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Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the duration and frequency of lower extremity prosthesis use and what factors were associated with changes in their use. Materials and methods: A search of PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus over 20 years revealed 2409 articles. After review, 29 studies remained, representing 4814 participants with lower limb loss. Quality, funding, publication, and quantitative analyses were addressed. Results: The mean prosthesis use was 9.6 (5.3) hours/day and 6.4 (1.9) days/week. Distal amputation sites averaged more hours/day of prostheses use than proximal amputations (13.2 [3.2] vs. 10.8 [5.0], p <.001). After hemipelvectomy or hip dislocations, average prostheses use was less hours/day (6.0 [4.7]) than after transfemoral (12.9 [4.8]) or transtibial amputations (14.0 [4.5]) (p <.05). Pooled effects revealed an association between comorbidities and abandonment (OR 0.35, p =.03). The data supported six empirical evidence statements concerning age, sex, social support, amputation proximity, balance, skin condition, comorbidities, pain, falls, and fitness in association with changes in prosthesis utilization. Conclusions: The study provided systematic data on lower-extremity prosthesis use, thus helping to inform clinical decision-making and patient education. It also elucidated a path for future studies focused on modifiable factors related to prosthesis use and related outcomes. Implications for rehabilitation: Lower limb loss can trigger costly and debilitating sequela, which could be mitigated by increased prosthesis use and functionality, but there is no consensus on how often prostheses are being used and what affects changes in their use. When counseling patients on what they can expect after a lower extremity amputation and to set goals, the aggregated means of 9.6 (5.3) hours per day and 6.4 (1.9) days per week can be informative. Individuals who use a lower extremity prosthesis or may have to use one in the future can increase their prosthesis use and mobility by limiting further health deterioration. Rehabilitative care involving the multidisciplinary prioritization of proper socket fit, fitness training, gait training, and social support is associated with increased prosthetic device usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence committed by multiple perpetrators is a particularly worrying phenomenon given that the severity of psychopathological sequelae for the victims are increased when the sexual offense is committed by more than one offender. Preliminary studies showed that sexual violence committed by solo offenders is different from that of duos or groups of offenders. This study explores the heterogeneity within 983 cases of sexual violence committed by multiple perpetrators, with a focus not only on offenders' modus operandi, but also victims' routine activities and situational aspects of the crime. Results from a latent class analysis identified four offending patterns: sexual violence committed by multiple perpetrators where: 1) stranger victims were randomly selected; 2) offenders were geographically mobile; 3) victims were assaulted during social events; and 4) offenders were non-sexually motivated. Findings help identify situational characteristics interacting with offenders' behaviors and victims' routine activities associated with sexual violence committed by multiple perpetrators. The implications regarding the heterogeneity of criminal patterns in these forms of violence is discussed in relation to police practice, situational crime prevention strategies, and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education has been in a time of rapid evolution and significant challenges prior to COVID-19, but a large and continuously growing body of empirical evidence suggests that the pandemic greatly accelerated those trials and brought them to a flashpoint. To our knowledge, the present work is the first post-pandemic to explore perceptions about the future of criminal justice (CJ) education. The present work seeks to address this gap and explore what factors CJ educators and advanced students identify as current and future challenges, concerns, and areas they need training or support. To gauge these perceptions, feedback was solicited from a select group of leaders, students, and journal editorial board members. Results explore priorities surrounding the increasing politicalization of higher education and the field in general, as well as the use of artificial intelligence, attacks on academic freedom, balancing research and teaching responsibilities, creating curriculum relevant to new forms of crime, teaching diverse populations, declining program enrollments, and negative public perceptions about the value of CJ degrees as central concerns. Implications and direction of future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the construct of passion as