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The field of psychedelic research is undergoing a revival, yet research focused on non-clinical psychedelic use remains relatively limited. The current qualitative study sheds light on how people use magic mushrooms, what they perceive the effects of such use to be, and the meanings that users attach to their magic mushroom experiences. To be eligible to participate in the study, participants were required to be young adults who had used magic mushrooms within the past three months and residents of Victoria, Canada. Semi-structured, one-on-one in-person interviews regarding magic mushroom use habits, culture, knowledge and other factors were conducted with each participant and subsequently analyzed thematically. Participants associated magic mushroom use with lasting impacts on their lives including transformation and learning experiences. Additionally, participants described strategies to optimize their magic mushroom experiences, including engaging in research regarding magic mushrooms as well as making use of peer supports. Furthermore, aspects of magic mushroom experiences conceptualized as harmful in previous studies were described by participants as associated with learning experiences and few harms. Participants' perceived positive outcomes and relatively low risk profile warrants further research to inform how magic mushroom users can maximize potential positive outcomes and also minimize harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV treatment interruptions are a major public health concern that demonstrate a lack of engagement in care and is detrimental to the health of people living with HIV. Community connectedness have demonstrated a protective effect for psychosocial health but are not well understood for HIV treatment outcomes. We explored associations between community connectedness and treatment interruptions among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) living with HIV in Vancouver, British Columbia. We analyzed survey data from the Momentum Health Study and identified treatment interruptions through data linkages with the provincial HIV Drug Treatment Program as episodes lasting more than 60 days beyond an expected antiretroviral therapy refill date from February 2012 to July 2019. We built a mixed-effects logistic regression model, adjusting for confounders. Of 213 gbMSM living with HIV, 54 experienced treatment interruption (25.4%) over a median five-year follow-up. Multivariable results found the number gbMSM who spoken to in the past month (aOR = 0.995; 95% CI = 0.991, 1.000 (per 100-unit increase)) and attending a gay community meeting more than once per month (aOR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.89) were associated with lower odds of treatment interruptions. These results highlight the importance of social connections in facilitating effective HIV care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) experience discrimination from same-sex and heterosexual communities partially because of perceptions that they engage in high-risk sexual behavior, have elevated polysubstance use levels, and constitute an HIV bridge population. We used a longitudinal multivariate generalized linear mixed model comparing sexual risk and substance use patterns for men who have sex with men only (MSMO) with MSMW in the same cohort study. Data consisted of 771 men reporting 3,705 sexual partnerships from 2012 to 2017. For high-risk sexual behavior, multivariate results showed nonsignificant (p >.05) differences for partner number and commercial sex work and significantly less (p <.05) HIV prevalence and condomless anal sex. However, MSMW had significantly higher levels of hallucinogen and prescription opioid use as well as substance treatment histories. Only one HIV-positive MSMW had a transmittable viral load, negating the concept of MSMW being an HIV bridge population. Results indicate the need for additional longitudinal studies comparing MSMO and MSMW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McKirnan's Cognitive Escape Theory (1996) is often characterized by the hypothesis that drugs are used during sex by gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) to relieve internal cognitive conflict over safe-sex norms and sexual desire. We examined how McKirnan's Cognitive Escape Scale (CES) is related to other widely used constructs relevant to sexualized substance use with hopes of better situating the theory within the evolving landscape of HIV-prevention. Associations between CES and trait anxiety, depression, treatment optimism, sexual altruism, sexual sensation seeking, and self-perceived risk for HIV transmission/acquisition were tested. Mediation analyses tested whether associated psychological measures mediated the effect of CES on the proportion of events in which participants reported co-occurrent substance use and condomless anal sex. Results indicated that CES is associated with higher sexual sensation seeking, treatment optimism, trait anxiety, and perceived likelihood of HIV transmission/acquisition. Mediation analyses suggest that CES is related to but operates independently of treatment optimism, sensation seeking, and trait anxiety. Nevertheless, the intersection of HIV-related worries and substance use expectancies are clearly more nuanced than is widely reported is discussions on cognitive escape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk compensation in an HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) environment may increase high-risk sexual and substance use behaviors among people living with HIV. Objective: To examine recent crystal methamphetamine (CM) use/initiation in a longitudinal cohort of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) living with HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Methods: Eligible participants were GBMSM aged >15 years who reported sex with another man in the past six months. