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Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the promising technology with low heat production and feasible spectra optimization, which improve plants' function. In current study, basil microgreens as novel-leafy vegetables grown under LEDs (blue, red, 30%blue +70%red, and white) and sunlight to investigate phytochemical properties by comparing to sunlight-treated mature basil. Results showed that narrow wavelength including blue, red and blue/red LEDs had significant effect on increasing total phenol content (TPC) and antiradical activity (AA) of microgreens. Blue LED-treated microgreens exhibited significant increase in Potassium and the best visual appearance in comparison with mature and other microgreens. In the case of essential oils, methyl chavicol was the major compound in all samples with the main effect of broad light spectra; red LED- and blue LED-treated microgreens represented the maximum and minimum of methyl eugenol and β-caryophyllene, respectively, which could be related to the significant effect of red light on essential oil biosynthesis. No significant difference was observed in the market-acceptability of mature basil and microgreens which demonstrated that LEDs had no negative impact on organoleptic properties. Throughout the storage, darkness-stored microgreens showed the best result with the least weight loss and decrease in TPC; however, brightness-yellowness variation observed due to the plants' aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), also known as the common beans, are broadly cultivated in temperate and semitropical regions. P. vulgaris contain different varieties, such as kidney beans, black beans, navy beans, pinto beans, and Great Northern beans. This legume is an excellent source of nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemical compounds. The phytochemicals in beans comprise bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and oligosaccharides. These bioactive substances exhibit health and therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory potential. However, there is another category of essential phytochemicals, the antinutrients (e.g. enzyme inhibitors, phytic acids/phytates, saponins, and lectins), that negatively influence nutrient digestion and absorption. This review aims to describe the nutritional and phytochemical compounds of beans as well as the impact of different processing methods on bean phytochemicals, including soaking, extrusion, germination, roasting, steaming, autoclaving, boiling, cooking, microwaving, high-pressure processing, ultrasound, and pulsed electric field. In addition, the differences regarding volatile compounds; the impacts of storage on phytochemicals in beans; their bioaccessibility and digestibility; and the potential health benefits of bean consumption are introduced and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms have been an acclaimed food for their unique flavor and medicinal properties since ancient times. Modern research shows that mushrooms are rich in various nutrients and biologically active substances. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in mushrooms because they contain important secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds with significant bioactive properties. This review introduces the nutritional components and secondary metabolites in mushrooms, focusing on the bioactive functions and potential applications of mushroom polyphenols. Finally, the current challenges and future research trends of mushroom polyphenols are briefly discussed. In the aspect of nutritional value, mushrooms are high in protein and insoluble fiber, while low in fat and sodium, making them a low-energy, healthy food. Mushrooms contain a large amount of beneficial bioactive substances for health, including phenolic compounds, as well as tocopherols, terpenoids, and phytosterols. Mushroom polyphenols have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-tyrosine, antihyperglycemic, and other biological activities beneficial to human health and medical applications, especially in the various degenerative disease and cancer treatments. However, based on the properties of phenolic compounds, research and development in commercial applications still face many issues that need to be addressed by researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are rich in phenolic compounds such as phlorotannins and have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. As exogenous bioactive compounds, seaweed polyphenols exist in the form of aglycone, esters, glycosides, and polymers. Most of them are not directly absorbed in the human digestive tract but undergo extensive modifications by digestive enzymes or bacteria before absorption or excretion. Up-to-date in vitro and in vivo seaweed polyphenol bioaccessibility studies have been reviewed, outlining seaweed polyphenols, especially phlorotannins, have low oral bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and high bioactivity paradox. Moreover, special attention is also given to other factors such as food matrix, food processing methods, and host factors on the absorption of seaweed polyphenols. In digestion tract, proteins can form both covalent and non-covalent bonds with polyphenols and thus hinder the absorption of polyphenols. However, lipids and polysaccharides in food can enhance the bioaccessibility of polyphenols to some extent. It is worth noticing that food processing technologies and host gut flora composition can also alter the absorption and bioactivity of specific seaweed phenolics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Agri-food by-products are emerging as a novel source of natural antihypertensive agents allowing for their valorization and making food and agricultural industries more environmentally friendly. In this regard, wine making process generates large amounts of by-products rich in phenolic compounds that have shown potential to exert several beneficial effects including antihypertensive properties. The aim of this study was to review the blood pressure-lowering effects of winery by-products. In addition, molecular mechanisms involved in their bioactivity were also evaluated. Among the winery by-products, grape seed extracts have widely shown antihypertensive properties in both animal and human studies. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that grape stem, skin and pomace and wine lees may also have great potential to manage HTN, although more studies are needed in order to confirm their potential in humans. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction and reduction of oxidative stress associated with HTN are the main mechanisms involved in the blood pressure-lowering effects of these by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Abelmoschus esculentus plant, better known as okra, is an interesting crop from a nutritional standpoint. The okra plant is native to the African region but can now be found throughout tropical and subtropical areas of the world. This plant, known for its healing abilities, has been used as a traditional medicine to treat several diseases and external ailments, such as wounds or boils. This article reviews the potential health benefits from okra consumption, as well as the bioactive compounds that are suggested to be responsible. Furthermore, the okra plant and its derivatives have been evaluated in the formulation and manufacture of new functional food products. The latest advances in this direction, which includes characterizing the technical properties of functional foods fortified with okra are also presented in this review. A series of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and catechins have been found in the okra plant, which were associated with numerous biological properties observed in research studies that reported potential anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, and antimicrobial effects, among others, as a result of their consumption. These potential health benefits contribute to the development of new and useful functional foods, with okra (or its derivatives) being used as the highlighted ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiotic conditions, it becoming a key factor to face the current era of climate change. Although the emphasis of most studies on rootstocks has been placed on the yield and optimization of the citrus fruit grown in different environments, other studies have paid attention to the effect of rootstock on fruit quality. Hence, the quality of citrus fruit is becoming increasingly more relevant as consumers demand high internal and external qualities to eat citrus fruit fresh. To better understand how rootstock influences citrus fruit quality, the literature that focuses on physico-chemical parameters, nutritional compounds and physiological disorders has been revised. This review points out the influence that the external aspects surrounding plants has on fruit quality, such as the rootstock/scion interaction, the water uptake capacity of roots, the modification of the photosynthetic rate or availability of nutrient minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we used exogenous naringenin (0.5 mM) pretreatment before the stress (25 mM NaCl) on the growth and tolerance of safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions and salinity conditions. Our results showed that salinity treatment significantly declined the biomass, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, K+ content, and K+/Na+ ratio by 28%, 28%, 12%, 36%, and 56%, respectively, as compared to untreated control. The results obtained in the present study showed the beneficial effects of the pretreatment of naringenin in safflower seedlings under non-salinity conditions concerning increasing plant biomass, total phenolic compound, radical scavenging activity (RSA), soluble sugar content, proline, glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants, and K+ content. Nevertheless, naringenin pretreated plants showed a clear increment in the values of biomass, RSA, total phenolic compound, and catalase enzyme activity parameters under salinity stress. Salinity stress caused ionic phytotoxicity and oxidative stress by enhancing Na+ content, H2O2 accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants. However, naringenin alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H2O2 and MDA content in the leaves and improving the catalase activity in treated plants. Generally, it could be concluded pretreatment of naringenin before stress could partly diminish NaCl-caused oxidative stress in safflower seedlings, probably due to improvement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and reduced cell membrane damage. We report for the first time that applying exogenous naringenin pretreatment before the stress could improve growth and diminish NaCl-caused oxidative stress in safflower seedlings, probably due to the improvement in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and reduced cell membrane damage. This implies that applying exogenous naringenin pretreatment before the stress is a promising approach for sustainable crop production under salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fresh in-hull pistachio fruit was sprayed with 1% calcium oxide (CaO), 10 mM w/v γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and their combination (CMC+GABA+CaO) for 30 sec at room temperature. Spraying with distilled water was considered as a control. Following drying of fruits at room temperature, they were packed in perforated polyethylene terephthalate containers and kept under cold storage (at 2 ± 1 °C with 85 ± 2% RH) for 75d. Pistachios treated showed the lower weight loss, and the highest hull safety, taste, aroma, and overall acceptance than control. Total chlorophyll and anthocyanin of fresh pistachio kernel were preserved by combined treatment. Combined treatment reduced the PPO, POD, PAL activity and MDA content of the hull and maintained kernel phenolic compounds compared to other treatments. Besides these, the best effects were obtained with combined treatment, which maintained the physical, biochemical and visual characteristics of the fresh fruit for 50 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) favor inflammation and oxidative stress, playing a role in chronic diseases pathogenesis. Grape polyphenols exert antiglycative and antioxidant effects which may contribute to prevent chronic diseases. However, clinical evidence of grape polyphenols on chronic disease prevention and treatment by glycation markers modulation are limited. Therefore, we aimed to critically analyze studies about that topic to investigate the antiglycative power of dietary grape polyphenol, and to explore the molecular mechanism involved. This systematic review was conducted and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The following search terms were used: "grape", "extract", "grape seed extract", "grape skin extract", "polyphenol extract", "grape polyphenol(s)", "grape juice", "resveratrol", "quercetin", "catechin", "epicatechin", "procyanidin(s)", and "anthocyanin(s)". Seven studies were included. Glycated hemoglobin was not affected. The interventions duration may not have been enough to detect changes. Grape polyphenols reduced fructosamine and methylglyoxal (MGO) concentrations, and increased endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) gene expression but did not affect the serum concentration. Resveratrol antiglycative effects are mainly due its ability to trap MGO and downregulate RAGE. In conclusion, grape polyphenols may have a positive impact on early glycation products, AGEs and esRAGE. Future studies are needed to explore how they modulate AGEs and receptors in chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of crop load on the fruit quality traits especially nutritional and nutraceutical properties of two cultivars of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) i.e. 