well as its consequences on people's functioning and resilience. First, the concept of passion is introduced briefly, followed by a presentation of the dualistic model of passion, the dominant theory on passion and associated research. The dualistic model of passion posits that harmonious passion, a type of passion that is well-integrated into one's life and identity, leads to adaptive outcomes. Conversely, obsessive passion, an all-consuming type of passion, leads to less adaptive, and at times maladaptive, outcomes. Results of two lines of research on the role of passion in the resilience process provide additional support for the dualistic model of passion. The article concludes with suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the stability of child attachment to mothers and fathers separately, and to both parents as a network between the infancy and preschool periods using a sample of 143 biparental families and their children (73 boys) recruited from the general population. Attachment was assessed at 15 months with the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and at 45 months with the Preschool Attachment Classification Coding System (PACS). First, results show no stability in attachment to mothers, to fathers, or to both parents as a network. Second, parents’ mental health, life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and child externalizing behavior are associated with attachment stability. Taken altogether, group comparisons reveal that children with a stable secure attachment to both parents as a network have parents with higher levels of well-being and exhibit less problem behaviors than children with 1) a stable secure attachment to one parent and an unstable attachment to the other parent (from secure to insecure or from insecure to secure), or 2) who never had a stable secure attachment to either parent. This study highlights the significance of attachment to both parents as a network over time as it is associated with developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on key points from Lewis' manuscript. Topics include judiciary-based approach does not defer to widespread public input or debate on a new way to determine whether an individual is alive or dead; and considers an area of law that does not fall under federal jurisdiction, but which would benefit from uniformity in approach across states.

New geochemical data and radiometric ages of the protoliths of variably reworked metamafic (granulites and gabbros) and felsic rocks (orthogneisses) from the Cabo Ortegal allochthonous Complex are presented. Their igneous precursors were emplaced in ensialic environments and exhibit geochemical signatures transitional to tholeiitic character, probably originating in arc settings (with continental and oceanic components and minor crustal recycling). The new geochronological results (encompassing the Miaolingian and Furongian epochs of the Cambrian) link the aforementioned scenarios to a Cadomian magmatic arc. The 505Ma protoliths of calc-alkaline orthogneisses and mafic granulites would be the oldest in the sequence of intrusion events. The latter and the 498–486Ma protoliths of gabbros (emplaced in sedimentary host sequences later transformed into Variscan high-pressure and intermediate-pressure gneisses) can be considered as snapshots of the ongoing continental arc evolution. The 498–486Ma gabbro intrusives of these gneisses, together with the 505–503Ma orthogneisses, are ascribable to palaeo-geographically separate scenarios before the Variscan amalgamation of their country rocks. They would expand the initiation of rifting of the Gondwana continental margin to the Miaolingian Cambrian epoch. It is inferred that the Cadomian continental-arc (active at least since 750Ma) experienced in the 510–460Ma interval the consequences of a vanishing active subduction. Certain domains flanking the arc underwent forearc sedimentation and deformation, whereas others were affected by an increasing extension (rifting) and/or back-arc basin formation. The latter marked the initiation of the beginning of a Wilson Cycle, which ended in the late Palaeozoicwith the formation of the Variscan interior orogenic belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study assessed the effects of footwear longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and biomechanics of rearfoot striking older runners. Methods: Nine runners over 60 years of age completed two running bouts at their preferred running pace in each of three footwear conditions: low (4.4 ± 1.8 N·m-1), moderate (5.7 ± 1.7 N·m-1), and high (6.4 ± 1.6 N·m-1) bending stiffness. Testing order was randomized and a mirror protocol was used (i.e., A,B,C,C,B,A). Expired gases, lower limb kinematics, and ground reaction forces were collected simultaneously and lower limb joint kinetics, running economy (i.e., VO2), leg stiffness, and spatio-temporal variables were calculated. Results: Running economy was not different