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and self-completed a computer questionnaire every six months. We used multi-level generalized mixed-effect models to evaluate trends in recent CM use (past six months), multivariable logistic regression to identify covariates of recent CM use, and multivariable survival analysis to identify predictors of CM initiation. Results: Of 207 GBMSM living with HIV at enrollment, 44.3% reported recent CM use; there was a statistically non-significant decrease over the study period (41% in first period to 25% in final period, p = 0.087). HIV treatment optimism was not associated with CM use/initiation. CM use was positively associated with depressive symptomology, sexual escape motivation, transactional sex, number of anal sex partners, condomless anal sex with seroconcordant partners, STIs, and other substance use. Recent CM use was negatively associated with viral load sorting. CM initiation was predicted by escape motivation, transactional sex, and group sex participation. Conclusion: Results suggest that CM use among GBMSM living with HIV is prevalent and increased CM use/initiation is not a consequence of TasP public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methamphetamine (MA) use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) is a pervasive issue, associated with detrimental health outcomes. We identified factors associated with discontinuation or reduction in MA among a subset of gbMSM reporting frequent (at least weekly) use, with a specific focus on symptoms of anxiety and depression. Methods: We recruited sexually-active gbMSM aged ≥16 years in Vancouver, Canada into a prospective-cohort study using respondent-driven sampling. Participants completed study visits once every six months. We used generalized linear mixed models to identify factors associated with reductions in MA use following a visit where participants previously reported using MA at least weekly. Results: Of 584 cohort participants with at least one follow-up visit, 67 (11.5%) reported frequent MA use at baseline or in follow-up visits. Of these, 46 (68.7%) had at least one subsequent study visit where they transitioned to less frequent (monthly or less) or no MA use. In multivariable models, reduced MA use was less likely for those who spent >50% of social time with other gbMSM (aRR = 0.49, 95%CI:0.28–0.85), gave or received drugs in exchange for sex (aRR = 0.34, 95%CI:0.13–0.87), injected drugs (aRR = 0.35, 95%CI:0.18–0.68), or used gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) (aRR = 0.41, 95%CI:0.21–0.78). Symptoms of anxiety or depression were not associated with reductions in MA use. Conclusions: Social connection and drug-related factors surrounding MA use were associated with reductions, but anxiety and depressive symptomatology were not. Incorporating socialization and polysubstance-related components with MA reduction may help in developing efficacious interventions toward reducing MA use for gbMSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gay and bisexual Men Who Have Sex with Men (GBM) are sexually unique in that they can practice penile-anal sex versatility, i.e. engage in insertive and receptive anal sex. Individual-level versatility is extensively researched both as a sexual behavior linked to HIV/STI transmission, and as a GBM identity that can change over time. However, there is a dearth of research on event-level versatility (ELV), defined as taking the receptive and insertive role in the same sexual encounter. We analyzed event-level data from 644 GBM in the Momentum Health Study from February 2012-February 2017 to identify factors associated with ELV prevalence, the relationship between ELV and anal sex role preference, and sero-adaptive and sexualized drug use strategies. Univariate analysis revealed ELV prevalence rates between 15% and 20%. A multivariate generalized linear mixed model indicated ELV significantly (p <.05) associated with versatile role preference and condomless sex. However, the majority of ELV came from GBM reporting insertive or receptive role preferences, and there was significantly higher condom use among sero-discordant partners, indicating sero-adaptation. Multivariate log-linear modeling identified multiple polysubstance combinations significantly associated with ELV. Results provide insights into GBM sexual behavior and constitute empirical data useful for future HIV/STI transmission pattern modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research demonstrates that substance use preferences and social-sexual environments are highly interrelated for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Objective: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the socio-cultural context of substance use among local gbMSM communities in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Methods: Twenty gbMSM were purposively sampled from the larger Momentum Health Study cohort, a sexual health study of gbMSM in Greater Vancouver. Participants were demographically diverse in terms of HIV serostatus, age, income, ethnicity, and area of residence within the city and neighboring suburbs. Community maps generated by participants during formative research served as prompts for semi-structured interviews which were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis identified three themes of common experience. Results: First, participants indicated that substance use is intrinsically social in Vancouver gbMSM communities and that it functions as both a means of social inclusion and exclusion. Second, a distinction was made between types of substances and the location and context of their use, with specific substances having particular uses and meanings. Third, analysis suggested that gbMSM change their substance use over the life course and that this is affected by shifting priorities as people age. Discussion: For Vancouver gbMSM communities, substance use serves several social-cultural functions and can simultaneously serve as both a potential facilitator and barrier for community connection. Future research and health programing should consider venue and context specific messaging and recognize the heterogeneity of substance use within the larger gbMSM population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Assessments of gay and bisexual men's substance use often obscures salient sociocultural and identity-related experiences related to how