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This letter presents a methodology for the design of high-performance miniaturized Circular Power Dividers (CPDs) for wideband applications. To accomplish this objective, annular slots are strategically incorporated into patch and the ground plane of CPDs. This, in turn, increases the effective path length of the surface current flowing across the patch. This yields miniaturization, improved impedance matching, reduced insertion loss and increased isolation over a larger bandwidth. A mathematical model is developed for the design of the proposed configuration called Circular power dividers with Defected Ground Plane(CDGP). The presented model has been verified through various simulations and practical measurements. By implementing this approach, a substantial miniaturization of approximately 83% and more than threefold increase in bandwidth has been achieved when compared with non-slotted CPDs. Moreover, there is improvement in insertion loss, isolation, and return loss as well. There is good agreement between the mathematical model, simulation results and measured parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RF (Radio Frequency) signals carry both energy and information. Harvesting energy from these RF signals leads to new technology such as WEH (Wireless Energy Harvesting). In this paper, the design of a microstrip-fed spurious free slant antenna array for wireless energy harvesting applications. A prototype antenna operating at 2.45 GHz is designed and fabricated. Defected ground structure (DGS) and stubs have been used to suppress the spurious responses. The measured results show 19% 10 dB return loss bandwidth, 7.11 dBi average gain, and more than 80% radiation efficiency. Spurious radiations up to third harmonics resulting from higher-order modes are effectively suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the first time, a wideband low -loss high-power equally splitting power divider based on the new half-height pin form is introduced with bandwidth from 10 to 13.5 GHz centered at 11.75 GHz. Also, for the first time, a wideband transition from coaxial line to half-height pin gap waveguide with no need of any matching sections with excellent results at the band of (10:20 GHz) was achieved. The proposed transition shows excellent return loss which is lower than 30 dB (measured) at the transition bandwidth center frequency which is (15 GHz) with 0.2 dB (measured) insertion loss and return loss lower than 20 dB (measured) with 0.55 dB insertion loss at the rest of the bandwidth. The proposed transition and power divider designs were validated using circuit and 3D full-wave simulations and confirmed using experimental measurements with all agreements. The power divider has simple manufacturing due to the new pin form; hence, it is suitable for low-cost mass production of high-power mm-wave power dividers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eight-way hybrid microstrip/substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) power divider with good output isolation performance is proposed in this paper. The circuit consists of microstrip/SIW transitions and a cross-shaped SIW cavity. The good isolation characteristics is obtained by adding the resistors between the microstrip lines and the isolation resistors on the radial slotlines. The equivalent circuit is given in this paper to analyse the proposed power divider. A prototype was fabricated and measured. The measurement results show that the insertion loss (IL) is about 1.5 dB from 9.1 GHz to 10.15 GHz, and the input return loss (RL) is higher than 20 dB. The isolation of adjacent ports on the same side, adjacent ports on the different side, and opposite ports are higher than 17.5, 19, and 15 dB, respectively. The error between measurement and simulation is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel high-isolation microstrip diplexing power divider with high-frequency selectivity is presented in this paper. Miniaturization of the circuit by integrating the diplexer and the power divider. The presented diplexing power divider consists of input matching circuit, two bandpass filters, and two microstrip-line power dividers. By introducing source-load cross coupling, two transmission zeros at both sides of each channel can be obtained. The diplexing power divider has been fabricated and measured, and the design has been demonstrated. The measured results show a reasonable agreement with the simulated ones. The measured results show that the presented diplexing power divider exhibits sharp selectivity, high isolation, and good input/output impedance matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel symmetric two layer six ports multi-functional microwave component was designed and presented in the present study. The proposed component consists of two 90-degree broadband double layer substrate integrated waveguide couplers and two T-shape power dividers. By exciting each port, the component could act as a −6 dB equal power divider, an unequal −3/−6 dB 90-degree coupler, as well as a −3 dB equal coupler. This component with mentioned conditions covers 23% frequency bandwidth with maximum magnitude and phase error of ±0.5 dB and ±0.6 degree in all bandwidths, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel numerical approach to simulate H-plane rectangular-waveguide microwave circuits considering a reduced quasi-2D simulation domain with benefits