among stiffness conditions (p = 0.60, p = 0.53 [mass adjusted]). Greater footwear stiffness reduced step length (p = 0.046) and increased peak vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.019) but did not change peak ankle plantarflexor torque (p = 0.65), peak positive ankle power (p = 0.48), ankle positive work (p = 0.86), propulsive force (p = 0.081), and leg stiffness (p = 0.46). Moderate footwear stiffness yielded greater peak negative knee power compared to low (p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.03) stiffness. Conclusions: These novel findings demonstrate that increasing footwear longitudinal bending stiffness using flat carbon fiber inserts does not improve running economy and generally does not alter lower limb joint mechanics of rearfoot strike runners over 60 years. Future studies should investigate how other footwear characteristics (e.g., midsole material, plate location, and sole curvature) influence economy and biomechanics in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campus sexual violence (CSV) is a pervasive problem across universities. This study identified distinct patterns of CSV based on its forms (sexual harassment, unwanted sexual behaviors, and sexual coercion) and its associated consequences (mental health, physical health, personal/social life, and academic/professional life). Additionally, it investigated how holding a marginalized social identity (cisgender woman status, gender and sexual minority status, disability status, and visible minority status) or reporting a history of child sexual abuse predicted CSV pattern membership. A total of 6,554 students completed an online questionnaire as part of a large-scale university-based study in Quebec, Canada. Latent class analysis revealed a 5-class model: No CSV (64% of students), Sexual harassment + Fewer consequences (15% of students), Poly-CSV + Fewer consequences (10% of students), Poly-CSV + Personal and social life consequences (8% of students), and Poly-CSV + Co-occurring consequences (3% of students). Survivors of child sexual abuse, cisgender women, students with disabilities, and gender and sexual minority students were more likely to experience patterns of CSV characterized by multiple forms of CSV and co-occurring consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In daily life, failure to perceive emotional expressions can result in maladjusted behaviour. For cochlear implant users, perceiving emotional cues in sounds remains challenging, and the factors explaining the variability in patients' sensitivity to emotions are currently poorly understood. Understanding how these factors relate to auditory proficiency is a major challenge of cochlear implant research and is critical in addressing patients' limitations. To fill this gap, we evaluated different auditory perception aspects in implant users (pitch discrimination, music processing and speech intelligibility) and correlated them to their performance in an emotion recognition task. Eighty-four adults (18–76 years old) participated in our investigation; 42 cochlear implant users and 42 controls. Cochlear implant users performed worse than their controls on all tasks, and emotion perception abilities were correlated to their age and their clinical outcome as measured in the speech intelligibility task. As previously observed, emotion perception abilities declined with age (here by about 2–3% in a decade). Interestingly, even when emotional stimuli were musical, CI users' skills relied more on processes underlying speech intelligibility. These results suggest that speech processing remains a clinical priority even when one is interested in affective skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on confession has usually focused on showing that it is significantly associated with individual, crime-related, and situational/contextual variables and is both a static event and a dichotomous indicator of interview success. Recent work, however, suggests that investigative interviews are a dynamic process in which interrogation strategies change over time. Using a Game Theory perspective, this study looks at the impact of behaviours of both players (interviewer and suspect) on the production of investigation-relevant information (IRI). The sub-objective is to demonstrate the usefulness of applying Game Theory to the study of investigative interviews by considering time and interaction between players as an integrative part of the analysis. Videotaped interviews related to online child sexual exploitation (n = 130) were analysed and the different behaviours of suspects and interviewers were analysed to determine if they involved (1) rapport building/active denial, (2) collaboration, (3) confrontation, (4) emotion/response, and (5) elicitation of information related to the case. Results showed that information relevant to the investigation is often provided shortly after a suspect has offered additional information or given responses