they use drugs. Latent class analysis was used to examine how patterns of substance use represent the social, economic and identity-related experiences of this population. Participants were sexually active gay and bisexual men (including other men who have sex with men), aged ≥ 16 years, living in Metro Vancouver (n = 774). LCA indicators included all substances used in the past six months self-reported by more than 30 men. Model selection was made with consideration to model parsimony, interpretability and optimisation of statistical criteria. Multinomial regression identified factors associated with class membership. A six-class solution was identified representing: 'assorted drug use' (4.5%); 'club drug use' (9.5%); 'street drug use' (12.1%); 'sex drug use' (11.4%); 'conventional drug use' (i.e. tobacco, alcohol, marijuana; 25.9%); and 'limited drug use' (36.7%). Factors associated with class membership included age, sexual orientation, annual income, occupation, income from drug sales, housing stability, group sex event participation, gay bars/clubs attendance, sensation seeking and escape motivation. These results highlight the need for programmes and policies that seek to lessen social disparities and account for social distinctions among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research indicates that gay and bisexual men (GBM) have significantly more sexual partners than same-aged heterosexual men and women. As a result, some HIV intervention programs have focused on partner reduction. However, new research findings question the relevance of sexual partner number as a sexual risk measure for GBM given Treatment as Prevention (TasP) programs and new seroadaptive strategies which have led to lower GBM community viral load and new HIV prevention behaviors. To assess if sexual partner number continues to remain an important measure of sexual risk for GBM living in a city that actively promotes TasP as provincial policy, we analysed cross-sectional data from 719 GBM recruited through respondent-driven sampling in Vancouver, Canada. Multivariable negative binomial regression analysis showed that partner number was significantly associated with previously identified HIV risk factors including condomless anal intercourse with serodiscordant and/or unknown serostatus partners, using sex toys, attending group sex events, receiving money for sex, and sex drug use. These results indicate that sexual partner number remains an important proximate HIV risk measure. However, more nuanced measures of HIV treatment status and greater understanding of the possible causes of increased partner number among GBM are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study used a validated index (i.e., Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) to measure anxiety and depression (caseness score: ≥8) among men who have sex with men recruited via respondent-driven sampling in Vancouver, Canada (N = 774) and investigated whether differences in mental health outcomes varied by sexual orientation measure (i.e., identity, attraction, behavior). Of the sample, 15.5% identified as bisexual, 33.4% reported any bisexual attraction, and 22.7% reported any bisexual sexual activity. More bisexual than gay men met the case definition for anxiety and depression, across all sexual orientation measures. In adjusted multivariable models, bisexual men had higher odds of anxiety by attraction and identity and higher odds of depression by identity. Findings highlight the value of measuring multiple sexual orientation dimensions in surveys and routine surveillance, and the need to ensure sexual minority groups and sexual orientation dimensions are not considered commensurate for mental health prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study analyzed repeated study visits (n = 2,624) of 693 gay and bisexual men (GBM) in the Momentum Health Study from July, 2012 to June, 2015. Based on recent cross-sectional analyses, we hypothesized that over the study period: (1) hazardous drinking levels would remain high, (2) GBM classified as Hazardous Drinkers will be consistently associated with high risk sex, and (3) GBM classified as Always Hazardous Drinkers differ significantly from Sometimes Hazardous Drinkers. Methods: AUDIT classified participants as Non-Hazardous Drinkers or Hazardous Drinkers, the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test assessed hazardous drinking trends, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis identified Hazardous Drinking covariates. Logistic regression analysis of participants with at least two study visits (575) compared those who were Sometimes Hazardous Drinkers (n = 171) with Always Hazardous Drinkers (n = 129). Results: At baseline 40% of participants were Hazardous Drinkers, but there was a significant decline in hazardous drinking by visit and Hazardous Drinkers were not significantly associated with high risk sex. Always Hazardous Drinkers had significantly more high risk sex and gay bar attendance, but less often sought Internet sex partners compared to Sometimes Hazardous Drinkers. Conclusions: Analyses did not support the first two hypotheses, but distinguishing between Always and Sometimes Hazardous drinkers identified a young GBM subgroup associated with significantly higher levels of high risk sex and social support measures. These results suggest interventions programs based on Social Norms Theory, which predicts peer norms among youth are important factors in regulating drinking patterns, may be effective for these men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culture, Health & Sexuality is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Studies have found that gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM) have higher rates of mental health conditions and substance use than heterosexual men, but are limited by issues of representativeness.Objectives: To determine the prevalence and correlates of mental health disorders among GBM in Metro Vancouver, Canada.