods and microarthropods. The aim of this study, conducted in a sand-dune area, was to distinguish the changes of a ground-active arthropod community along a 4-km-transect from the seashore going inland. Pitfall traps were set up in open spaces at four locations (L1, through L2, L3, and L4 going inland) through the year. The abiotic gradient from the seashore going inland was found to be mostly dependent on seasonality. Group richness was found to be remarkably greater at the L2, L3, and L4 locations compared with the L1 location in winter, and at the L2 and L3 locations compared with the L1 location in spring. The Fisher α index was 0.32 ± 0.21, 3.51 ± 0.87, 5.04 ± 0.70, and 4.86 ± 0.54 in winter and 3.29 ± 0.55, 13.79 ± 1.49, 10.12 ± 1.24, and 5.06 ± 0.62 in spring at the L1, L2, L3, and L4 locations, respectively. Regarding abundance and group richness, the trophic relationships between predators, phytophages, omnivores, and saprophages were remarkably affected by both location and seasonality. The dominant groups and dominant index distribution of ground-active arthropod communities were found to follow a similar pattern. Soil organic carbon content was found to be the key factor driving the ground-active arthropod community structure along a coastal gradient going inland in winter and spring. We conclude that the distribution, trophic composition, and diversity index are affected by both location and seasonality, while total abundance is consistently affected by location across all three seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunami fission generates short waves at the front face of tsunami and these short waves may expand the inundation area, increase the hydrodynamic forces exerted on structures, and amplify the damage to coastal communities. It is therefore important to understand to what extent the tsunami fission generates such short wave components under variable conditions for development of better tsunami disaster mitigation strategies and plannings. This study carried out numerical experiments to describe under which conditions the tsunami fission occurs in a bay. The experiments indicated that the amplification of the nearshore tsunami height induced by the narrowing bay geometry and the bay-scale resonance enhance the tsunami fission. Based on the computations, a parametric diagram for the occurrence of tsunami fission was proposed in terms of the tsunami properties, the effect of bay geometry and the bay resonance. The developed diagram was applied to Sendai, Ryori, Yoshihama, and Toni Bays, which were affected by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami. The proposed diagram consistently explained the occurrence of tsunami fission in Sendai Bay and in Ryori Bay as observed in the video footage. The diagram also suggested that the tsunami fission would have occurred in Yoshihama Bay. A high-resolution numerical computation was performed to simulate the tsunami deformation in the Yoshihama Bay and Toni Bay based on a nonlinear dispersive wave model. The result supported the validity of the diagram in describing the generation of tsunami fission in Yoshihama Bay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people first inhabited the Remote Oceanic region of the world at 1500b.c., they generated archaeological sites attesting to their practical coastal adaptations in tandem with their ceremonial traditions, wherein water figured vitally in daily living and ritual performance. Of eight known first-settlement sites in the Mariana Islands, Ritidian in Guam uniquely incorporates one residential habitation plus two caves related to water collection, pictographs, consumption of unusual foods, and use of exceptionally decorative objects. The inter-connected findings clarify what was “special” about the special-use caves, in total articulating a fuller sense of cultural life and landscape than otherwise could be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Suaeda japonica Makino is an annual herb in seashore in Korea and Japan. In this study, we presented the first complete chloroplast genome of S. japonica which is 152,109 bp long and has four subregions: 83,618 bp of large single copy (LSC) and 18,101 bp of small single copy (SSC) regions are separated by 25,195 bp of inverted repeat (IR) regions including 128 genes (83 protein-coding genes, eight rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 36.4% and those in the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 34.2%, 29.2%, and 42.7%, respectively. Phylogenetic trees show that two Suaeda chloroplast genomes were clustered and clade of Betoidae, Chenopodioidae, and Amarantheae are successfully resolved with high bootstrap supports. Our chloroplast genome will contribute for phylogeny of Amaranthaceae in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment samples from the foreshore and backshore regions between Thottappally and Kayamkulam, (Thottappally – Trikkunnapuzha = Northern; Trikkunnapuzha – Arattupuzha = Central; Arattupuzha – Kayamkulam = Southern), which are enriched with heavy minerals, were subjected to detailed textural evaluation. Through frequency curves, bivariate and CM pattern, the textual characteristics of black sand deposits have been brought out and their provenance has been discussed. Beach sands of the study area mainly comprise fine sand, moderately well- to well-sorted, with near symmetrical skewness in all three sectors. Kurtosis is platykurtic in the northern sector, whereas mesokuritic sediments in the central and southern sectors show a characteristic playtkuritc nature. In the Trikkunnapuzha – Arattupuzha and Aratupuzha – Kayamkulam sectors, sediments are mesokurtic to platykurtic, which shows that low energy conditions and high wave energy conditions must have prevailed. Sediment transportation is mainly by saltation. The bivariate textural plots indicate beach and inland involvement for these sediments. The CM pattern also indicates that the sources for the sediment deposition in the study area were beach with the influence of fluvial and high-energy waves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