that meet emotional needs (e.g. justifications). The interviewer's use of available evidence increases the likelihood that additional information will be provided, while the ability to build a rapport with the suspect is effective in the longer term, even if a positive effect is not immediately observed. Using a dynamic process approach in analysing investigative interviews provides a starting point for the creation of practical guidelines to help practitioners increase suspect collaboration during investigative interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The damage caused by radiation therapy to cancerous and normal cells inevitably leads to changes in the secretome profile of pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. The inflammatory response depends on the dose of radiation and its fractionation, while the inherent radiosensitivity of each patient dictates the intensity and types of adverse reactions. This review will present an overview of two apparently opposite reactions that may occur after radiation treatment: induction of an antitumor immune response and a protumoral response. Emphasis is placed on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Conclusions: By understanding how radiation changes the balance between anti- and protumoral effects, these forces can be manipulated to optimize radiation oncology treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While online sex offenders use a wide range of strategies to try to avoid police detection, attempts to avoid detection of child sexual exploitation materials (CSEM) and online sexual solicitation of children have received very little attention. This study aims to understand online sex offenders' behaviors by modeling the factors associated with their use of technological data protection and anonymity preservation strategies. The data is based on a sample of 199 men involved in crimes related to the use of child pornography or sexual solicitation of minors online. The analytical strategy based on the use of an artificial neural network (ANN), a machine-learning system, identified two trends. First, those who displayed problematic substance use and sexual thoughts and fantasies as well as behaviors reported to be preoccupying did not use specific strategies to avoid police detection. Second, two combinations of factors predict use of police anti-detection strategy, suggesting that the criminal expertise of online sex offenders is manifested in two different patterns: those building on existing knowledge, and those learning skills through previous judicial experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title IX prohibits sex-discrimination in colleges in the United States. While colleges must provide training on Title IX, little is known about its effectiveness. This study examined the campus climate and effectiveness of Title IX training among 2,393 college students at a medium-size public university in the south-central region of the U.S. Results indicated 68% of students reported they understood Title IX, yet only 14% correctly understood Title IX prohibited sex-discrimination and 16% correctly understood reporting procedures. Regression analyses found few significant effects for demographics, academic characteristics, satisfaction with the campus, and beliefs about university support on training participation, training knowledge, and help seeking for sexual assault survivors. Positive perceptions of campus climate increased participation in training, efficacy of training, and confidence in helping sexual assault survivors. However, participation in training was negatively impacted by perceptions of faculty support. Age, asexual identity, and Asian identity affected training participation and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the characteristics of the sexual victimization of adolescents and provides a comparison with the ones of children and adults. The sample includes 2,665 sexual abuse cases of female children, adolescents, and adults in France. Analyses revealed differential patterns in factors associated with the sexual victimization of adolescents. Findings suggest that the sexual victimization of adolescents may be located along a continuum in terms of sexuality, antisociality, and situational factors, between children and adult victimization. Implications for the prevention of the victimization of adolescents, clinical considerations for offenders, and avenues for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on ethical concerns of using behavioral contract to address conflict with patients and families, and mentions use of behavior contract during conflict with pediatrics. Topics include impact of behavioral contracts for parents in pediatrics on children not responsible for decision making, unfair standard of behavior for family member experiencing trauma demanded by behavior contract, and removal of family of patient's family from hospital due to breach of the contract.