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, the Momentum Health Study recruited GBM (≥16 years) via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to estimate population parameters. Computer-assisted self-interviews (CASI) collected demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral information, while nurse-administered structured interviews asked about mental health diagnoses and treatment. Multivariate logistic regression using manual backward selection was used to identify covariates for any lifetime doctor diagnosed: (1) alcohol/substance use disorder and (2) any other mental health disorder.Results: Of 719 participants, 17.4% reported a substance use disorder and 35.2% reported any other mental health disorder; 24.0% of all GBM were currently receiving treatment. A lifetime substance use disorder diagnosis was negatively associated with being a student (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.27–0.99) and an annual income ≥$30,000 CAD (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21–0.67) and positively associated with HIV-positive serostatus (AOR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.63–3.96), recent crystal methamphetamine use (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.69–4.40) and recent heroin use (AOR = 5.59, 95% CI: 2.39–13.12). Any other lifetime mental health disorder diagnosis was negatively associated with self-identifying as Latin American (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08–0.81), being a refugee or visa holder (AOR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05–0.65), and living outside Vancouver (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.33–0.82), and positively associated with abnormal anxiety symptomology scores (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI: 2.06–4.51).Conclusions: Mental health conditions and substance use, which have important implications for clinical and public health practice, were highly prevalent and co-occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Heavy episodic drinking (HED) has negative consequences for both the individual and society. Research on HED has focused mainly on the general population while research into HED and other drug use among recreational drug using populations is less developed. Objectives: This study explores factors related to HED on a previous weekend among male and female recreational drug users. Methods: Cross-sectional interviews were undertaken with those age 19+ who regularly use recreational drugs in a nightlife setting in two cities in Canada (n = 931) between 2008 and 2014. Participants were asked about their alcohol and other drug use the previous Friday or Saturday. Chi-square bivariate tests were used to determine factors significantly associated with HED with significant variables then entered into multivariate logistic regression models to determine related factors for men and women. Results: Results showed that 53.4% of all participants met criteria for HED the previous weekend and the majority of those had used at least one other drug. Multivariate models showed being in postsecondary full-time, being between 19 and 25, using cocaine and using tobacco the previous weekend was associated with HED for men. For women, using cocaine the previous weekend was associated with HED, while being 26 and over, married or common law and using marijuana was associated with lower odds of HED. Conclusion: HED is common among recreational drug users but different factors were associated HED for men and women. Interventions for recreational drug users should include both alcohol and other drug messaging and be gender specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culture, Health & Sexuality is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to assess whether, among clients receiving substance abuse treatment ( n = 616), those dependent on alcohol or cocaine differed significantly from those concurrently dependent on both drugs in terms of physical, mental, social, and economic harms as well as substance use behaviors. Methods: Clients from five substance abuse treatment agencies presenting with a primary problem of cocaine or alcohol were classified into three groups as dependent on: (1) alcohol alone, (2) cocaine alone, or (3) both cocaine and alcohol (i.e. concurrent dependence). Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that included details of their drug and alcohol use, physical health, mental health, social health, economic health, and demographic characteristics. Results: The concurrent group drank similar amounts of alcohol as those in the alcohol group and used similar amounts of cocaine as the cocaine group. The alcohol group had significantly ( p < .05) poorer health profiles than the concurrent group across most variables of the four health domains. An exception was significantly more accidental injuries ( p < .05) in the alcohol group. In both bivariate and multivariate analyses, the concurrent group had significantly ( p < .05) more accidental injuries, violence, and overdoses than the cocaine group. As well, the concurrent group had significantly ( p < .05) higher scores on the anxiety and sexual compulsion scales than the cocaine group, controlling for demographic variables. Conclusion: These findings can aid health care professionals to better respond to issues related to concurrent dependence of cocaine and alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culture, Health & Sexuality is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As mortality rates decrease in British Columbia, Canada, supportive services (e.g. housing, food, counseling, addiction treatment) are increasingly conceptualized as critical components of care for people living with HIV/AIDS. Our study investigates social and clinical correlates of supportive service use across differing levels of engagement. Among 915 participants from the Longitudinal Investigations into Supportive and Ancillary health services (LISA) cohort, 742 (81%) reported using supportive services. Participants were nearly twice as likely to engage daily in supportive services if they self-identified as straight (95% confidence interval [CI], adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.69), had not completed high school (95% CI, AOR: 1.97), had an annual income of < $15,000 (95% CI, AOR: 1.81), were unstably