My psychoanalytically informed work with an orphanage in New Delhi, India, with an emphasis on providing a holding environment, sensitivity to organizational structures, and exploration of trauma and attachment issues in institutionalized children, is presented. Knowledge on both theory and technique are imparted utilizing moments of instruction and focused interventions. The use of technology as an adjunct to training is emphasized and a vision for the future is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this contribution, we describe the occurrence of well-preserved Paleoproterozoic raindrop impact imprints on two surfaces of rippled siltstone–mudstone from the uppermost part of the Paleoproterozoic Kungarra Formation, Turee Creek Group, Western Australia. The raindrop imprints appear on the tops of two immediately overlying bedding surfaces in siltstone, near the top of a shallowing upward sequence that progresses from sandstone to mudstone. Imprints are circular to elliptical with an average diameter of 2–3 mm and a maximum length of 6.3 mm when elliptical. Flat ripple crest morphologies, varied ripple crest orientations, and marks of standing water in the ripple troughs indicate very shallow water conditions. When combined with sedimentological data from the underlying Kungarra Formation (shallow marine sandstones and siltstones), and mature quartz arenites of the overlying Koolbye Formation (mixed tidal, beach, fluvial and eolian), the interval examined is interpreted as a tidal flat deposited during a falling stage systems tract. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study concentrates on the empirical formulas of Goda [1975, 2009]. The formulas were proposed for computing the transformation of three common representative wave heights (i.e. H1/3, Hmax and Hm0) on plane beaches. The objectives of the present study are to verify the Goda formulas for computing the transformation of H1/3, Hmax and Hm0 on unbarred beaches and to extend the formulas for computing the transformation of Hm, Hrms and H1/10. Laboratory data from small-scale and large-scale wave flumes with unbarred beach conditions are used to verify the formulas. The verification shows that the formulas give very good predictions of H1/3 and Hm0, but give fair prediction of Hmax. The formulas are rewritten in the form of a general formula. The general form of Goda formulas is recalibrated and extended to compute other representative wave heights (i.e. Hm, Hrms and H1/10). The general formula gives very good predictions of Hm, Hrms, H1/3, H1/10, Hmax and Hm0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storm disasters are amplified in the coastal environment due to population pressures and the power of the sea. The upper-division/graduate university courseCoastal Stormswas designed to equip future practitioners with the skills necessary to understand, respond to, and mitigate for these natural disasters. To accomplish this,Coastal Stormsintegrates active learning approaches, namely literature discussions, GIS labs, and field excursions. Further, the pedagogical model employed aligns the course objectives with fundamental geographic principles: understanding of geographic patterns, awareness of social-physical interactions, and capacity for geographic writing. Informal evaluation ofCoastal Stormssuggests that the course objectives are being met. Finally, the overall intent of describing the pedagogy of this particular course is so it can be used as a model for shaping the future of hazards courses in geography programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more littoral surveys are conducted with aerial platform sensor suites that include a hyperspectral pushbroom sensor and a frame camera. However, in some cases, data from auxiliary sensors may contain errors or are not available. For many research groups, a high-accuracy registration of the multi-sensor data relative to each other is essential, while absolute geo-location of each individual measurement is not. A co-registration procedure was developed for pseudo ortho-rectification of the hyperspectral imagery and to remove spatial distortions caused by the aircraft's trajectory during the survey based on a flat-earth assumption. This image-processing approach utilizes the aerial frame imagery as a reference. Each hyperspectral scan line is co-registered into the frame imagery coordinate system. The performance of the procedure was evaluated using hyperspectral imagery collected over northern New Hampshire and southern Maine. The evaluation results showed that the procedure is robust enough to pseudo ortho-rectify hyperspectral imagery over coastal areas and to remove significant spatial distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shore-based surveys of migrating humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae were undertaken from Cape Vidal, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, each year between 1988 and 1991, and in 2002. Daily observations of migrating whale groups were carried out from an approx. 