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Conditions that maximize the performance of an accelerator-driven system related to particle beam and energy and accelerator type are analyzed. The toolkit Geant4 simulated the interaction of protons and ions with masses up to 20Ne and energies from 0.2 to 2 GeV/n. The beam intensity considered is 1.5 × 1016 p/s. The core of the reactor is modeled as an assembly of fuel rods surrounding a cylindrical beryllium converter, with a criticality coefficient of 0.985 and lead-bismuth eutectic coolant. Lower enrichment generates better utilization of fuel (20% to 25% from the initial actinide mass can fission in a cycle keeping neutron damage in clad below 200 displacements per atom). Data on particle fluence and energy released obtained from the simulation are used to calculate total electric power produced and isotope evolution. Power spent to accelerate the beam depends on accelerator type and is calculated by scaling from data on accelerator efficiency for a reference particle. Optimal proton energy is ~1.5 GeV when the beam is accelerated in a linac with energy gain G ~ 14 and is 0.75 to 1 GeV in the case of a cyclotron (G ~ 12). Ion beams starting with 4He realize higher G values than protons: 20 to 50 in a linac and 15 to 35 in a cyclotron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) celebrated its 30th anniversary in October 2023. The event brought together pioneers in the synchrotron radiation field, current and retired NSRRC staff, users, and government officials. The NSRRC has made significant contributions to Taiwan's synchrotron light source development, with the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) being the first synchrotron accelerator in Taiwan and the third globally. The NSRRC has also established collaborations with international research institutions and has expanded its engagements within and beyond the realm of science. The center aims to continue enhancing its facilities and infrastructure to support frontier scientific exploration. [Extracted from the article]

Public investment in Big Science generates social benefits that can ultimately support economic growth. This paper implements a model for the social Cost – Benefit Analysis (CBA) of Big Science and relies on Monte Carlo methods to quantify the uncertainty of long-term projections. We evaluate social costs and benefits of the High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN up to 2038. Monte Carlo simulations show that there is a 94% chance to observe a positive net present value for society. The attractiveness of CERN for Early Stage Researchers and technological spillovers for collaborating firms are key for a positive CBA result. Cultural effects, especially those related to onsite visitors, also contribute to generating societal benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclotrons are one of the most important sources of radionuclides used in biomedical applications. The production of important radionuclides used in single-photon emission tomography techniques such as 123I, 67Ga, 201Tl, and 111In has been based for decades on cyclotrons, typically proton machines with an energy up to 30 MeV. The extraordinary growth of positron emission tomography (PET) has led to the development of new models and to the installation of numerous cyclotrons, typically accelerating protons in the energy range 10 to 20 MeV. These have been used for the production of the main PET radionuclides, namely, 11C, 13N, 15O, and above all, 18F. Recently, their use has been extended to the production of radiometals, like 68Ga, and even to the direct production of 99mTc. Moreover, cyclotrons are a valuable tool for research and for the education of new scientists. This critical review presents the main manufacturers and briefly discusses the characteristics of the models they currently offer on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Synchrotron Radiation Workshop" (SRW) code is a computer program developed by the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in 1997. It is used for simulating X-ray beamlines and coherence-exploiting experiments at synchrotron light sources. The code allows for the simulation of partially coherent wavefront propagation and the calculation of intensity distributions and coherence lengths. It has been used for electron beam diagnostics and offers brighter and more coherent X-ray beams for scientific experiments. The code is continuously developed and has interfaces with various software platforms. The article provides examples of simulations and mentions ongoing development and support from different organizations and research facilities. [Extracted from the article]

The accidental discovery of mercury's zero resistance at temperatures lower than 4.2 K which took place in 1911 by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in his laboratory at the University of Leiden, appeared to be one of the greatest breakthroughs of physics of all time. It has led to the creation of an entirely new field within physics called superconductivity; this attracted many of the finest minds in physics whose work in this area produced no less than six Nobel Prizes to date. Zero resistance, together with the expulsion of magnetic fields which was discovered many years later, are the two unique and intriguing properties of superconductors which puzzled scientists' brains for a proper theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena. However in 1935, the phenomenological theory proposed by Fritz and Heinz London (known as the London theory) was the first success in the field, which was followed in the 1950s by another phenomenological theory put forward by Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau. Despite this, a satisfactory microscopic theory for