'Grandella' and 'Isabella'. The crop load treatments were: saving one fruit per truss (1F), two fruits per truss (2F), three fruits per truss (3F), and no fruit thinning (control). The results showed that decreasing crop load increased the dry matter content, glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations of fruits because of less competition between fruits of each truss and higher relative expression level of tomato hexose transporter genes (LeHTs). Higher transport of sugars toward fruits of 1F resulted in high secondary metabolites concentration. The high secondary metabolites concentration with high fruit load in control that has low soluble sugar availability may result from the opportunity to take advantage of the excess pool of carbon to build cost-free carbon-based secondary metabolites. A reduced crop load would be a recommended management strategy to improve greenhouse tomato quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds have attracted a lot of attention due to their benefits to human health. Jabuticaba (Myrciaria sp.) fruit has been described as an excellent source of these compounds, while Jabuticaba leaf, considered as plant residue, has shown functional effects. The present study aimed to characterize the phenolic profile in two different leaves extracts (hydroalcoholic ethanol and butanol) of Myrciaria sp. by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MSE. A total of 40 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified. Jabuticaba leaf extracts presented a rich and diversified composition of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, being ellagic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin the most abundant in butanol extracts. Very distinct phenolic profiles were obtained depending on the the solvent indicating that specific preparations can be obtained from the jabuticaba leaf depending on the desired application. This work emphasized the potential of this residue vegetable to be used as a functional ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pair of new lignans [(+)- 1 and (-)- 1] and three new compounds (2-4), together with a known compound 5, were isolated from the fruits of Xanthium italicum Moretti. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, particularly HR-ESI-MS and 1 D and 2 D NMR. Compounds 2 and 3 showed antinociceptive effects in an acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice with the writhe inhibition rates of 80.50% and 67.89% at the dose of 20 mg/kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three phenolic compounds (±1 and 2) including a pair of new enantiomers were isolated from the sclerotia of Inonotus obliquus. Their structures were assigned by extensive spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds were evaluated for the neuroprotective activity against oxidative damage on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells induced by H2O2. Compound 2 showed remarkable neuroprotective effect and significantly improved the cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells treated by H2O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of gellan gum addition and the ohmic cooking method on the color, starch retrogradation, textural properties, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities of refrigerated ready-to-eat cooked brown rice were investigated and compared to those from the conventional cooking method. Brown rice samples of four rice cultivars were used including RD 43, Riceberry, KDML 105, and RD 6. The key objective was to determine the benefits of applying the gellan gum addition and the ohmic cooking method on different quality parameters of the ready-to-eat cooked brown rice products kept in refrigerator. The results indicated that both gellan gum addition and ohmic cooking method led to less color intensity, slower starch retrogradation, a reduction in rice hardness escalation during storage, and greater antioxidant capabilities of the ready-to-eat brown rice products compared to their counterparts. The starch retrogradation was not detected for the samples of 1 night storage; however, it appeared in every sample after 7 days. The retrogradation enthalpy values were different between rice varieties. The effect of gellan gum addition on the starch retrogradation delay was minimal for the glutinous rice. The samples cooked by ohmic method had greater antioxidant activity levels than the conventionally-cooked samples in almost all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Hongyang' kiwifruit is a red-fleshed variety that contains high amounts of nutrients and has a good taste. It is particularly prone to postharvest decay, however, especially at late stages, even under cold storage. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on disease resistance in 'Hongyang' kiwifruit, and the mechanisms involved in 'Hongyang' kiwifruit during long-term cold storage (4 months). The results demonstrated that 1-MCP (0.8 µL/L) effectively reduced fruit decay, which was mainly caused by Phomopsis sp., improved the antioxidant capacity of the fruit by increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and elevated phenolic compound contents and defence-related enzyme activity. Treatment with 1-MCP also reduced polygalacturonase activity and maintained higher fruit firmness during storage. Collectively these results indicate that 1-MCP treatment maintained the postharvest quality of 'Hongyang' kiwifruit, increased antioxidant activity, and reduced the incidence of Phomopsis sp. decay during the late stage of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many crops are colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF), which can efficiently absorb nutrient from the soil and induce plant immunity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF and rock phosphate (P) fertilizer applications on available P and some secondary plant metabolite in robusta coffee. The experiments were laid out in a 3 × 4 factorial randomized complete block design with AMF inoculants (control, Glomus intraradices LU3, Glomus sp. 2TS5) and rock phosphate fertilizer levels (0, 100, 200, and 400 g plant−1). Parameters measured root colonization percentage, available P in soil, total P in leaf, salicylic acid and phenolic compounds in leaves. The results showed that there was significant interaction between AMF and P in root colonization density, available P in soil, total P in leaves, and salicylic acid content. AMF (both Glomus intraradices and Glomus sp.) improved root colonization density (64–65%), available P in soil (30–50%), total P in leaves (37–40%), salicylic acid content (8–19%), and phenolic compounds in leaves (53–74%) compared to the control. Also, higher P at 400 g plant−1 increased root colonization density, available P in soil, total P accumulation in leaves, and salicylic acid. Therefore, AMF and rock P potentially represent an alternative way to promoting P uptake and plant immune in coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals are responsible for many health problems, especially oxidative stress-related diseases. With conscious nutrition and the use of natural antioxidants, it is now possible to cope with these diseases or minimize their effects. The aim of this study was to determine pH, total acidity, total SO2, free SO2, relative SO2, dry matter, density, alcohol content, reducing sugar, ash, CUPRAC, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, total phenolic content, elemental composition, and some phenolic compounds of Syriac (Mardin) wines. Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ), total target hazard quotients (TTHQ), and relative risk (RR) were calculated, to assess a health risk resulting from regular consumption of Syriac wines. The elements EDI values through consumption of wines were less than the recommended dietary allowance values. Obtained THQ values were less than 1. When the obtained results are compared with the levels set by regulatory authorities, the investigated wine consumption does not pose a toxicological risk based on EDI, THQ, TTHQ, and RR values. In addition, this study showed that the Syriac wine's antioxidant capacities are high and rich in phenolic compounds and elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains of Lactobacillus plantarum 21802 and Lactobacillus brevis 6239 were selected and combined for fermentation of grape juice. The changes of sugars, organic acids, volatiles, phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant capacity of the grape juice were characterized. Results showed that fermentation with LAB led to a slight decrease in sugar content and increased in organic acid content. The sugars were mainly consumed at the initial stage of fermentation, while the malic acid was consumed completely during the fermentation. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids in grape juice decreased gradually during the fermentation process. As compared with the initial contents in unfermented grape juice, the contents of proanthocyanin B2, rutin, isoquercitrin, rhamnose-3-O-glucoside in the final fermented grape juice were increased by 26.83%, 249.24%, 138.48%, 139.60%, respectively, while the contents of gallic acid, proanthocyanin B1, catechin and epicatechin were decreased by 24.49%, 14.85%, 71.68%, 42.52%, respectively. The mice fed with the fermented grape juice showed higher activity of superoxide dismutase and lower level of malondialdehyde both in serum and liver tissue than those fed with the unfermented grape juice. Fermentation with LAB also enhanced the flavor profile by increasing the total number and content of volatile compounds, especially those of monoterpene alcohols, which are the main and characteristic aroma volatile compounds in Muscat aroma grapes. This research confirmed that fermentation with LAB might be a desirable option for improving the flavor and nutritional attributes of grape juice by altering the ratio of sugar to organic acid, improving the phenolic compounds, enhancing the antioxidant capacity, intensifying of the characteristic aroma and pleasant flavor of the grape juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new phenolic compound (1) and together with 12 known compounds–eight flavonoids (2 ∼ 9), two phenolic compounds (10 and 11) and two benzoic acid (12 and 13)–were isolated from Phedimus middendorffianus (Maxim.). The structures of all compound were determined on the basis of spectroscopic (MS and NMR) analyses. Compounds 4, 5, 7 and 11 ∼ 13 were showed anti-proliferative activities against MCF-7 than PC-3 cell line. Also compound 12 and 13 showed the significant cytotoxic activities against two cancer cell lines, PC-3 and MCF-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different drying techniques on guava was investigated, including phenolic components and antioxidant activities. Through drying processes, total phenolic content (TPC) increased and formation of small molecular phenolic acids (multi-methoxy benzoic acid and sinapic acid) was promoted. UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS determination showed flavanol compounds, hydrolyzable tannins, ellagic acid conjugates and cinnamic acid derivatives were four predominant phenolics of guava. Drying treatments caused degradation of catechin and its derivatives. Contrarily, drying treatments contributed to higher contents of procyanidin trimers. Moreover, thermal drying treatments led to degradation of macromolecular tannins and formation of smaller molecular tannins and ellagic acid conjugates, while simultaneously reduced the stabilities of most intrinsic ellagic acid conjugates. Furthermore, drying processes increased the yield of cinnamic acid dihexose, probably generating from lignin or phenolics–carbohydrate complex. Freeze drying and hot air drying showed better performance on retention of TPC and enhancement of antioxidant activity (AA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Froriepia (Froriepia subpinnata Ledeb. Bail.) is an endangered, indigenous, vegetable, also reported to have medicinal properties. There is insufficient information about yield, nutrient content and other biochemical compounds in this plant. The project was undertaken to develop information on morphological and phytochemical variation. There was variation among 52 accessions gathered from Guilan Province, Iran. There was a significant, positive, correlation between leaf dimension, plant height, and attributes related to biomass. Total phenols were 355.6–941.3 mg GAE∙100 g−1 FW, total flavonoids were 204.33–540.74 mg CAT∙100 g−1 FW, total carotenoids were 1.52 to 3.15 μg∙100 g−1 FW, and antioxidant capacity was 31.36–81.82 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH%). Chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in the plant. Path analysis indicated the maximum direct effect on antioxidant was for total phenols (0.316). The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster, based on combined morphological and biochemical traits, indicated three distinct groups with high inter- and intra-regional variation. The Froriepia accessions possess valuable biochemical and antioxidant properties for potential medicinal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new ursane-type triterpenoid (1), one new ursane-type triterpenoid glycoside (2), and one new oleanane-type triterpenoid glycoside (3), along with 20 known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Ilex cornuta. The structures of these natural products were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and chemical derivation. Our biological evaluation established that selective compounds showed moderate to significant antioxidant activities in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical properties, organic acid, and phenolic profiles of hawthorn wines prepared by different pretreatments were analyzed. It was found that fermentation together with smashed seeds was favorable for ethanol production, while thermal maceration, addition of pectinase and amyloglucosidase significantly increased the levels of sugar-free extract, residual sugar, total phenolics, flavonoids, and most individual phenolic comounds, showing beneficial effects on improving nutritive value of hawthorn wine. Addition of pectinase and amyloglucosidase caused an increase of methanol content by 34.88% and 26.97%, respectively, while thermal maceration decrease the methanol content by 36.20%. Addition of amyloglucosidase yielded the highest contents of procyanidins as well as flavanols, while thermal maceration and addition of pectinase were favorable for improving phenolic acid level. All the pretreatments significantly increased the contents of succinic acid and malic acid in the final wines, among which thermal maceration and addition of pectinase yielded the highest content of succinic acid and malic acid respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant properties of Marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon solvent extracts were measured by both cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. According to the results, ethanol extract of the plant has high potential of reducing antioxidant activity on CUPRAC method. However, water extract of the plant has lower antioxidant potential. Furthermore, both water and ethanol extracts showed lower reducing antioxidant activity compare to standards on FRAP method. Moreover, the composition and content of plant leaves were detected by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. High concentrations of quinic acid, p-coumaric acid and malic acid were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are reporting in the present study that molecules extracted from olive pomace prevent cell death induced by Ca2+-overloading in different cell types. Exposure of cells to these molecules counteracts the Ca2+-induced cell damages by reducing the activation of the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain, acting possibly through the modification of the permeability to Ca2+ of the plasma membrane. The purification step by RP-HPLC suggests that effective compound(s), differing from the main biophenols known to be present in the olive pomace extract, could be responsible for this effect. Our observations suggest that bioactive molecules present in the olive pomace could be potential candidates for therapeutic applications in pathologies characterised by alterations of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of foliar applications of methanol (0, 15, and 30%) and NaCl salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) on some physiological characteristics of Lavandula stoechas L. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Physiological characteristics (stem and leaf dry weights, total phenolic and flavonoids compounds, chlorophyll a and K+ contents, and K+/Na+ ratio) were significantly affected by the interaction effects of Methanol foliar application and salinity levels. The highest K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, chl a and stem dry weight, belonged to NaCl 0 × Methanol 30% and NaCl 50 × Methanol 30%. For the leaves' dry weight, the greatest data were recorded for NaCl 0 × Methanol 30% and NaCl 0 × methanol 15%. Methanol spray promoted the total phenolic content, especially at NaCl 50 × methanol 30% and NaCl 100 × methanol 15% and 30% and flavonoid content at NaCl 50 × methanol 30%. Anthocyanin content, essential oil percent, and flower dry weight were affected by NaCl salinity levels, and the highest amount of anthocyanin was recorded for the control treatment. The highest data for Essential oil was attained by the NaCl 0 and 50 mM. The Na+ content was affected by methanol foliar application and the highest amount was obtained in the control treatment. Both foliar application levels and salinity levels influenced the flower dry weight. The highest amount of the flower dry weight was recorded at 30% methanol spray level and 0 mM NaCl treatments. The results reveal that methanol application had significant effects on the physiological characteristics of Lavandula plants growing under salinity stress condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) has been used as topical and oral therapeutic. This research highlights the phenolic constituents’ profile and antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extracts of Aloe vera flower for the first time. The ethanol-based extracts showed the inhibition for linoleic acid oxidation and free radical-induced DNA damage. Among about 11 phenolic constituents of the extract, identified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the content of vanillic acid was highest, corresponding to strong antioxidant activities of the extract. The extracts elevated superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes activities in the liver tissue of hydrogen peroxide-treated BALB/c mice. The radical-scavenging activities of the extracts were well-correlated to the total phenolic content. Therefore, Aloe bardadensis flower might be an effective source of natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicory (Cichorium spp.) is a valuable vegetable crop worldwide for its edible leaves and for the production of coffee substitutes from roots. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation of two species of chicory (C. intybus and C. endivia) was investigated using Agrobacterium strain K599 harbouring p35SGFPGUS+ plasmid and two types of explants: leave and leaf stalks. This Agrobacterium strain proved to be competent in the transformation with transformation rate about (23.1%) in leaf explants of C. intybus. However, the transformation rate with C. endivia was much lower (3.6%). Moreover, the hairy roots appeared from different infection sites of the leaf explants. Several hairy roots of the two species were acquired, out of them 11 clones (C. intybus) and two clones (C. endivia) were selected due to their fast-growing character. Growth of hairy roots was determined on the basis of total root biomass accumulation. It was found that the liquid MS-basal medium seems to be the most suitable for biomass production. PCR analysis revealed foreign DNA integration in the selected transgenic hairy root clones. Notable, the transgenic hairy roots exhibited substantially higher growth rates and accumulated higher amount of inulin than non transgenic roots (WT). Also, the total phenolic compounds were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentisic acid (GA) exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic activities. This substance can be found in citrus fruits, grapes, olive oil, and peas. Considering that there are few studies in the literature on the toxicity of GA, the present work aimed to investigate its cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic activities on HTC cells. GA was diluted in culture medium at the final concentration of 0.08, 0.16, 0.8, 1.6, and 8 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay and Trypan Blue exclusion method, with methyl methanesulfonate and doxorubicin as positive controls, respectively. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay determined the mutagenic/antimutagenic activity with benzo[a]pyrene as positive control. Negative control received culture medium only. GA (0.08–8 μg/mL) was not cytotoxic to HTC cells by the MTT assay nor the Trypan Blue exclusion method as no statistical difference was observed when compared to the control. Concentration of 0.08 and 0.8 μg/mL showed no mutagenic or clastogenic effects, as no significant micronuclei inductions were observed, different from 8 μg/mL, that was mutagenic. Furthermore, none of the concentrations presented an antiproliferative activity. The antimutagenic activity of GA (0.08 μg/mL) was observed at the simultaneous treatment, as it reduced the frequency of micronuclei by 76% (24 h) and 79% (48 h). Although pre- and post-treatments were not statistically different from the mutagen, they reduced the induced-damage by 11% and 21%, respectively. The present study indicated the absence of cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities of GA, in addition to their antimutagenic/protective effects that may contribute to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We investigated the influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the estrogenic properties and conversion of the phenolic compounds in germinated black soybean. The black soybean was germinated for two- or four-days, and then subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 12 or 24 h. The highest total polyphenol content (3.9 mg GAE/g), flavonoid content (0.8 mg CE/g), phenolic acid content (940 ± 18.96 μg/g), and isoflavonone content (2600 μg/g) were observed after germination for four days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h. In terms of isoflavone composition, the malonyl, acetyl and β-glycoside contents decreased, while the aglycone content increased with HHP. The highest proliferative effect (150%) is observed at four days germination and HHP treatment at 100 MPa. These results suggest that application of HHP may provide useful information regarding the utility of black soybean as alternative hormone replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to review prior studies that have evaluated the effects of cooking techniques on polyphenol levels and antioxidant activity in vegetables and to release a meta-analysis of the findings. Meta-analysis with a random effect model was conducted using the weighted response ratios (R*) that were calculated for each experiment. Baking (R* = 0.51), blanching (R* = 0.94), boiling (R* = 0.62), microwaving (R* = 0.54) and pressure cooking (R* = 0.47) techniques precipitated significant reductions in the polyphenol levels. Significant decreases in the antioxidant activity levels were noted after baking (R* = 0.45) and boiling (R* = 0.76), while significant increases were observed after frying (R* = 2.26) and steaming (R* = 1.52). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the essential oil composition of Inula viscosa leaves by hydrodistillation (HDE), ultrasonic (UDE) and solvent (SE) extractions followed by hydrodistillation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and their antioxidant effects were studied by different solvent of extraction: ethanol (ET), ethyl acetate (EA), methanol (ME) and aqueous (AE). The principal compounds for HDE were: 2-hexenal (3.70%), caryophyllene oxide (3.11%), γ-selinene (3.09%), 3-hexen-1-ol (2.00%), eugenol (1.70%) and trans-caryophyllene (1.34%), while for UDE were: γ-selinene (5.68%), caryophyllene oxide (4.87%), trans-caryophyllene (1.99%) and nerolidol (1.74%). The oil obtained by SE was shown to contain tridecane (3.89%), dodecane (3.08%), trans-caryophyllene (2.94%), caryophyllene oxide (2.56%) and nerolidol (2.53%). Significant changes on phenolic contents were found between the different solvent of extraction. ME and AE extracts led to the highest total polyphenol (PHL) and flavonoid (FL) amounts. The anti-radical activity and reducing power were maximal in AE and ME extract. HPLC examination established that the ferulic acid as major phenolic acid in ME and AE fractions, whereas luteolin was the main compound of EA and ET fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was extracted from Prunus spinosa L. subsp. dasyphylla plum, partially purified by acetone precipitation, and its biochemical properties were investigated. Different substrates (p-coumaric acid, L-tyrosine, p-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid (PHPPA), catechol, 4-methylcatechol (4-MTC), hydrocaffeic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, and epicatechin) were analysed to determine their affinities with Prunus spinosa PPO (PsPPO). The substrate specificity was in the following order: 4-MTC > catechol > hydrocaffeic acid > catechin > epicatechin. 4-MTC was the most suitable substrate (Km = 0.97 mM and Vmax = 4753 U/mg protein). The optimal pH values were 7.0 for 4-MTC and catechol, 5.0 for catechin and epicatechin, and 4.0-6.0 for hydrocaffeic acid. Optimal temperatures were 40°C for 4-MTC, 30°C for catechol, and 60°C for catechin, epicatechin, and hydrocaffeic acid. In the inhibition tests, the most potent inhibitor was found to be sodium metabisulphite (IC50 = 0.01 mM), followed by ascorbic acid, thiourea, benzoic acid, L-cysteine, and sodium azide. Approximately 80 and 75% of the diphenolase activity was conserved at pH 5.0 and 7.0, respectively, at 4°C after 7 d incubation. Moreover, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE) of the enriched extract revealed the presence of at least six bands with PPO activity, suggesting the existence of different PPO isoforms. However, the oxidation of diphenol related to browning significantly, so the data obtained in this research provided a basis for the prevention of enzymatic browning of Prunus spinosa during processing. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the plum extract contained protocatechuic acid, p-OH benzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and luteolin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the content of bioactive compounds (total phenols, total flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanin content), antioxidant capacity, color intensity (CI), and sensory quality of wines derived from three varieties of grapes (Muscat Ottonel, Pinot Noir, and Merlot). PEF treatment resulted in an increase in all bioactive compounds, and consequently, an increase in their antioxidant capacity, which was evaluated by different methods. Applying PEF treatment to red grapes resulted in obtaining wines with higher CI compared to the control sample. For a better interpretation of the results and a proper discrimination of the samples in terms of the variety of grapes and PEF treatment, multivariate analyses, such as the principal component analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and hierarchical cluster analysis, were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavandula stoechasL. plant is a perennial evergreen used as a fragrant ornamental and medicinal plant. In order to study the effect of foliar spray of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (0, 1000, and 2000 mgL−1) and sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0, 75, and 150 mM) on some physiological characteristics ofLavandula stoechasL. plants, a pot experiment was carried out at the Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Iran. Physiological characteristics [root and leaf dry weights, total soluble solids (TSSs), total anthocyanins, chlorophyll b, Zn2+, potassium (K+) contents, and K+/Na+ratio] were significantly affected by the interaction effects of ZnSO4foliar application and salinity levels. The highest root dry weight, chlorophyll b, anthocyanin, and Zn contents as well as TSS were found in the plants with NaCl0× ZnSO4 2000mgL−1. For Na+, the greatest value was recorded with NaCl150× ZnSO40. The highest K+/Na+ratio was found in the control plants. Foliar application of ZnSO4promoted the total phenolic content, especially at 2000 mgL–1. The highest amounts of flower dry weights were recorded at NaCl0. Chlorophyll a, total flavonoids, stem dry weight, and essential oil content were affected with ZnSO4treatment and salinity levels. The highest values for the essential oil content, chlorophyll a content, and stem dry weight were attained by the nonsaline treatment. Both foliar application levels positively influenced the essential oil and