60 m-high platform during all surveys. Whale groups were tracked by position-fixing on surfacing bouts using survey theodolites, to determine swimming speeds and headings and distance offshore, while group size estimation was carried out at each theodolite measurement. Numbers of whales observed or projected (at tracked speeds) to cross the midline of the survey area within the observation period each day were tallied in each of three distance bins. These counts were adjusted to account for daily sighting effort and for proportions that were likely to have been missed on account of their distance offshore or poor sighting conditions to produce daily sighting rates. Such daily tallies were summed over the survey period to estimate the number of whales passing Cape Vidal each year, with counts from days of <2.5 h of observation effort (due to weather or sighting condition restraints) replaced by the mean of the previous and following days. The numbers passing to the north of Cape Vidal during coincident periods of 17 days over the 1988–2002 surveys (6–22 July) and 25 days over the 1990, 1991 and 2002 surveys (6–30 July) provide statistically significant increase rates of 11.5% (SE 2.8) and 9.0% (SE 2.7) per annum respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Restoration of nearshore ecosystems presents many challenges for stakeholder involvement. Using surveys and interviews we examined stakeholder values, preferences, and potential coalitions surrounding nearshore restoration in the Whidbey sub-basin of Puget Sound. Most stakeholders in our study believe that Puget Sound nearshore problems are severe and urgent, and that it is worth investing in restoration. They do not agree on the causes of nearshore degradation, yet support stronger regulatory enforcement and increased public ownership as possible solutions to nearshore problems. Five potential stakeholder coalitions were identified based on shared values. These values reflect a varied spectrum of support for public sector solutions to nearshore problems and were labeled: No Government Intervention, Property Rights, Private Land Stewardship, Protect Undeveloped Areas, and Large Scale Restoration. The potential coalitions identified confirm the Advocacy Coalition Framework hypothesis that coalition members who share values do not necessarily share stakeholder demographics or preferences. This study demonstrates one method for understanding local stakeholders, and will help managers direct project resources, planning, and management, through reliance on both stakeholder and scientific input. In addition, managers can use information about stakeholder values and potential coalitions to more effectively frame communication products and stakeholder involvement activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several classroom activities using a model of a seashore and an oil spill demonstrate the basic properties of oil spills in oceans. Students brainstorm about how to best clean up the mess. They work in teams, and after agreeing on how they will proceed, their method is tested by measuring the amount of oil removed and by rating the cleanliness of their seashore. Complementary activities introduce the effects of ocean currents and weather and help predict the impact certain methods will have on the environment in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the brown seaweed Padina sanctae-crucis might be used as a biomonitor organism to determine the location, distribution, and type of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) present along a contaminated tropical coastline. Polychlorinated biphenyls were detected in P. sanctae-crucis collected from near-shore waters along a 4-km stretch of coastline. The profile of PCB levels from samples obtained at 13 sites along the coastline demonstrated a positive concentration gradient as sample locations progressed toward the dump site. Sample locations nearest the dump site revealed PCB levels twofold higher than background levels for P. sanctae-crucis. Chromatograms of samples obtained nearest the dump site indicated a similarity to the Aroclor 1260 fingerprint. The P. sanctae-crucis frond trimmings used for laboratory analysis were approximately 3-5 wk old. This study was conducted 8 mo following the completion of the removal actions at the dump site. Data suggest a release of Aroclor 1260 into the marine environment approximately 7 mo following the completion of removal actions at the dump site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current status of the use of remote sensing for the detection, extraction and monitoring of coastlines. The review takes the US system as an example. However, the issues at hand can be applied to any other part of the world. Visual interpretation of airborne remote sensing data is still widely and popularly used for coastal delineation. However, a variety of remote sensing data and techniques are available to detect, extract and monitor the coastline. The developed techniques have reached a level of maturity such that they are applied in operational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As tsunami waves propagate towards the shoreline, they break where the water depth is approximately equal to the incident wave