superconductivity had to wait until 1957 when John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer proposed their theory, which was nicknamed the BCS theory in their honour. The more recent discovery of the cuprate high temperature superconductors (HTS) in 1986 gave a new momentum to the field and intensified the search for room temperature superconductors which continues to this day. While this quest is under way, and new theories of superconductivity are being developed, physicists, material scientists and engineers are using superconductors to establish new technologies and build machines, devices and tools with unprecedented properties. Today superconductors are widely used in healthcare, particle accelerators, ultrasensitive instrumentation and microwave engineering and they are being developed for use in many other areas as well. In this review, we will trace the history of superconductors and provide a brief overview into some of the recent applications of superconductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patrimony of technical skills, observations, and knowledge of natural facts, acquired through ages, has been a powerful motor of human progress. Over the last century, scientific progress has become impressively fast, thanks to a closer interplay of research and technology. The field of particle physics has witnessed a spectacular evolution, with the construction of huge particle accelerators and colliders, associated with massive experimental apparatus, where engineers and physicists have been closely collaborating. The data from these experiments have brought new discoveries, and new questions as well. Few examples are given of ways in which conceptual advances, technological progress, and experimental ingenuity have conspired towards the solution of fundamental physics problems. New challenges in the future are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol samples (PM10 and PM2.5) were collected during the 2018-2019 dry-cold season, inside an electrostatic particle accelerator laboratory at Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and on the rooftop. The goal was to measure gravimetric mass and elemental concentrations, to identify emitting sources, and to assess risks to human health due to inhalation, ingestion and dermal deposition, through Hazard Quotients. Concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn were measured with X-ray Fluorescence. Mass concentrations were lower indoors than outdoors. Elemental/gravimetric mass concentrations ratios showed that S, Ni, Cu, and Zn were more abundant in both indoors particle sizes, plus P in PM2.5. Possible sources, found through Cluster Analysis, were geogenic, SF6 subproducts, vacuum pump oil, and air conditioning, supported by Scanning Emission Microscopy and Electron Probe Microanalysis. Health risks due to enriched elements are not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper shows that Rutherford first discussed in 1906, when he was at McGill, the possibility of determining the structure of the atom by measuring the diffusion of alpha particles in an experiment used to measure the retardation of alpha particles when passing through matter. The famous experiments of Geiger and Marsden that led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus by Rutherford in 1911 is then presented. That is followed by a discussion of some of the very early works of colleagues of Rutherford that improved on these early experiments in order to determine the size of the atomic nucleus and the interaction that held the nucleus together. Finally. a list of the main early improvements to the interpretations of nucleus-nucleus scattering is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently X-ray fluorescence techniques have been widely used in food and agricultural science areas. Minimal sample preparation, nondestructive analysis, high spatial resolution, and multiple elements measurements within a single sample are among its advantages. In this review, literature of X-ray fluorescence are extensively researched and summarized from food and agricultural science areas focusing on food safety inspection, food nutrition, plant science, soil science, and Ca-related problems in horticultural crops. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of X-ray fluorescence comparing with traditional analytical techniques of elements are also discussed. The more advanced technology such as developments of detector, scanning system, beamline capability among others would significantly increase future application of X-ray fluorescence techniques. Combination use of XRF with other tools such as chemometrics or data analytics would greatly improve its prediction performance. These further improvements offer exciting perspectives for the application of X-ray fluorescence in the food and agricultural science areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IPAC20 story began in February 2015 when the Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL) in Caen, France decided for the second time to bid to host the prestigious International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC) conference, bringing together 1,300 members of the particle accelerator community. Novikov I NRC Kurchatov Institute-PNPI i Graph V. I. Zherebchevsky I St. Petersburg State University i Humanity and Physics Meet at Tenth Tastes of Nuclear Physics For the last 10 years, the Tastes of Nuclear Physics has served as one of South Africa's most successful conferences on fundamental nuclear physics and applications. The main goals are enthusing South African students toward their highest education and physics achievements by attracting world-class speakers to instruct them on timely topics in nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics. [Extracted from the article]

