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Interaction of 3-(α- or γ-R-pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazines (R = Me, CO2Me) with arynes affords either the domino-transformation products, pyrido[1,2-a]indoles, or Diels-Alder reaction ones, isoquinolines. The influence of the nature and/or position of the substituent on the reaction pathway is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to establish a rapid and simple method for isolating exosomes from raw bovine milk and to compare the quality of the isolated exosomes with those isolated by a standard method involving ultracentrifugation (UC). Methods: To remove caseins, which are major milk proteins consisting more than 80% of milk protein (35% in human breast milk) and hamper isolation and purification of exosomes, hydrochloride (HCl) was added to milk for isoelectric precipitation (IP). The effects of acidification on morphological features, particle size distribution, surface charge, and exosome surface proteins were analyzed by electron microscopy, tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), and Western blot (WB) analysis, respectively. Results: Electron microscopy showed that some of the exosomes isolated using IP had rough surfaces; most exosomes were successfully isolated without breakage, and their morphological features were similar to those of exosomes isolated by UC. TRPS showed that their surface charge and peaks (mode) for particle size distribution did not significantly differ between both methods. WB analysis using antibodies against the exosome surface marker proteins - milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) and CD63 - revealed that the structures of exosome surface proteins were not affected by adding HCl. Conclusions: IP can be used to remove caseins to reduce operation time. This method will be useful for efficient isolation and purification of bovine milk exosomes and contribute to progression of research on health management of dairy cattle and drug delivery systems in human medicine, which require large amounts of milk exosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a simple and efficient protocol for the chemoselective sulfonation of indoles using aryl sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of CuI is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and is applicable to indoles bearing a selection of functional groups without NH protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzoyl peroxide has been used as a mild and efficient reagent for the preparation of benzoyl ester of oxime in moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Commercially available anhydrous zinc chloride has been found to be a highly efficient catalyst for dimethyl acetalization in high yields by treatment of aldehydes and ketones with trimethyl orthoformate in methanol-cyclohexane at reflux temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore the possible long-run causal connection between the excess US bank reserves and the short-term interest rate differentials (differences between the federal funds rates and discount rates) within the well-known bivariate cointegration framework. It uses monthly data from February 1984 through March 1992. Each time series is nonstationary and reveals I (1) behaviour. There is evidence of a long-run equilibrium relation between the two variables. The estimates of the error-correction models reveal a unidirectional long-run causality flowing from the short-term interest rate differentials to the excess US bank reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an article which utilizes the cointegration approach to compare the relationships between United States budget deficit and real exchange rates and inflation rates and real exchange rates. Cointegration methodology and data.

Investigates the long-run and short-run dynamics between inflation and industrial capacity utilization in the United States. Use of cointegration and error-correction models; Analysis of monthly data between January 1984 to December 1994; Shortage of cointegration; Identification of Granger causalities.

This paper seeks to investigate US net potential benefits of merchandise imports from Mexico under tariff reductions. It applies a partial equilibrium framework which is static and highly aggregative in nature. The results suggest that the magnitudes of US net potential benefits of tariff cuts on merchandise imports from Mexico are conditional upon periods of duration of unemployment, discount rates, price elasticities of supply and demand, and existing tariff situations (high or low). Hence, the findings of the paper suggest that the US potential benefits and costs of merchandise imports from Mexico under tariff cuts should be weighed quite carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs cointegration and error correction models to examine the dynamics of the yen-dollar real exchange rate and the US-Japan real trade balance. It uses quarterly data from 1973.I-1993.IV. The unit root tests reveal non-stationarity in both the variables. The ADF test fails to affirm any long-run association between the yen-dollar real exchange rate and the US-Japan real trade balance. Also, there is evidence of bidirectional short-run Granger causality between these two variables with mutual feedbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores a possible long-run relationship between short-term and long-term interest rates (both nominal and real) within the standard and relatively new cointegration framework. It employs quarterly data from 1953 to 1992. The empirical results, in general, weigh heavily in support of the market segmentation hypothesis by rejecting the market expectations hypothesis of nominal and real interest rate term structures from a long-run perspective. However, the findings do not preclude the possibility of short-run dynamics between the short-term and long-term interest rates both in nominal and real terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the long-run association among growths in United States housing starts, real consumer debt, real GDP and the long-term real interest rate. Application of Johansen nd Juselius (1990) vector cointegration procedure; Suggestions from the empirical results of the study.

Examines the issues of integration and causality in United States mortgage and T-bond markets, as it relates to economics. Methodology used in the examination; Results from the examination; Factors which attributed to the integration of financial markets; Provision of statistical information.

Investigates the association and Granger causality between short-term corporate bonds and stock markets in the United States. Application of cointegration and error-correction methodology; Reversible feedback between the two markets; Results of the unit root test concerning the rates of returns.

Examines a possible long-run dynamic relationship between the trade-weighted real exchange rate of the United States dollar and US real balance of trade by using the cointegration methodology. Sample period covers second quarter of 1973 to second quarter of 1992; Results of unit root test; Lack of systematic long-run association between two variables.