height. Following breaking, waves run up the shore in form of a hydraulic bore. Video footage of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami shows that, upon reaching the shoreline, tsunami waves broke and transformed into a hydraulic bore that propagated onshore with considerably high velocity. However, mechanisms of hydraulic bore impact on structures are not yet well understood. Analogies between a tsunami-induced hydraulic bore and a dam-break induced wave have been previously demonstrated and published by various researchers. In order to advance the existing understanding of the complex interaction between hydraulic forces and the impacted structures, an experimental approach was taken where a dam-break induced flow, generated by the fast opening of a gate, impacted various free standing structures of different shapes located downstream of the gate. The pressures exerted on the upstream and lateral sides of a cylindrical structure, together with the bore height and the flow velocities in the flume were measured. In addition, the time history of the total force exerted on the cylindrical structure was also recorded. For the square structure, local forces on the upstream side were recorded. The effects of upstream obstacles and flow constrictions on flow velocities and on local forces exerted on a square structure were also investigated. In addition, to further understand the impact of debris during tsunami-induced flooding, wooden logs were added to the bore in order to act as water-borne missiles, while the structure's reaction was measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics of breaking waves across the surf zone are reanalyzed on the basis of various sets of field and laboratory data so as to provide coastal engineers with reliable information on breaking waves. The breaker index or the ratio of wave height to water depth is to be expressed as a function of the two parameters of beach slope and relative depth, and Goda's breaker index formula is revised slightly to reduce the slope effect. The breaker index for regular waves has inherent variability as expressed with the coefficient of variability, which increases from 6% to 14% as the beach slope becomes steep up to 1/10. The incipient breaking height of the significant wave is about 30% lower than that of regular waves, but the ratio of significant wave height to water depth gradually increases within the surf zone toward the shoreline. The wave height distribution is the narrowest in the middle of the surf zone, but it returns to the Rayleigh distribution near the shoreline owing to wave regeneration after breaking. The nonlinearity of random waves is strongest at the outer edge of the surf zone, but it is destroyed by the wave breaking process inside the surf zone. The ratios of statistical wave heights H1/10, H1/3 and Hrms to the spectral significant wave height Hm0 are shown to increase as the wave nonlinearity parameter increases up to the outer edge of the surf zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northeastern shore of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia is a mesotidal, low-wave-energy coastline, characterised by tidal-dominated bioclastic carbonate sedimentation. Distinctive assemblages of subtidal, intertidal and supratidal marine plants and invertebrate animals have resulted in well defined, adjacent bio- and litho-facies that lie parallel to each other across broad areas of coastal sedimentation. At Port Gawler, the intertidal zone is bounded by a landward high-tide beach and a subtidal Posidonia australis seagrass meadow seaward. Thirty years ago, within the immediate study area, this intertidal zone comprised an inner sandflat and an outer muddy seagrass meadow dominated by Zostera muelleri, the two areas separated by a shallow tidal distributary. Avicennia marina is a species of mangrove that has colonised much of the protected, tidal-dominated coasts of South Australia. Propagules of this tree readily take root in intertidal mud, with a natural ecological succession of Z. muelleri followed by A. marina. Over the time of observation, juvenile mangroves have progressively colonised a narrow zone along the landward side of the muddy seagrass meadow; they appear unable to colonise a sandy substrate. Juveniles advanced rapidly southward from mature woodland in the north towards equally mature woodland in the south. From the initial tap root, juvenile plants send out radial roots from which project, snorkel-like, an array of vertical pneumatophores. Redistributed algal, seagrass and other organic flotsam collect around these vertically protruding pneumatophores, promoting accumulation of organic sediment. Within the newly forming mangrove woodland, there has been pronounced sediment aggradation of >0.5 m, greatly altering the dynamics of tidal flow. Tidal flow is now largely constrained to a channel between the mature southern woodland and that formed most recently. Higher velocity flows through this channel have exhumed populations of infaunal bivalves, and floodtide and ebbtide deltas of coarse bioclastic sediments are a consequence. The aggraded sediment of the new woodland shelters the area landward. Consequently, more muddy sediments are now covering what was formerly bare sandflat, thus providing new areas for mangrove colonisation. Migration of mangroves towards the high-tide beach is inevitable and will be limited only by their need for regular flushing of accumulated salt from