Nuclear medicine requires the use of medical radioisotopes for a wide variety of procedures, which have saved millions of lives. The most commonly used medical radioisotope is technetium 99 m, which is usually derived from the molybdenum created in medical research reactors fueled with above-average levels of enriched uranium. But the number of these reactors has declined to a handful of widely scattered facilities, at the same time as there is increasing concern over the risks of shipping large amounts of highly enriched uranium fuel—often enriched as high as 90 percent, a level considered “weapons grade”—over long distances. One solution tried in the past was to convert research reactors to use lower levels of enriched uranium. An alternative may be to use particle accelerators in place of reactors for producing molybdenum. Another possibility would be for medical practitioners to switch to some other, yet-to-be-determined, non-fission-produced isotopes. In either case, much more research will be needed, along with funding and support from the public and private sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Open to users from European or Associated States, plus from other countries., for up to 20% of the total available beam time.• Summer Schools: RADIATE organizes a series of four summer schools addressing newcomers and young scientists from anywhere who are interested in ion beam applications. IThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences (iThemba LABS), a National Facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), launched the South African Isotope Facility (SAIF) with the procurement of a Cyclone® 70 Cyclotron and associated beam-lines from Ion Beam Applications S.A. (IBA) to be used as a high-energy, high-intensity proton cyclotron for isotope production and research. IThemba LABS is South Africa's largest basic science enterprise probing the fundamental structure and origins of matter, advancing our understanding of condensed matter, and enhancing our impact on societal needs such as medicine and the environment. [Extracted from the article]

The Advanced Rare Isotope Laboratory (ARIEL) is TRIUMF's flagship project to create isotopes for science, medicine, and business. ARIEL will triple TRIUMF's rare isotope beam capability and will incorporate the Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC) facility of TRIUMF, enabling more and new experiments in quantum materials science, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, and fundamental symmetries, as well as the development of new isotopes for the life sciences. Beams from ARIEL's new 35 MeV, 100 kW electron linear accelerator and from TRIUMF's original 520 MeV H– cyclotron will enable breakthrough experiments with the laboratory's suite of world-class experiments within the next five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 352.2 MHz klystron with an output power of 100 kW CW is under development at CSIR-CEERI for charged particle accelerator application. The paper presents various design results achieved through simulation of the electron gun, radio frequency (RF) interaction structure and collector for the device. Based on the design results, a beam stick tube has been developed and hot tested for which the test results are given. A study for the design of RF interaction structure of this klystron has been carried out to get the optimized design parameters using 1-D code AJDISK and MAGIC (2D/3D). The intermediate RF cavities have been developed and characterized for their designed frequencies and the results of cold RF measurements are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positron, the antiparticle of the electron, was discovered in 1932 by David Anderson when a shower of cosmic rays hit his cloud chamber [1]. Positrons are fundamental particles, which do not appear in our daily life except for human-made situations in particle accelerators or position emission tomography. On the Earth, known natural production sites of positrons are limited only at cosmic-ray air showers or through beta-plus decays of rare isotope potassium-40. However, we recently spotted lightning that generated positrons in the atmosphere [2]. The new aspect of lightning is opening a new interdisciplinary field of high-energy atmospheric physics [3]. In this article, I introduce new scientific perspectives of high-energy phenomena in lightning and thunderclouds; in particular, results from our observation campaign of winter thunderstorms in Japan as illustrated in Figure 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Platform for Research and Applications with Electrons (PRAE) facility [1] under construction in the Orsay campus of the Paris-Sud University is a multidisciplinary platform based on a high-performance new generation linear accelerator delivering a pulsed electron beam in the energy range 30-70 MeV, upgradable to 140 MeV. This project originates from the complementary expertise of several local scientific research communities involved in radiobiology, subatomic physics, instrumentation, and particle accelerator technologies to perform multidisciplinary studies of significant impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the creation of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). Scientists have always recognized the importance of free communications and free access to knowledge wherever it happens to be available. CERN is serving as an information and discussion center for scientists who are engaged in the development and construction of accelerators in their respective countries. Its founders hoped to equip Europe with a reasonable number and variety of accelerators that will enable European physicists to make a fairly wide contribution to research in the field of high energy physics.