flavonoid contents of the plants. The results reveal that zinc application had marked effects on the physiological characteristics ofLavandula stoechasL. plants growing under salinity stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant and antifungal (antiyeast) properties of mango (Mangifera indica) peel and seed by-products were investigated. Nine extracts were obtained using three cultivars and two extraction methods. Significant differences between cultivars and extraction methods were detected in their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The antifungal property was determined using agar diffusion and broth micro-dilution assays against 18 yeast species of the genera Candida, Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Lodderomyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Schizosaccharomyces, Saccharomycodes and Zygosaccharomyces. All mango extracts showed antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were lower for seed than for peel extracts. MICs and MFCs ranged from values <0.1 to 5 and 5 to >30 mgGAE/mL, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed a relationship between antifungal activity, the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation and total phenol content. These properties were associated with high levels of proanthocyanidins, gallates and gallotannins in the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagoecia cuminoides L. belongs to the family of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), and known also as common wild cumin. The aerial parts of L. cuminoides were collected at the flowering stage and dried, then the methanolic extract was analyzed for polyphenol compounds identified by HPLC-DAD and antioxidant activity (DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay). It was found that the predominant phenolic constituents were chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, rosmarinic acid, hesperetin and vanillin. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from L. cuminoides was found 1597 μg/mL in DPPH scavenging assay. There is no strict positive relationship between the polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A >300°C distillation fraction (300F) from low-temperature coal tar was reacted with formaldehyde. Residual oil (RO) and residual solid (RS) were collected. RO was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and shows that it mainly contains alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The degradations under a nitrogen atmosphere of 300F and RO were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The result shows that 300F and RO consist of two degradation stages and five stages, respectively. CO has significant absorbency in the pyrolysis process of RO, not in 300DF. Modification of formaldehyde and compounds with carboxyl, short-chain fatty, and ester group in 300F generates polymers and fixes these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the quantification of virgin olive oil phenolic compound while using mid-infrared spectroscopy with chemometrics. For that, 100 samples of virgin olive oils in phenolic compounds which varied between 1.04 and 10.33 g/L were picked up in Morocco’s regions and subjected to infrared analysis. The aim was to develop a calibration model for the prediction of phenolic compounds in olive oil by using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The spectral transmissions of all samples were obtained in the spectral range of 600–4000 cm–1. The values obtained for correlation coefficient and root mean square errors of prediction were 0.99 and 0.11, respectively. These results showed the capability of the Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and the chemometric in developing accurate models to predict the phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to evaluate and compare the differences in the phenolic composition, antioxidant properties, and fatty acids of virgin olive oils from the Ayvalik, Gemlik, and Memecik olive varieties cultivated in their respective growing areas over two harvest years. The phenolic composition of olive oils was carried out by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography analysis. Fourteen phenolic compounds were identified and, among these, the most dominant were elenolic acid, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. For olives from both years, the highest total phenolic content was determined in Memecik followed by Ayvalik and Gemlik. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis- (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) methods were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of the olive oil extracts. In both methods, the antioxidant capacity values were higher for oil from cv. Ayvalik. Thirteen fatty acids were identified and quantified in all samples. Oleic acid was the highest concentration and this acid was more dominant in Gemlik oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on mother vinegar, the extracellular cellulose formed by acetic acid bacteria on the surface of vinegar, and its bioactive components. Topics include supplements and functional foods and the use of mothers of apple and pomegranate vinegar in studying antioxidant activity and total phenolic substances. The results show that gallic and chlorogenic acids where dominant in the mother of apple vinegar, while gallic acid was the major phenolic compound in pomegranate.

In the last few decades, researchers have found blueberry leaves to be an interesting source of different phenolic compounds, and drying is an important part of their postharvest and sample preparation processes. In the current study, blueberry leaves were dried using microwave-assisted hot air drying or hot air drying alone at 45, 60, and 75°C to 10–15% wet basis. Corresponding drying characteristics were determined by fitting the moisture ratio obtained in each case with eight theoretical and semitheoretical models for hot air and microwave drying stages. It was observed that best fitting drying models for blueberry leaves depended not only on the nature of the biomaterial but also on the method of drying and the temperature of drying. Phenolic content, monomeric anthocyanin content, and the corresponding antioxidant activity in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) activity were evaluated for the leaf extract obtained following microwave extraction of the dried samples obtained using the above-mentioned drying methods and were compared to the corresponding bioactive compositional characteristics of freeze-dried blueberry leaves. It was observed that the freeze-dried sample had the highest content of total phenolics and total monomeric anthocyanins along with high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, extracts obtained from the microwave-dried leaf samples obtained with a drying temperature of 60°C had highest total phenolic content and highest total monomeric anthocyanin content among all other drying methods and the extract had an antioxidant activity similar to the freeze-dried blueberry leaf samples, implying that microwave drying at 60°C is a potential alternative to freeze drying for preservation of the phenolic components and antioxidant activity of dried blueberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, a novel fresh broad ( Vicia faba) tissue homogenate-based biosensor for determination of phenolic compounds was developed. The biosensor was constructed by immobilizing tissue homogenate of fresh broad ( Vicia faba) on to glassy carbon electrode. For the stability of the biosensor, general immobilization techniques were used to secure the fresh broad tissue homogenate in gelatin-glutaraldehyde cross-linking matrix. In the optimization and characterization studies, the amount of fresh broad tissue homogenate and gelatin, glutaraldehyde percentage, optimum pH, optimum temperature and optimum buffer concentration, thermal stability, interference effects, linear range, storage stability, repeatability and sample applications (Wine, beer, fruit juices) were also investigated. Besides, the detection ranges of thirteen phenolic compounds were obtained with the help of the calibration graphs. A typical calibration curve for the sensor revealed a linear range of 5-60 μM catechol. In reproducibility studies, variation coefficient (CV) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated as 1.59%, 0.64 × 10−3 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilized polypropylene synthesis is carried out using supported titanium catalyst system in presence of phenols. The effect of phenolic compounds such as 2,2′-methylenebis(4-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol) (PH1) and 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (PH2) is studied on the productivity and stereospecificity of catalyst system as well as on molecular weight characteristics. The extent of stabilization of PP resin by phenolic compounds for oxidative degradation is determined by measurement of oxygen induction time. Molecular weight and b color change are also investigated before and after thermal aging. The catalyst productivity was found to be unaffected by the concentration of phenolic compounds in the studied range. The thermal stability of the polymer resin is, however, found to be dependent on the nature of phenolic compound. The masked PH1 phenolic compound showed better antioxidant characteristic as compared to PH2. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sixty Brazilian honey samples were analysed for their total phenolic content with the Folin-Denis reagent, total flavonoid content by aluminium chloride method, and antioxidant activity by reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Colour was also classified according to visual analysis and Pfund scale. Linear relationships were observed between colour and flavonoid content, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents. The white-coloured Citrus honey showed the lowest antioxidant activity, while the light ambar Verbenaceae honey showed the highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity. Dark-coloured and polyfloral honeys, though less popularized among consumers, showed average to high antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible greens, especially wild greens, play an important role in traditional diets and are rich in phenols and other compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from wild and cultivatedRumex acetosellaL. The wild sheep sorrel extract inhibited lipid peroxidation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical with EC50values of 0.02 and 3.67 mg ml− 1; however, the EC50values for cultivated sheep sorrel extract were 0.76 and 21.94 mg ml− 1. In the reducing power assay, the values of measured absorbance were 0.723 and 0.430 for wild and cultivated extracts, respectively, at 1 mg ml− 1concentration. The chelating of ferrous ions by the wild and cultivated sheep sorrel was determined as 59.4% and 56.2%, respectively, at 1 mg ml− 1concentration. TPC of wild and cultivated sheep sorrel was found to be 69.21 ± 8.5 and 57.57 ± 1.8 mg gallic acid equiv. g− 1extract, respectively. There is a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant assays. The results obtained in this study indicate that wildR. acetosellacould be an important dietary source because of its good antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phytochemical investigation of a herb tea made from Thamnolia vermicularis led to the isolation of three new β-orcinol-type depsides (1, 2 and 3), along with seven known compounds hypothamnolic acid (4), 3′-methylevenic acid (5), baeomycesic acid (6), squamatic acid (7), methyl 3′-methyllecanorate (8), barbatinic acid (9) and atranorin (10). The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, including 1-D and 2-D NMR and ESI–MS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis has highly biologically active natural substances. Propolis is rich in phenolic compounds, and is becoming increasingly popular because of its components' potential role in contributing to human health. Its composition is variable and depends on several factors. In this study, some individual phenolic compounds were analyzed and investigatedin vitrobiological activities of ten different Turkish propolis samples. Seventeen different phenolic constituents were measured by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Total phenolic compounds and ferric reducing antioxidant power were used as antioxidant capacity determinants. The antimicrobial activity was studied by agar diffusion method using six bacteria and two yeasts. All propolis showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and contained large amounts of antioxidant compounds. Quercetin, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and coumaric acid were detected in all propolis samples in high amounts, while vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicathecin, rutin, syringic acid, and o-coumaric acid were found in very small quantities and cathecin was not found in any of them. The methanolic extracts were active against all bacteria and yeasts. They were especially effective againstPseudomonas aeruginosaATCC®27853. The propolis extracts proved to be a good source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents that might serve to protect health and fight against several diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study focuses on developing methods for olive leaf extraction and deals with obtaining extract, rich in oleuropein, which is the most abundant phenolic compound in olive leaves. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied to the dried and ground olive leaves by using CO2 as supercritical (SC) fluid in the presence of water and ethanol as cosolvent. The influences of operating parameters by means of cosolvent content (0-1 mL/min), temperature (50 and 100°C) and pressure (100-300 bar) on both extract and oleuropein yields were investigated. Quantitative analysis was performed by using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) technique. The experimental results obtained by using SC-CO2 alone were not satisfactory, and it was seen that addition of a polar modifier is necessary in order to improve yield and selectivity of the process. It was observed that CO2 modified by water and ethanol showed nearly the same extract performance, where CO2 modified by water is better for high oleuropein yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]