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Copyright of Journal of Global Sport Management is the property of the Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The so-called 'Oxford Study' by Flyvbjerg et al shows Olympic cost overrun of 170-750% with a substantial risk of a further cost overrun above this range in the future. The aim of this paper is to re-analyse the results by using a method in accordance with the international convention of comparing across time and geographies. The dataset used has abundantly more governmental data than in the Oxford Study. The results of the Oxford Study for the period of 2000–2016 could not be replicated. It is argued why the statistical analysis and their data reliability are misleading, thus leading to a discovery of six typical misperceptions. In contrast to those authors, this paper shows cost overruns (Olympics 2000–2014) for direct non-OCOG investments in the range of 13–178%. Further, it shows that the costs of the Olympic Games represent less than 0.28% of the GDP; hence, it is clear that the Games cannot cause a severe national economic crisis. This paper provides a discussion on the underlying assumptions of the Oxford study, thus providing valuable insights for politicians who intend to submit an Olympic bid, and contextualises cost overruns caused by fixed deadlines and long planning horizons. I disagree with the claim by Flyvbjerg et al. that hosts give a blank cheque to the IOC and I contend that demands and a tight coupling are fixed in the Host City Contract, thus negating the blank cheque assertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to advance the understanding of the experience-satisfaction relationship and the impact of the event context on such a relationship. In particular, there is an interplay between four dimensions of experience (i.e. affective, cognitive, physical, and novel) and satisfaction. The current study builds upon a primary dataset consisting of 1599 responses obtained from visitors attending two leisure activities, namely, a sport event and a music festival in Norway. The results show that the four experience dimensions' direct effects on satisfaction differ between the two types of activities. The impact of affective engagement on satisfaction is significantly higher at the music festival than at the sport event, and the impact of cognitive engagement on satisfaction is significant at the sport event but not at the music festival. This paper highlights the importance of carefully managing events and festival engagement profiles to improve visitor satisfaction. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature by showing that the values assigned by respondents to cognitive, physical, and novel engagement differ significantly between sport events and music festivals and are contextually dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the topic of legacy of sport events is becoming one of the critical issues in professional sports worldwide. Taxpayers' money is used to support the staging of events and therefore citizens want a benefit in return. Many legacies though are intangible and therefore not easy to measure. As economic profits are difficult to obtain, ecological footprints are given due to needed travelling and social benefits are not easy to measure. Overall, the Olympic Games do not visibly and obviously change the host city towards sustainability and long-lasting positive developments. The articles reveal the breadth of topics that are located within the scope of legacy. The research areas touch on legacies that are under researched and for which there is scant legacy information in the literature, i.e., the legacy of Olympic Winter Games, Youth Olympic Winter Games, unsuccessful Olympic bid cities and non-host Olympic cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Global Sport Management is the property of the Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Global Sport Management is the property of the Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Findings from empirical studies on the legacy of hosting a mega sporting event are inconclusive. This paper considers empirical studies published in English language peer-reviewed journals between 1997 and 2016 to identify trends and gaps in current knowledge related to event-attributed changes in structures, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations. Following systematic literature search guidelines, 233 articles (238 studies) were coded. The authors assessed structural changes, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations. Contextual factors, such as type of event, timeframe, and geographical location were also considered, as well as research design, methods, and a risk of bias assessment. Most studies considered structural changes per se, without further specification (such as the urban and human level). Economic and social consequences were the two most often considered consequences. The range of stakeholders considered in the studies was diverse, although host city residents received the most research attention. The mapping helps scholars better understand dominant themes, critically appraise studies as well as identify gaps in existing research. The authors discuss managerial implications and propose research directions that address concerns: unclear definition and biased selection of relevant stakeholder groups, short legacy timeframes, and the low-level evidence for cause-effect relationships in the legacy production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the development of a new approach for measuring mega sport event legacy and is based on the Olympic Games as a reference. The legacy of mega sport events has gained ever more importance during recent years for both academics and practitioners. While the sport organisations gain large revenues, cities lose. Such costs, mixed with political discussions over host government spending of public money, seem to evermore prove