The article focuses on the history of Conseil Européen por le Recherche Nucléaire, a European organization for nuclear research in Geneva, Switzerland. It was established as a cooperative laboratory on June 7, 1950 wherein the Board of Directors of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, including scientists and executives, unanimously agreed for its construction with two goals in prospect. The goals are to have the best long range accelerator in the world and a rapid building of a definitive machine for experimentation in physics. It started as a provisional type on 1952 and gained its permanent status on July 1953 and is headed by a secretary general and four directors of study groups.

The article presents the fourth semi-annual report of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It focuses on particle accelerators, construction progress, raw materials program and administration. Particle accelerator program artificially produced a primary nuclear particle in the 184-inch synchrocyclotron operated at the University of California. Their plans for the construction of two electronvolt proton-synchrotrons were completed. Construction of production plants, laboratories, housing and community facilities were accomplished. The AEC's raw material program includes foreign procurement and domestic production of uranium. Administration includes Personnel Security Program, interim procedure, labor negotiations, community organization and designation of a Patent Compensation Board.

Mycotoxin contamination has been a worldwide problem for food and feeds production for a long time. There is an obviously increased focus of the food and feed industry toward the reduction of mycotoxin concentration in both the raw materials and finished products. Therefore, both effective qualitative and quantitative techniques for the determination of mycotoxins are required to minimize their harmful effects. Conventional wet chemical methods usually are time-consuming, expensive, and rely on complex extraction and cleanup pretreatments. Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular spectroscopy have shown great potential to be developed as rapid and nondestructive tools for the determination of molecular structure, molecular nutrition and mycotoxins in feed and food. This article reviews the common types of mycotoxins in feed and food, their toxicity, as well as the conventional detection methods. The principle of advanced molecular spectroscopy techniques and their application prospects for mycotoxin detection are discussed. Recent progress in food and feed research with molecular spectroscopy techniques is highlighted. This review provides a potential and insight into how to determine the structure and mycotoxins of feed and food on a molecular basis with advanced Synchrotron-based and globar-based molecular (micro) spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The setup for experiments with electron bremsstrahlung is one of the beam-lines at the Center for High-Power Radiation Sources of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany. The heart of the center is a superconducting electron linear accelerator of high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE). Generated in a thermionic gun, the electron beam passes the subsequent main accelerator modules. The floorplan in Figure 1 shows the various beam-lines for the production of secondary radiation around the accelerator. In addition to the beam-line for bremsstrahlung (γELBE), there are facilities for the production of positrons (pELBE) with systems for monoenergetic positron spectroscopy, for the production of fast neutrons with a time-of-flight system (nELBE), two free-electron lasers (FELBE), and a THz source (TELBE). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the most recent history of the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, with particular emphasis on how this laboratory shifted its research program from accelerator-based particle physics towards astroparticle physics, cosmology and multi-disciplinary photon science. Photon science became the central experimental research program through a series of changes in the organisational, scientific, and infrastructural set-up and in its science policy context. The article shows that SLAC’s reinvention unfolded in a science policy context in which funding priorities drifted towards the materials sciences and the life sciences at the expense of nuclear and particle physics, which had dominated science budgets during the Cold War. SLAC took a lead position in this global development by partly dismantling and also redeploying scientific and technical capabilities from its particle physics program for these new fields, thus, providing novel experimental facilities for user communities to expand across academia and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The available experimental data on boron particles agglomeration during combustion of boron-containing solid propellants and a mechanism of the boron particles agglomeration are discussed. The model and the method of direct numerical simulation of the boron particles agglomeration have been suggested and developed. The calculation consists of two stages: the first stage is a simulation of a heterogeneous structure of solid propellant; the second stage is a calculation of a behavior of each boron particle, taking into account its interaction with other particles and with flow of gaseous combustion products of solid propellant. A mechanism of the adhesive bonds between the boron particles is suggested and the criterion