their roots by seawater at high tide. Thus, A. marina drives rapid geomorphic change in the tidal-dominated coasts of the South Australian gulfs. In similar coastal areas of southeast Asia, where intertidal muddy sediments predominate, this species appears to be an ideal candidate for reforestation projects. Juvenile plants should grow successfully and rapidly, so preparing coastal environments for the establishment of more ecologically diverse mangrove communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popular assessments of the media treatment of the foreshore and seabed conflict point to a picture largely consistent with the well-established argument that mainstream Aotearoa New Zealand media function as hegemonic agents of the dominant Pakeha culture. This paper reflects on the hegemonic representation of the 2003/4 conflict over the “ownership” of the country's foreshore and seabed by examining specifically how two ideologically potent signifiers, “activist” and “radical”, were articulated in a newspaper corpus of over one million words. Our theoretical and methodological approach is structured around a combination of macro- and micro-textual discourse analysis approaches. We justify our particular empirical focus by arguing that the controversy associated with the figures of the (predominantly Maori) radical and the activist can be regarded as both symptomatic and constitutive of wider race relations antagonisms. Our analysis examines the media-political significance of textual presences and absences and presents an overview of how all relevant lexical variants of activist and radical were articulated in our newspaper corpus. We also discuss the political significance of our findings, partly by briefly considering additional empirical evidence of how Maori identities were represented in the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecolabels for beaches have been around since 1985 and have grown rapidly over the past decade. However, effects from ecolabels on beach ecology and local coastal cultures are unknown. This study reviews the literature on tourism ecolabels and environmental certification for beaches, analyzes the criteria of the most prominent beach ecolabel, and identifies considerations and proposes recommendations for local management that address sandy beach ecology and local cultures. The Blue Flag ecolabel is evaluated for how well the program criteria balance tourism, the processes of sandy beach ecology, and accommodate for local cultural values. This Blue Flag's criteria leave out protecting sandy beach ecology and fail to incorporate local community values in program design. The results of the study include three areas that beach managers need to consider for better understanding the utility of beach ecolabel programs: opportunity costs of participation and consequences of losing certification; evaluate investment in multiple certifications; and identify potential changes from the implementation of ecolabels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandhoppers orient towards the shoreline using a sun compass when they are subject to dry conditions. In this study we analysed the orientation of populations from two sandy beaches with wide tidal excursions (Brittany, France): at Damgan (sea to the South) and at Le Verger (sea to the North). At Le Verger beach Talitrus saltator was found together with Deshayesorchestia deshayesii (former Talorchestia deshayesii). The results of the experiments on sun and landscape orientation showed that the Damgan T. saltator oriented better with ebbing tides than with rising tides, while the Le Verger T. saltator showed the opposite trend as a response to tides. This is probably related to the differing risk of being swept away by tides at the two localities. D. deshayesii was found to be more scattered in orientation than T. saltator, probably because it is a recent colonizer of that beach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to monitor several beaches of the city of Genoa following artificial nourishment programmes carried out in 2003. The programmes, which involved depositing fluvial material from the Bisagno Torrent in the swash zone, were carried out as part of the seasonal nourishment of the beaches of Boccadasse, Bagnara and Caprafico to the east of Genoa, which are subject to intense erosion. The study provided for a preliminary survey in April 2003, before the nourishment, and three other surveys were subsequently carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention through the evolution of the beach. The morphological and sedimentological surveys were carried out in July and November 2003 and April 2004 to evaluate the development of the beach in both high and low energy situations. The suitability of the material was evaluated using the method proposed by Hobson. From the data obtained from the field studies it was possible to demonstrate that the interventions had only partially counteracted the annual sedimentary losses of the beaches. The quantities of material deposited were inadequate to enable the beaches to re-equilibrate their compromised morphodynamic profiles and adapt to the wind-wave conditions. Therefore, we consider it essential to undertake the reconstruction of the beaches and not simply try to maintain them in this way. The use of greater quantities of material would permit not only the widening of the backshore but also the creation of more stable morphodynamic profiles that would last longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, several works on the family Ampeliscidae have been published, in particular about three of the four genera in the family: Ampelisca, Byblis, and Haploops. Recently, additional material collected during the BIOFAR sampling around the Faeroe Islands and during the BIOICE sampling around Iceland, in the Bay of Biscay and the EUMELI 2 campaign along the African coasts were examined. The genus Haploops was numerous (>3500 individuals), and within this material were interesting specimens. Six of them, found at four stations about 100 km off Mauritania, have been recognized as Haploops lodo (Barnard, 1961) a bathyal and abyssal species previously seen only in the Pacific ocean offshore of the American coasts. In this article, an Atlantic H. lodo specimen representative of the Atlantic specimens is compared to the holotype. The geographical and bathymetric distribution of H. lodo in the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 40 years on since its first tentative steps in North America, this article considers whether Integrated Zone Coastal Management (ICZM) in Europe has grown to maturity as a form of governance. The article summarizes the findings of recent research concerning the levels of implementation of coastal management in Europe, with particular reference to the UK experience. A research framework is used to identify the different motivations behind the social actor groups involved in coastal management. The application of this framework reveals four major findings about gaps in implementation: (1) the complexity of responsibilities at the coast continues to prevent agencies from taking a "joined-up" approach; (2) a policy vacuum is constraining implementation from national to local scales; (3) informational obstacles are significant in preventing co-ordination between science and policymakers, and between different sectors; (4) a democratic deficit is preventing implementation in the working practices of coastal stakeholders, with little opportunity in decision making for public comment or local accountability, especially offshore. The article also explores different conceptualizations of the role of coastal management and planning held across Europe, providing an analysis using the Strategic Management literature and the experience of the EU Demonstration Programme on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (1996-1999). Recent arrangements, with the availability of priming funds from the European Commission and emphasis on "pilot" and "demonstration" methods, have tended to encourage a project-based approach to ICZM that may fail to realize long-term objectives. The article seeks to present an analysis of the behaviors of scientists, academics, policymakers, and practitioners, and will be of interest to all those seeking to establish ICZM within the wider system of governance, as supported by the Commission of the European Community (2000) Communication on ICZM (COM 547). Some technical solutions are also offered from the UK experience that will be of use to coastal project officers working at national and regional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal stretch of Boca do Rio, western Algarve, Portugal, is experiencing shoreline retreat. Roman ruins are located along the beach section of the coast, and a 17th-century fort is positioned over the cliff section. Both historic monuments are being destroyed by erosion but need to be protected due to their heritage status. Aerial photograph analysis was used to define the evolution of the coast for the period 1945-2001. Shoreline retreat of 0.3 m/year was measured for the sandy coast and 14 mass movements in the cliff face were identified. Considering the rate and style of shoreline evolution, several types of management scenario were evaluated, with the favored measures being the removal of the Roman ruins to a museum and the relocation of the fort inland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential influence of shoreline dynamics on beach use and the exploitation of beaches for recreational purposes are analyzed for the Mediterranean coast. This is done by assuming that for intensively used beaches, such as those considered in this work, beach carrying capacity is mainly influenced by the available subaerial surface. In mid-latitude areas with well-defined climatic seasons, managers will need to know the optimum configuration for the beach's recreational purposes in May at the latest if they are to properly plan the services for users during the bathing season. This can be affected by three main aspects of shoreline dynamics: long-term erosion, shoreline reorientations in bayed beaches, and storm-induced changes. To analyze the influence of these processes, here we introduce the concept of “optimum beach width,” which is the value ideally used by visitors when no spatial constraints exist. The effect on this width by each of the mentioned processes is discussed by using examples taken from Spanish beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality science programs extend well beyond the classroom or school yard. A local shoreline is a great place for inquiry-based science activities. Students can explore seaweed clumps, conduct a gull census, or implement an investigation of their own design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing concern regarding the impacts of recreational four-wheel driving (4WDing) on sandy beach environments. The