that there is the potential for corruption, and increased scrutiny by a variety of stakeholders has led to concerns over the benefits of the Olympic Games for the host region. Thus, the politicians call for referendums and over the past 6 years all of the referendums had negative results. Therefore, the research aims for this article are to identify the long-term costs and benefits of staging the Olympic Games and at least suggest some possible methodology for the measurement of those costs and benefits. The focus of the article is set investigating the shortcomings regarding legacy literature. A previously built theoretical framework will be expanded to provide a better manageable legacy framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research question: This study is concerned with the perception of values in relation to the Olympic Games. As, to date, there is no scale available that captures such value perceptions, the goal of this study is to develop and validate the Olympic Value Scale (OVS). Research methods: In a series of pre-studies and main studies with Olympic Games experts (total n = 561) and residents from various countries (total n = 3576), we have developed and calibrated the OVS. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that control for stylistic response behavior were conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the scale. Results and findings: The OVS contains 12 items that load onto three factors: (1) appreciation of diversity, (2) friendly relations with others, and (3) achievement in competition. An additional enjoyment-related factor lacked discriminant validity and, thus, was not included in the OVS. The scale is valid and reliable in both English (here: USA) and German (here: Germany). All three OVS dimensions relate to individuals’ perceptions, attitudes, and intentions. Implications: The International Olympic Committee and related stakeholders can use the OVS to assess and monitor value perceptions in relation to the Olympic Games. In future research, it would be interesting to find out whether the values influence residents’ opinion about hosting Olympic Games in their home country and the promotion of sport in reference to the Olympic Idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In discussions about the use of public money for popular sports such as clubs in Germany’s 1. Bundesliga, it is often argued that the funds are well invested due to the cash flows generated by these organizations for their home regions. However, others claim the opposite. They argue that actually no positive impact is generated and, even worse, that money is leaving the region due to the clubs. The study presented here analyses the financial flows generated by the 1. FC Kaiserslautern for its home city (Kaiserslautern) and home state (Rhineland-Palatinate) during the 2010/11 season when the club participated in the 1. Bundesliga. Based on a 3-step model, the economic impact is calculated by considering spectator spending and cash flows generated by the business activities of the club. It turns out that additional cash flows of approximately €16.5 million and €25.8 million were generated for the state and the city, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mega sport event involves huge investments in city infrastructure. After the event, the structures that remain may be an asset to the stakeholders, or they may be a burden. Faced with high costs, the taxpayer demands that the event-related social, economic and ecological changes will in the end have improved living conditions for the host city. But it is not easy to identify sport event legacies in their entirety, because event-related changes may be confused with non-event-related development, and because a wide variety of areas and stakeholders are affected. This paper looks at how to identify legacies, who is affected by the legacies, how long they last, and how to judge whether a legacy creates or destroys value. It stresses that legacies affect stakeholders differently – positively for some and negatively for others. It considers how to maximise positive legacies and suggests that these can best be controlled by governmental organisations. It notes that legacies gain and lose power over time and that often a legacy will be activated only if environmental changes offer opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tourist expenditures constituted the largest part of the economic impact of South Africa's 2010 FIFA Football World Cup. However, limited air transport capacity and increased accommodation prices may have led to crowding-out effects. Until now, crowding-out could only be considered by using econometric modelling based on data of inbound arrival or accommodation statistics. This paper suggests a methodology for measuring the crowding-out effect precisely. It is based on the available statistics in South Africa and is applicable at province level. An important innovation is to distinguish crowding-out from time-switching effects. The paper explains the theoretical framework of crowding-out as part of impact measurement, discusses the technical problem of assessing crowding-out, and supplies formulae for calculating this effect. Although this is a study of the 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 specifically, the methodology described here is appropriate for calculating the impacts of other mega-events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis on internet news reports about the Beijing Olympics 2008 and how China signaled throughout the event to external target groups. The analysis shows how the geographical areas China, USA, Europe and the 'Rest of the World' perceived the Games. The results were interpreted regarding the principal agent theories' signaling to reduce information asymmetry for business and tourism and costly signaling to generate symbolic capital. Seven hundred and forty news reports were collected between 1 July and 30 September 2008, using