for computational cost and time. With the aim to evaluate the attenuation of the full height 3D component, we propose a modified expression for the waveguide top/bottom wall conductivity. Numerical 2D simulations are validated against results from full wave 3-D commercial electromagnetic simulator. After a benchmark on a simple straight waveguide model, the method has been successfully applied to an asymmetric un-balanced power splitter, where an accurate power loss prediction is mandatory. Simulation time and memory consumption can be reduced by a factor ten and seven respectively, in comparison with complete 3D geometries. Finally, we show that, also for quasi-2D E-bend waveguide, a case where the translational H-plane symmetry is broken, the error on conductor losses computation is mitigated by our approach since the method remains still valid in a first approximation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bandpass-filtering-response power divider with good isolation is presented in this paper. The short-circuited-loaded resonators are employed to construct the presented compact power divider. The presented divider can be viewed as an integration of a second-order dual-mode bandpass filter and the quasi-Wilkinson power divider. The simulated and measured results of the proposed power divider demonstrate good performance, such as about 30-dB high isolation among the output ports, wide upper stopband, excellent amplitude and phase balancing, and reasonable bandpass-filtering response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel compact quasi-planar four-way high isolation power divider is presented in this paper. The CPW-microstrip transition structure is used to imply the isolation circuit. The equivalent circuits are given to analyse and design the proposed power divider. To improve the isolation performance and output impedance matching, the phase compensation technique is analysed and used. A four-way high isolation power divider centred at 1.9 GHz is designed and fabricated. The measured results of the four-way power divider agree with the simulated results closely. The total size of the fabricated four-way power divider is 0.18 λg × 0.21 λg. The measured results indicate that the proposed power dividers have a low insertion loss, excellent impedance matching at all ports, good amplitude and phase balance at the output ports, and high isolation among the output ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-way wideband power divider using hybrid HMSIW and a microstrip line is presented. The input signal through the Wilkinson power divider is, respectively, fed into two wideband HMSIW power dividers to achieve a four-way power divider. Two multimode SIR resonators are loaded at both sides of the input microstrip line to improve the frequency selectivity. The resistive slot on the bottom layer is employed to obtain good output isolation without an increase in circuit size. This four-way power divider is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured 10 dB return loss range from 3.8 to 6.14 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 47.1%), and the suppression of upper stopband is greater than 16 dB from 6.7 to 9 GHz. All measured results show reasonable agreement with the simulated ones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two novel compact quasi-planar four-way high isolation power dividers are presented in this paper. The two-layer coplanar waveguide–microstrip transition structure is used to imply the isolation circuit. The equivalent circuit is given to analyze the proposed power divider. To further improve the isolation performance and output impedance matching, the capacitance compensation technology is analyzed and used to design the power divider. The measured results of the two four-way power dividers (without and with the compensating capacitance) agree with the simulated ones closely. The measured results indicate that the proposed power dividers have a low insertion loss, excellent impedance matching at all ports, good amplitude and phase balance at the output ports, and high isolation among the output ports. Moreover, the power divider with compensating capacitance demonstrates a great improvement of isolation performance and output impedance matching. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A power divider/combiner using half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) and microstrip transmission lines with high isolation for high-power applications is presented. The design consists of a planar cavity, two 90° microstrip transmission lines, two matched loads, and one 180° microstrip transmission line. The cavity is fabricated using HMSIW structure and excited the TE101mode at the centre frequency of 4.875 GHz. The external microstrip transmission lines and matched loads are added to improve the isolation between output ports. Moreover, the matched loads prevent the appeared heat loss in the substrate. The circuit behaviour is analysed based on the even and odd mode techniques, and the structure is simulated using a 3D EM simulator. The design is fabricated on a single-layer Rogers RO4003C, and a good agreement between the results of the simulation and measurement is observed. The measured results show that the proposed structure has the insertion loss ofdB, and the isolation and output return loss better than 21.6 and 13.7 dB, respectively, when the return loss of the input port is better than 15 dB (4.8–4.95 GHz). This design has many advantages, such as low cost, low insertion loss, good return loss, good channels isolation, low profile, and compatibility with planar circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel four-way X-band slotted-substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) power divider using an identical slot-coupling structure has been proposed in this article. The proposed power divider was realized by using an identical transition between a resonant slotted SIW and output microstrip lines, and four identical rectangular coupling slots were employed to achieve good impedance matching and equal signal transmission. The proposed power divider is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results show a reasonable agreement with the simulated ones and the advantages of its low profile, efficient heat sinking, as well as its potential for high power-combining efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A compact three-layer circuit structure based on the double-sided parallel-strip lines (DSPSLs) is proposed in this article to design an out-of-phase power divider (PD) with miniaturized isolation network. This PD, of which the source- and load-impedances are both complex, consists of three DSPSLs for the signal transmission, a conduct plane in the middle, and two resistors for high outputs isolation. The traditional even- and odd-mode method is used to obtain the close-form equations of this proposed PD, and its scattering parameters are also derived. Finally, a practical out-of-phase PD, which operates at 1.8 GHz, is designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results in terms of scattering parameters as well as the phase difference of two output signals show that this PD features equal power division with out-of-phase, good ports matching, and high isolation, which verify the design theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a compact power divider with wide-stopband bandpass responses. In the proposed circuit, two identical quarter-wavelength resonators are symmetrically coupled to a stub-loaded resonator to enable dual functions. Discriminating coupling is employed to suppress the third harmonic. By introducing series-connected two capacitors and one resistor, the isolation is enhanced to more than 20 dB. For demonstration, a filtering power divider operating at 2.4 GHz is designed and fabricated. Good agreement is observed between the measured and simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A planar microstrip circuit is proposed in this article to design a dual-band balanced-to-unbalanced out-of-phase power divider with inherent impedance transformation. This balanced-to-unbalanced power divider, which essentially consists of two pairs of cascaded coupled lines, two dual-band 90° phase shifters, and a grounded resistor, features the dual-band application with inherent impedance transformation, the equal power division with out of phase, high isolation between two outputs, good ports (A, 3, and 4) matching, and high common-mode noise suppression as well as the excellent conversion inhibition between the differential-mode signals and the common-mode noise. The closed-form solutions are obtained by using the traditional odd- and even-mode analytical methods. Finally, a practical microstrip balanced-to-unbalanced power divider, which operates at 0.9 GHz and 1.8 GHz, is designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results verify the correctness of the circuit and the design theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A compact power divider integrated filtering response with high isolation and high frequency selectivity is presented in this article. The four short-circuited-loaded quarter-wavelength resonators are employed to construct the presented compact power divider. The presented divider can be viewed as an integration of a second-order dual-mode bandpass filter and the quasi-Wilkinson power divider. In order to improve the frequency selectivity of passband, the cross-coupling circuits between input port and output ports are used. A power divider with bandpass-filtering response is designed, fabricated, and measured. The operating central frequency of the fabricated power divider is at 2.43 GHz. The measured 3-dB insertion loss bandwidth is about 180 MHz and the measured minimum insertion loss is about 0.85 dB. The measured isolation between the output ports is around 30 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of multiple-way out-of-phase power-dividing network with bandpass-filtering response using spiral resonators is proposed. The basic structure unit is a compact two-way out-of-phase power divider with bandpass-filtering response. The introduction of two identical spiral-type resonators can generate transmission zeros in the lower or upper stopband to implement the bandpass-filtering function. Impedance matching and out-of-phase performance are analyzed by using the even- and odd-mode method based on four-port network theory. A four-way out-of-phase power-dividing network with bandpass-filtering response is constructed and designed according to the basic two-way out-of-phase power-dividing structure. The simulated and measured results of the fabricated out-of-phase bandpass-filtering power-dividing network demonstrate the reasonable performance of impedance matching, amplitude balance, and bandpass-filtering function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-band