of conglomerate detachment from the burning surface has been determined. The dependence of the strength of the adhesive bonds between the boron particles on the propellant burning rate and pressure is analyzed. The calculations of the boron particles agglomeration, which demonstrates the effect of the strength of adhesive bonds between boron particles on the intensity of agglomeration, have been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Regarding the dichotomy between applied science and pure science, there are two apparently paradoxical facts. First, they are distinguishable. Second, the outcomes of pure sciences (e.g. scientific theories and models) are applicable to producing the outcomes of applied sciences (e.g. technological artefacts) and vice versa. Addressing the functional roles of applied and pure science, i.e. to produce design representation and science representation, respectively, I propose a new characterisation of the dichotomy that explains these two facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the 1970s the use of Van de Graaff type ion accelerators (mostly having voltages between 10 s of kV and 1–2 MV) became inadequate for nuclear physics that required higher and higher energies to remain at the forefront of the research in the field. In the same years, a number of analytical techniques were developed, such as Rutherford backscattering, channeling, and proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE) that using 1–2 MeV ion beams became a very appropriate and powerful means for the elemental analysis of materials and devices. These latter progressively became smaller and smaller, contributing to the development of present micro and nano technologies. It has also became clear that some properties of semiconductors (Silicon, Germanium), particularly electrical properties, are strongly dependent on the presence of dopants (e.g., Boron, Arsenic, Phosphorus) easily obtained by ion implantation. Nowadays particle accelerators are widely used in the science of materials both by academic institutions and industries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on an experiment involving the giant synchroton, the world's most recognized atom smasher. At the National Accelerator Laboratory, five Russian physicists and two engineers have been doing an experiment involving this equipment. This is an experiment involving international cooperation. These Russians employed techniques which they developed at Serpukhov Laboratory in the USSR, and they also brought along with them crates of equipment like oscilloscopes, meters, and an elaborate pulse-height analyzer. The idea of Russian participation in the experiment was influenced by Vladimir Nikitin and Ernest Malamud.

The article presents a speech by Lee A. DuBridge, president of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, delivered at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, on March 29, 1949. He discusses why Americans build a cyclotron. He says that cyclotron was built because a new field of science was opening up and the cyclotron provided a powerful new tool for exploring this field.

The paper reports the theoretical approach and computer-aided design results for a 350 MHz, 100 kW (CW) inductive output tube. The design considerations and methodologies employed for electromagnetic simulation of individual electron gun and RF cavity assemblies and that of their combined assembly were presented. The electron gun parameters namely the beam radius, perveance and electrodes dimensions were optimized. The input cavity was designed and the parameters, namely the resonant frequency, radius and length of the cavity with respect to the desired propagating mode were characterized. The combined integrated model demonstrates the RF input cavity placed onto the gun structure. The interaction of electron beam (40 kV, 3.5 A) and applied input RF signal of 400 W produces an RF current of ~ 85 A in the interaction gap (i.e. cathode-grid spacing). The focusing structure of the device necessary for getting the efficient amplification has also been designed and optimized. The simulations presented in the paper are carried out using CST, MAGIC2D and TRAK codes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: For intracranial metastases, the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is well recognized.Areas Covered: Historically, the first technology, for stereotactic device able to irradiate a brain tumor volume, was Gamma Knife® (GK). Due to the technological advancement of linear accelerator (Linac), there was a continuous increasing interest in SRS Linac-based applications. In those decades, it was assumed a superiority of GK compared to SRS Linac-based for brain tumor in terms of dose conformity and rapid fall-off dose close to the target. Expert commentary: Recently, due to the Linac technologic advancement, the choice of SRS GK-based is not necessarily so exclusive. The current review discussed in details the technical and clinical aspects comparing the two approaches for brain metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) is the world's first superconducting accelerator for projectiles heavier than the electron. This unique system is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national user research facility open to scientists from all over the world. It is located within the Physics Division at Argonne National Laboratory and is one of five large scientific user facilities located at the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the day of the 2016 summer solstice, June 21, MAX IV, the new synchrotron radiation facility in Lund, Sweden, will be inaugurated. MAX IV is setting a new standard in terms of emittance, thereby providing beamlines with the best possible brilliance and coherence. At the same time, MAX IV continues a more than three-decades-long successful history of Swedish synchrotron-radiation-based research. The activities at the present MAX-lab, which officially started when the MAX I storage ring opened for users in 1986, have been concluded with a “last beamdump” ceremony for the MAX II and MAX III storage rings on December 13, 2015, Saint Lucy's Day. In Sweden, the winter solstice is celebrated with a festival of light. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The annual users' meeting and workshops at Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) were held from June 9 to 10, 2015, attracting 175 attendees to Ithaca, NY. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A three-day workshop was held in Lund, Sweden, from March 25 to 27, 2015, with a focus on timing modes for low-emittance storage rings. The MAX IV Laboratory, currently under construction in Lund, will provide a 1.5 GeV storage ring for soft X-rays and a 3 GeV storage ring with an ultralow emittance down to 0.2 nm rad for hard X-rays [1]. Both rings are designed to operate with a uniform multibunch filling pattern with a 100 MHz RF system and employ passive harmonic cavities [2] to damp instabilities and increase the Touschek lifetime. For the 3 GeV ring, the harmonic cavities are also required to conserve the ultralow emittance at high bunch charge [3]. The facility will include a short pulse facility delivering 100 fs FWHM X-ray pulses at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the early 1970s, the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Novosibirsk was a unique place in the world of accelerator physics. There were three operational electron-positron storage rings at the institution. All together, they covered beam operational energies from 200 MeV up to 2.2 GeV. It was not a big surprise for the developers of these state-of-the-art machines when the first users of synchrotron radiation showed up at the doorsteps of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, eager to take advantage of such unique radiation sources. And how very unique they were! Compared with several already relatively well-established operational synchrotrons around the world, such as DESY in Hamburg, NINA in Darsbury, and three synchrotrons in the Soviet Union—one at the Physical Institute in Pakhra, another at the Tomsk Polytechnical Institute, and a third at the Erevan Physical Institute—the storage ring sources provided much more stable and brighter radiation beams. Several storage rings built at that time in locations such as Japan, the US, and France were also on the verge of becoming available for synchrotron radiation users. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

At RIKEN, there is a long and unique tradition: whenever a new cyclotron is completed, a memorial photo is taken with everybody involved with the construction project on top of it. Figures 1a–d show a part of our history. In 1931, Dr. Yoshio Nishina became a Chief Scientist of RIKEN. Our research center was named after him since he is indeed the father of nuclear physics in Japan. He was, at the same time, a theorist, an experimentalist, an accelerator-builder, and a promoter of nuclear application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It has been proposed to build an accelerator for the production of tritium. A transient natural convection model of the accelerator blanket primary heat removal (HR) system was developed to demonstrate that the blanket could be cooled for a sufficient period of time for long-term cooling to be established following a loss-of-flow accident (LOFA). The particular case of interest in this work is a complete LOFA. For the accident scenario in which pumps are lost in both the target and blanket HR systems, natural convection provides effective cooling of the blanket for ~68 h, and if only the blanket HR systems are involved, natural convection is effective for ~210 h. The heat sink for both of these accident scenarios is the assumed stagnant fluid and metal on the secondary sides of the heat exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Twentieth NSRRC Users' Meeting was held successfully at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) in Taiwan from September 10th to 12th, 2014. The three-day meeting was the first such event to be held at the newly furnished Activity Center on the NSRRC campus, celebrating 20 years since the first NSRRC Users' Meeting and highlighting the prospective scientific frontiers marked by the newly established Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) storage ring. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the framework of its upgrade, the ESRF is designing a new lattice to replace the present double-bend achromat structure. This new lattice fulfills the following constraints and requirements:It fits in the present tunnel and keeps the insertion device source points at the same location;Its target horizontal emittance is around 150 pm;It keeps the electron energy at 6 GeV in order to preserve the spectral properties of the present beamlines;It minimizes the radiation losses and the magnet electrical consumption in order to decrease operating costs;The present injector complex is re-used with minor changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the most important factors for synchrotron radiation research is the brilliance, typically defined as photon flux emitted into a unit solid angle from a unit source size within a defined relative bandwidth. The product of rms solid angle and source size yields the beam emittance. To reach high brilliance, both the horizontal and vertical beam emittance must be small and the stored beam current high. Even at zero emittance, radiative diffraction effects produce a finite volume of phase space of the radiation [1], with the effective photon beam emittance given by: where λ is the X-ray-wavelength and Eγis the photon beam energy. In recent years, the user community has become increasingly interested in the transverse coherence properties of the X-ray beam. By using the half-Airy disk criterion [2], the coherent fraction of the emitted coherent light is given in Eq. (2), where εitotis the total emittance, including the contribution of the electron beam and the undulator radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Jyväskylä Accelerator Laboratory is a national center for nuclear and accelerator-based research and education. It is an integral part of the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä. The Accelerator Laboratory and the Department Physics were moved to the current site in the early 1990s, as described in the previous Laboratory Portrait published in 1991 [1]. Since then the research program of the laboratory has been structured around the main instruments and research fields, which share the available beam time. The present laboratory layout is shown in Figure 1. In addition to basic research in nuclear and accelerator based materials physics, beam time is reserved for commercial services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the Fourth International Particle Accelerator Conference held in Shanghai, China in May 2013. The event was hosted by the Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) and the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). The topics of the oral presentations included the challenges facing high power proton accelerators and the progress of neutrino experiments.

Over the last twenty years the treatment of cancer with protons and light nuclei such as carbon ions has moved from being the preserve of research laboratories into widespread clinical use. A number of choices now exist for the creation and delivery of these particles, key amongst these being the adoption of pencil beam scanning using a rotating gantry; attention is now being given to what technologies will enable cheaper and more effective treatment in the future. In this article the physics and engineering used in these hadron therapy facilities is presented, and the research areas likely to lead to substantive improvements. The wider use of superconducting magnets is an emerging trend, whilst further ahead novel high-gradient acceleration techniques may enable much smaller treatment systems. Imaging techniques to improve the accuracy of treatment plans must also be developed hand-in-hand with future sources of particles, a notable example of which is proton computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) has seen a significant renewal in the recent 10 years after evidence for neutrino oscillations was obtained from the results of atmospheric, solar, reactor, and accelerator neutrino experiments. These results are impressive proof that neutrinos have a nonzero mass. The detection and study of 0νββ decay may clarify the following problems of neutrino physics: (i) lepton number non-conservation, (ii) neutrino nature: whether the neutrino is a Dirac or a Majorana particle, (iii) absolute neutrino mass scale, (iv) the type of neutrino mass hierarchy (normal, inverted, or quasidegenerate), and (v) CP violation in the lepton sector (measurement of the Majorana CP-violating phases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the Harima Campus, RIKEN is operating two 8 GeV electron accelerators for photon science: SPring-8 and SACLA. They are open for international users through the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) [1]. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, we derive equations approximating the Boltzmann equation for charged particle transport under the continuous slowing down assumption. The objective is to obtain analytical expressions that approximate the solution to the Boltzmann equation. The analytical expressions found are based on the Fermi-Eyges solution, but include correction factors to account for energy loss and spread. Numerical tests are also performed to investigate the validity of the approximations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, the dissipative instabilities in the interaction of an ion beam with unmagnetized and strongly magnetized plasmas are investigated. In both cases, relevant dispersion equations of high-frequency and ion acoustic waves are obtained. In addition, the resonance frequencies and growth rates of the instabilities are derived. It is shown that the thermal motion of charged particles has positive effects on the resonance frequency but its influence on the growth rate of an instability depends on the plasma conditions. Although in all cases the collisions are found to have a stabilizing effect, it is shown that the dominant type of collisions (electron-neutral or ion-neutral collisions) depends on the frequency range. It is also indicated that the resonance frequency and the growth rate of an instability in the unmagnetized plasma is higher than in the strongly magnetized plasma for non-zero propagation angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]