Google Alerts with the keywords 'Olympic Games Beijing 2008'. The reports were analysed with a quantitative content analysis using a coding frame. The results show that China used the Games to signal primarily to potential business partners/investors. The four geographical areas identified have different communication patterns about the Olympics. China's success to signal positively was weakened by several negative news reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic analyses of mega sport events usually focus on the positive effects and legacies while ignoring opportunity costs and the efficiency of using scarce resources. Event opponents argue that decisions to invest public resources should also consider alternative uses of the money. This paper aims to clarify some of the issues surrounding the opportunity costs of mega sport events. By using the measure 'efficiency' (output/input) of alternative investments it will become clear that the decision to stage a mega sport event cannot be taken in isolation and that there are many factors that need to be considered. The argument put forward is based on a stakeholder's perspective and a spatial differentiation of interest groups. Keywords: opportunity; cost mega sports events; legacy Abstract Los analisis economicos de los grandes eventos deportivos normalmente se centran en los aspectos positivos y el legado aunque ignoran los costes de oportunidad del uso de recursos escasos. Los que se oponen a los eventos argumentan que las decisiones de invertir recursos publicos deberian considerar usos alternativos de esos fondos. Este trabajo busca clarificar algunos de los aspectos relacionados con los costes de oportunidad de los grandes eventos deportivos. Utilizando la medida 'eficiencia' (input/output) de inversiones alternativas quedara claro que la decision de llevar a cabo grandes eventos deportivos no puede tomarse aisladamente y que hay muchos factores que es necesario considerar. El argumento propuesto esta basado en la perspectiva de las partes interesadas y una diferenciacion espacial de los grupos de interes. Keywords: costes de oportunidad; grandes eventos deportivos; legado Resume Les etudes economiques sur les mega-evenements sportifs se concentrent sur les effets positifs et les heritages sans tenir compte des couts d'opportunite et l'efficacite d'utilisation des rares ressources. Ceux qui sont contre cette initiative avancent que les decisions sur les investissements des fonds publics devraient explorer l'usage alternatif de ces fonds. Cet papier a pour objectif de clarifier certains points concernant les couts d'opportunite des mega-evenements sportifs. En recourant a la mesure ««efficacite»» (sortie/entree) des investissements alternatifs, il sera clair que la decision d'organiser un mega-evenement sportif ne peut pas etre prise dans l'isolement et que d'autres facteurs doivent etre pris en compte. L'argument avance se base sur la perspective du bailleur de fonds et de l'ecart spatial des groupes d'interets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution adds to the controversial discussion of the investment of scarce public resources in mega sport events such as the Olympic Games. The positive, or negative, legacy of mega sport events will be considered. A definition of legacy will be given, how legacy might be measured is discussed and the key elements that make up a legacy are identified. Examples are taken from recent Olympic Games and other mega sports events such as the Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the legacy of mega sport events. First, the concept of legacy is defined before the problems of measuring and forecasting legacy are discussed. Benchmarking and the use of macro data do not correctly reveal legacy. Hence a bottom-up approach is introduced which identifies the event legacy by evaluation of 'soft' and 'hard' event-related changes in a host city. These changes are defined as 'event-structures' (infrastructure, knowledge, image, emotions, networks, culture). Many of them change the quality of location factors of the host city in the long-term. The benefits/costs through the transformation of the host city are the legacy of a mega sport event. Here a particular focus is put on tourism legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become common practice for governments and municipalities around the world to bid for the right to host a major sporting event. Prior to embarking on the bidding process, politicians attempt to determine whether such an event will be of value to their municipality; and often focus on the estimated economic consequences of hosting such an event. Frequently, studies are commissioned to predict the event's economic value. However, these studies often miscalculate the potential impact of sport event visitors as consumers. We argue that enhanced profiling of these visitors will enable a more accurate assessment of economic impact. The current research surveys 1,196 spectators of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to demonstrate four important aspects of visitor profiles related to economic impact: (i) visitor typology, (ii) sport tourist behaviors, (iii) consumption patterns determined by interest, and (iv) consumption patterns determined by distance traveled. Overall, the work makes three important contributions to the literature by: (i) empirically supporting that different sports attract different market demographics, (ii) underlining the need for segmentation in economic impact studies, and (iii) identifying the need to develop metrics of economic impact analysis that consider segmentation effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the hosting of major sporting events. The author notes that more and more cities are bidding to host major sporting events due to the economic benefit of these events. As major sporting events gain media coverage, tourism to these cities also increases, resulting in a financial windfall for the host city.