out-of-phase power divider with inherent impedance transformation and high power-handling capability is presented in this article. This proposed power divider essentially consists of four sections of double-sided parallel striplines for the signal transmission, an inserted middle conductor plane as the common ground, and two resistors to improve the isolation between two outputs. Closed-form design equations are derived based on the conventional even- and odd-mode analytical methods and the transmission-line theory. Finally, a practical three-layer out-of-phase power divider is designed and fabricated. The experimental results show that good ports matching, excellent isolation between two outputs, and out-of-phase performance are simultaneously achieved at both 1 and 2.6 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel compact power divider (PD) with bandpass response and improved out-of-band rejection performance, which features flexible bandwidth adjustment and high passband selectivity. The proposed filtering PD consists of two coupled-line sections, two short-circuited transmission line sections (TLSs), and two cascaded stepped impedance TLSs in symmetrical arrangement. The unique loading point of isolation resistor is proposed to provide enhanced isolation performance, different from that of the conventional Wilkinson PD where the isolation resistor loaded between the output ports. Theoretical investigation adopting even–odd-mode method is presented to explain the operating mechanism. For verification, a filtering PD centered at 2.4 GHz is designed and measured. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

By shunting a susceptance at the middle of the branch of a conventional Wilkinson power divider, the size can be reduced and the harmonic components can be suppressed. Further, miniaturization can be achieved by optimal layout of the internal area of the conventional power divider. In this article, simple design methods to implement miniaturized Wilkinson power dividers with harmonic suppressions are presented. To validate the design methodology, two power divider prototypes are optimally designed and examined from electromagnetic simulations and experiments. As compared to conventional types, the circuit sizes of the demonstrators are effectively reduced to 15.6 and 24.98%, respectively, and the spurious suppressions are over 20 dB at the desired harmonic frequencies. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of spurious suppression are studied herein. The achieved performance simply confirms the presented design methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel ultra-wideband power divider is presented. To achieve ultra-wideband performance and a sharp roll-off skirt, the parallel coupled lines and a short-circuited line are introduced on each side of the coupled three-line microstrip structure. Through even- and odd-mode analysis, the analytical design equations for this proposed power divider are obtained. A prototype power divider is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed power divider. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed power divider has achieved the predicted features within the specified 3.1–10.6-GHz ultra-wideband range. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents a novel structure to design miniaturized dual-band filtering power dividers. It is realized by combining the feeding lines and coupled stub-loaded quarter-wavelength resonators. The operating frequencies can be adjusted easily by controlling the stub length of the resonator. Source–load coupling is employed to generate transmission zeros to enhance the selectivity. A resistor is added to guarantee the isolation and port matching. For demonstration, a dual-band filtering power divider is implemented. Good agreement between the prediction and measurement validates the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Smith chart-based methodology for designing a dual band real impedance matching network. The focus is to depict the dual band behavior using Smith chart, giving a better insight into analytical equations thus derived. To validate the design methodology, a dual band 3dB Wilkinson power divider is designed at two frequencies i.e. 0.9 GHz and 2.45 GHz. Summary of the derived equations and a generic MATLAB code is appended, as a quick design tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wideband inphase power divider based on signal interaction technique and slotline technique is proposed in this article. On the one hand, this power divider breaks conventional quarter-wavelength slotline configuration so that the lumped resistor can be soldered. On the other hand, quarter-wavelength short-ended coupled line and three quarters-wavelength transversal transmission line are introduced to obtain a bandpass filtering response. A prototype inphase power divider is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed wideband power divider. The simulated and measured results show that there is a good performance in passband 3.9–10 GHz. In addition, the stopband (attenuation more than 20 dB) reach up to about 4.8 GHz (11.2–16 GHz) from the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The design and analysis of a dual-band equal-split Wilkinson power divider are presented in this paper. It is proved that a coupled line with a pair of stubs structure is capable of the dual-band operation in the Wilkinson power divider. Moreover, the