housed (95% CI, AOR: 1.89), were currently using illicit drugs (95% CI, AOR: 1.60), or reported poor social capital in terms of perceived neighborhood problems (95% CI, AOR: 1.15) or standard of living (95% CI, AOR: 1.70). Of interest, after adjusting for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, no clinical markers remained an independent predictor of use of supportive services. High service use by those demonstrating social and clinical vulnerabilities reaffirms the need for continued expansion of supportive services to facilitate a more equitable distribution of health among persons living with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Culture, Health & Sexuality is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Throughout 1998-2001, the Sojourner Truth Library at SUNY New Paltz and the Department of Library and Archives at the Huguenot Historical Society of New Paltz collaborated on several projects involving the archival collections housed at both institutions. These projects have allowed both organizations to provide enhanced library services to patrons while simultaneously stretching limited budgetary resources. Such cooperative efforts have provided beneficial results in four areas of operations: increased external financial support, increased internal support, improved public and community relations, and better documentation and management of collections. This article will discuss the origins, processes, and results of the specific cooperative projects undertaken by the two libraries, as well as present ideas for identifying cooperative opportunities among other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For over 20 years, demographic analyses have shown female education associated with decreased fertility and infant/child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Far less studied are the pathways and overall effects of female education upon Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). An earlier 1996 study of one community of Ariaal Rendille pastoralists in Marsabit District of northern Kenya, suggested that female education may reduce the risk of STIs by removing educated adolescent women from the cultural tradition of pre-marital sexual relationships featuring early sexual debut and frequent partner change. Log-linear analysis of a 1998 sample of 127 adolescent women supports this model, with female education being negatively associated with the nykeri tradition. However, the full potential of female education for lowering STI risk may be negated by traditional Ariaal cultural patterns of differentially sending boys rather than girls to school. Au cours des vingt dernières années, diverses analyses démographiques ont démontréque l'eéducation des femmes va de pair avec une diminution de la fertilitéet de la mortalitéperinatale en Afrique subsaharienne. Cependant, l'impact global de l'éducation des femmes sur les maladies sexuellement transmissibles (MST) a été beaucoup moins étudiée. Dans une étude réalisée de 1996, qui portait sur une communautéde pasteurs Ariaal Rendille, résidant dans la région de Marsabit au Kenya, nous avions suggéréque l'éducation des femmes pourrait réduire leur risque de MST en permettant aux adolescentes scolarisées de prendre de la distance par rapport à la tradition culturelle des rapports sexuels pré-maritaux, qui se caractérise par une initiation une initiation sexuelle précoce et des changements de partenaire fréquents. Une analyse log-linéaire, effectuée sur des données de 1998 auprès d'un échantillon de 127 adolescentes, corrobore cette hypothése en montrant une corrélation négative entre l'éducation des femmes et la tradition du nykeri. Cependant, cette potentialitépourrait être réduite par les usages culturels traditionnels des Ariaals, qui envoient de préférence les garçons à l'école plutôt que les filles, ce qui diminue les chances que l'éducation des femmes réduisent le risque de MST. Los análisis demográficos demuestran que desde hace más de 20 anás la educacián de la poblacián femenina ha disminuido la fecundidad y la mortalidad infantil en África subsahariana. Pero se han estudiado mucho menos las rutas y los efectos generales que tiene la educacián femenina en las infecciones de transmisián sexual. Según un estudio anterior realizado en 1996 en la comunidad pastoril de Ariaal Rendille en el distrito de Marsabit, al norte de Kenia, la educacián de la poblacián femenina se puede disminuir el riesgo de adquirir enfermedades de transmisián sexual porque distancia a las adolescentes educadas de la tradición cultural, que estimula las tempranas relaciones sexuales prematrimoniales, y los cambios frecuentes de pareja. El análisis log-lineal de una muestra de entre realizada en 1998, 127 mujeres jóvenes, confirma este modelo en el que la educación de la población femenina se asocia negativamente con la tradición nykeri. Sin embargo, todo el potencial que tien la educación femenina para intentar disminuir las enfermedades de transmisión sexual puede ser invalidado por el tradicional modelo cultural de la comunidad Ariaal en el que los chicos van al colegio, pero no las chicas, reduciendo el potencial de la educación femenina para disminuir los riesgos de infecciones de transmisión sexual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate regarding whether juvenile delinquents' self-concepts are high or low is explored in this study. Global measures of self-concept have been employed extensively in conjunction with attempts to understand the causal factors involved in delinquency. The present study uses the Self-Description Questionnaire-ll (SDQ-11) to examine the multi-dimensionality of self-concept as defined by Marsh and Shavelson (1985). Should those providing treatment try to raise the global self-concept of the delinquent or should they target the specific dimension of the self-concept that is low? The analysis of data revealed that neither General Self (GS) nor Total Self-concept is low, but other dimensions of delinquents' self-concepts are. The results of this study generally support the advisability of using a more complex, multifaceted instrument to measure self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]