The decision where to host major sports events is the result of a political process, involving local and national politicians as well as national and international sport governing bodies. Politicians and local/national sport governing bodies decide whether to apply for an event, while international sports governing bodies select the host cities (nations). Local and national residents play an important role in this process as their opinion will influence whether the political system supports the application and is willing to fund the event. Many event impacts have characteristics of public goods and externalities. This represents a potential welfare economic rationale for the public sector to fund them. Empirical data from 117 polls of urban and national residents that either have hosted or applied for events reveal that three out of four residents supported hosting the event. Statistical analyses show the strongest support to be in low-income nations. This raises doubts whether such events should be regarded as luxury goods, which is a typical characteristic for sports goods. The major reason for this can be that people are aware that the events will influence the production of other goods and services in society. In particular people in nations where the public sector has had a financial deficit in the years before the poll were more sceptical than others. This pattern does not occur in heavily populated nations where event-related costs represent only a "drop in the ocean" on a macroeconomic level. The surveys also indicate that economic growth resulted in people voting more positively in favour of the events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the economic impact of major multi-sport event on affected people. Their spending increases the economic benefit for the city and region staging the event. Therefore a theoretical differentiation of movements of persons affected by the event was done. A model was worked out to detect the regional primary economic impact through these people. This primary impact can be used in any model of economic impact analysis, such as input–output frameworks or multiplier theory. The complexities in considering the right persons and their spending are analysed and described in detail. A special focus is placed on the evaluation of opportunity costs on people that get crowded out as a result of hosting the event. Conclusions highlight the value of the right evaluation of the consumption of anyone affected by the major multi-sport event. Furthermore interesting findings on the consideration of “time switchers” and people avoiding the host city were made. Bidding for major sport events creates high levels of competitions between cities. As a result, event visitors, which are the main source of benefits, gain importance for the decision-making processes in whether to bid or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a methodological concept to combine the cost‐benefit analysis and input‐output models to create a new method to regionalize Olympic costs and benefits in order to define the economic impact at the regional level. This new form of analysis is used to calculate the regional economic impact of the Frankfurt Rhein/Main region, which bid to stage the 2012 Olympics. A generalised view of the Frankfurt case study shows patterns that are valid for all impact studies of major sport events. Finally a sensitivity analysis is used to determine critical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article announces the appointment of Tracy Taylor as Editor of the periodical from 2015 to 2017 and also presents a list of guest reviewers of the 2013 issue of the periodical including Gashaw Abeza, Jeff Abrams and Kostas Alexandris.

People who the author would like to thank for their assistance in the creation of the journal "European Sport Management Quarterly," are mentioned.

The article presents the agenda and schedule for the 2008 Conference of the European Association for Sports Management, to be held September 10-13 in Heidelberg, Germany.