ghost crab Ocypode cordimanus is a widely distributed Australian species that utilizes beaches and dunes for constructing burrows and for foraging. Comparisons of ghost crab abundances (using burrow counts) in areas “open” and “closed” to recreational 4WDing were conducted on exposed sandy beaches on North Stradbroke Island, off the coast of southeast Queensland. Beaches where recreational 4WD activity is present had significantly lower ghost crab abundances than beaches where it is absent. The most plausible reason for this difference in abundance is that ghost crabs are highly vulnerable to being crushed by beach traffic when feeding on the beach at night. To mitigate the impacts of recreational 4WDing on ghost crab population management intervention is needed. Possible changes to the management of recreational 4WD activity include the setting aside of areas free of recreational 4WD activity for the conservation of biodiversity, or a prohibition on driving on the beaches between dusk and dawn. There is also a need for a consistent and transparent approach in Queensland for quantifying and monitoring 4WD activity in sandy beach environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The towed undulating vehicle (TUV), named SARAGO, was used for two fine-scale surveys between the Italian and the Sardinian coasts during the Astraea 2 cruise (6-7 and 26-27 September 1995), studying the deep chlorophyll maximum distribution. SARAGO sections identify a sub-surface doming with higher chlorophyll a and primary production Concentrations in the upwelling area of a cyclonic gyre region, detected by sea-surface temperature images. In the first section, the Cyclone presents a double doming, in density and salinity, with shallower and concentrated patches of chlorophyll a for about 2 miles. Twenty days later, the second section shows that the gyre changes shape and extension, showing a single doming with higher primary production and chlorophyll a concentrations, distributed over a large area of about 40 nautical miles. SARAGO allows analysis of this high-variability phenomenon (cyclonic gyre) and allows concentrated patches (2 nm) to be identified, thus proving the importance of TUVs in the study of mesoscale processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An X-band marine radar system has been employed to determine shoreline positions and intertidal foreshore slopes over an area 1.9 km in the longshore direction at the research pier HORS in Hasaki, Japan. The X-band marine radar is an imaging radar that provides instantaneous distributions of wave crests and shorelines along the shore. Time-averaged radar images were analyzed to estimate the horizontal positions of shorelines. Simultaneously, the water surface level was measured at the pier and at the fishery port nearby to determine the elevation of the shoreline. Radar measurements were conducted from high to low tide or vice versa to trace the bottom profile and estimate the foreshore slope in the intertidal range. The horizontal positions of the shoreline were measured within an error of 10 m. The change of shoreline positions and intertidal foreshore slopes after attacks of high waves is depicted to demonstrate the potential of the radar measurements in capturing essential characteristics of coastal morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floating mats of algae regularly appear in shallow bays in many coastal areas around the world. This paper presents a model that simulates the growth of ephemeral macroalgae in shallow bays, and interprets the growth according to physical and biological prerequisites. Model runs emphasized the role of internal nutrient cycling to provide the enhanced nutrient availability needed to ensure abundant growth of macroalgae. Thus, the presence of macroalgae, as well as long water residence times, influenced the nutrient cycling in the bay to support further growth of macroalgal mats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subsidence rate in a reclaimed coastal land has been estimated by using JERS-1 L-band SAR two-pass differential interferometry. Measurement of subsidence rate during reclamation is difficult to obtain as a two-dimensional subsidence map based on sparsely distributed field measurements is required. Owing to the severe temporal decorrelation induced by frequent soil loading and intense deformation gradients, the L-band was found to be effective for observing subsidence in reclaimed land. We evaluated the accuracy of the estimated subsidence rate using field measurements obtained by a magnetic probe extensometer from 42 ground stations. A two-dimensional subsidence map was generated from seven qualified pairs. The correlation coefficient R between the two-dimensional radar measurements and the in situ data was 0.87 with a rms error of 1.42?cm. Two interferometric pairs obtained from an adjoining JERS-1 path were also used to verify the results. Independent estimations from the two different JERS-1 paths correlated each other with correlation coefficients R of 0.97 and 0.80. The main sources of the error were the reference DEM errors and additional phase noises calculated from phase fluctuation at stable points. The error from these two sources was &PlusMinus;1.27?cm. The estimated maximum subsidence was about 60?cm over 352 days. The results demonstrate that L-band differential SAR interferometry is a useful tool in geological engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]