overall structure of power divider can be simplified with small number of transmission line sections using the proposed method, and the proposed divider can achieve dual-band operation over a wide range of band-ratios. For verification, a microwave power divider operating at 1 and 2.5?GHz is fabricated, and the experimental results show that the designed power divider fulfills all the features of a conventional Wilkinson power divider, such as an equal power split and impedance matching at ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to propose a novel design method for miniaturized tri-band Wilkinson power dividers with independently controllable center frequencies and a simple structure. Different from the traditional circuit of tri-band power dividers using three-section transmission-line transformers, this proposed structure consists of three-section coupled lines and three isolation resistors. Due to flexible even- and odd-mode parameters and inherent small size features of parallel coupled lines, this compact divider not only provides arbitrary tri-band operation but also increases the degrees of freedom in determining isolation performances. Furthermore, the simplified design equations for electrical parameters are obtained, and several ideal examples are demonstrated for initial theoretical verifications. As a remarkable example, a compact microstrip power divider operating at three industrial, scientific, and medical bands, namely, (0.92, 2.45, and 5.8 GHz), is designed, fabricated, and measured. There are good return loss (lower than −15.9 dB), small insertion loss (better than −3.8 dB), and excellent isolation (larger than 23.18 dB) performances at these desired triple bands in both the calculated and measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultra-wideband unequal-split Wilkinson power divider with a 2:1 split ratio is presented. To achieve the ultra-wideband characteristics, the conventional quarter-wave arms of the divider are replaced by tapered lines. Moreover, two extra tapered transformers are incorporated at the output ports for matching purposes as the designed divider is of an unequal-split type. To obtain good isolation between the output ports, five isolation resistors are used, the values of which are determined using the simple odd-mode analysis of the Wilkinson power divider. For verification purposes, an ultra-wideband Wilkinson power divider that operates over a frequency range extending from 2 to 12 GHz is designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The results of the full-wave simulation and measurements verify the validity of the design procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Photonic crystals (PCs) have many potential applications because of their ability to control lightwave propagation. We have investigated a tunable ultrashort electro-optical power divider in two-dimensional PC structures. The power divider, composed of a dielectric cylinder in air, is studied by solving Maxwell's equations using the plane wave expansion method and finite-difference time-domain method. The power-splitting mechanism is analogous to that of conventional directional couplers, utilizing coupling between guided modes supported by line defect waveguides. To increase the coupling coefficient of the PC coupler, the radius of the rods between two waveguides is reduced. The switching mechanism is a change in the conductance in the coupling region between the waveguides and hence modulating the coupling coefficient, and eventually switching is achieved. Such a mechanism of wavelength multiplexing should open up a new application for designing components in photonic integrated circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reports a miniaturized unequal dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider with high suppression and isolation of the intermediate-band signal. To satisfy the requirement of size reduction, arbitrary dual-frequency applications, and unequal power split simultaneously, four compact Pi-structure impedance transformers with symmetric stubs are proposed to replace four conventional quarter-wavelength transmission line transformers employed in the traditional unequal single-band Wilkinson power divider. In addition, the closed-form design equations of all Pi-structure impedance transformers are obtained based on the corresponding analytical solutions, and a single isolation resistor R is used to obtain ideal isolation between two output ports in this proposed miniaturized unequal dual-frequency Wilkinson power divider after rigorous mathematical proof. For verification, simulated and measured results of an unequal (the power-dividing ratio is 3 dB) miniaturized microstrip power divider operating at both 1 GHz and 2.4 GHz are shown, and good agreement between the simulated and measured results can be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory and design aspects of n -way in-phase power divider employing Goldfarb recombinant topology are described. The merits of this divider over conventional ones are also presented here. A microstrip version of five output port power divider is designed and developed with 1.7  mm Bakelite substrate to operate in S -band. The measured values of input VSWR, insertion loss, isolation, return loss and phase difference between output ports at different frequencies in S -band for the fabricated power divider are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]