Foreign accents can vary considerably in the degree to which they deviate from the listener's native accent, but little is known about how the relationship between a speaker's accent and a listener's native language phonology mediates adaptation. Using an artificial accent methodology, we addressed this issue by constructing a set of three artificial accents (Near, Far, and Farther), varying in the number and magnitude of pronunciation deviations from standard Canadian English. These accents were presented to toddlers and adults in an eye-tracking task. Regardless of accent type, adults readily adapted to the exposed pronunciation change. Adults exposed to the Farther accent were also more willing to accept novel pronunciation changes. Young toddlers exposed to Far or Farther accents showed no evidence of acquiring the exposed pronunciation change and demonstrated worse word recognition for standard Canadian-accented words. These findings suggest that when a speaker's accent deviates substantially from a young toddler's native accent, this may lead to a significant decrement in their ability to recognize not only an unfamiliar accent but also native-accented speech. Overall, these findings provide a well-controlled test of competing models of accent adaptation and generate multiple hypotheses to be examined in the future using more ecologically valid stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation integrity is known to be critical to the success of interventions. The Health At Every Size® (HAES®) approach is deemed to be a sustainable intervention on weight-related issues. However, no study in the field has yet investigated the effects of implementation on outcomes in a real-world setting. This study aims to explore to what extent does implementation integrity moderate program outcomes across multiple sites. One hundred sixty-two women nested in 21 health facilities across the province of Québec (Canada) were part of a HAES® intervention and completed questionnaires at baseline and after the intervention. Participant responsiveness (e.g. home practice completion) along with other implementation dimensions (dosage, adherence, adaptations) and providers' characteristics (n = 45) were assessed using a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Adaptations to the program curriculum were categorized as either acceptable or unacceptable. Multilevel linear modeling was performed with participant responsiveness and other implementation dimensions predictors. Intervention outcomes were intuitive eating and body esteem. Unacceptable adaptations were significantly associated with providers' self-efficacy (rs(23) =.59, p =.003) and past experience with facilitating the intervention (r(23) =.47, p =.03). Participant responsiveness showed a significant interaction between time and home practice completion (B =.07, p <.05) on intuitive eating scores. Except for participant responsiveness, other implementation dimensions did not moderate outcomes. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about ethical complexity and emotional unrest regarding long-term Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) use. It further discusses about what moral arguments justify imposition of one view (ECMO should be stopped) over another (continue ECMO); how should ill feelings between a patient or patient's surrogate and staff members factor into considerations about appropriate use of the therapy and goals of care; and feasibility and availability of long-term ECMO treatment.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may have devastating effects, yet, there is considerable heterogeneity among adolescent girls who have experienced it. Addressing this heterogeneity could help to tailor practices to their particular needs. The objective was to identify profiles among adolescent girls who have been sexually abused to determine whether they exhibit distinct outcomes. Participants were drawn from a Child Protection sample of adolescent girls who have been sexually abused with contact (n = 185). Abuse and stressful events were measured using a rating scale completed by a research assistant, and a self-reported questionnaire. Coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Latent class analysis was conducted using abuse and stressful events as indicators, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to compare classes on outcomes. Five graded classes were identified: 1) few source of stress (22%); 2) services as stressors (27%); 3) CSA as stressor (19%); 4) CSA and family as stressors (6%); and 5) multiple sources of stress (25%). These classes were associated with distinct profiles on coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms. In conclusion, we recommend that clinicians move beyond the "one size fits all" approach and tailor practices to each adolescent's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of pornography are hotly debated in the scientific literature, especially its potentially negative influence on sexual offending. While studies do not support direct effects of pornography use on sexual offending, pornography is hypothesized to have a catalytic effect among men who are predisposed to sexually offend due to the presence of other risk factors. Using a sample of 241 men varying in sexual offending history, this study examined the associations of different types of pornography consumption, offense-supportive cognitions, and atypical sexual interests on sexual offending against boys or girls. Bivariate analyses support the idea that people seek pornography that matches their sexual interests. Multivariate analyses revealed that the only type of pornography associated with contact sexual offending against boys or girls was child pornography, as it had incremental validity predicting number of victims beyond offense-supportive cognitions and atypical sexual interests. Moderation analyses suggested that, as hypothesized, child pornography consumption amplifies the effect of sexual interests for boys on sexual offending against boy victims. However, that moderation effect was not found for sexual offending against girls. Clinical and research implications are discussed, focusing on the importance of including measures of pornography consumption within forensic assessment and management protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban highways tend to divide and fragment cities. As such infrastructure ages, questions about their future arise. An example of such a highway is the Montreal gateway corridor (Autoroute 20 and 720), which links downtown to Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport in Montreal, Canada. In advance of considering the redesign of this highway, this research explores how such infrastructure is not just visualised as technical territory but also as social landscape. A methodological approach that bridges ethnography, visual studies, and mobility methods is tested to document the daily experience along this urban highway. Qualitative go-along interviews, documented with a digital video camera, were used to capture the dynamic experience of urban infrastructure. The concurrently verbatim account and video sequences analysis helped to access meaning, embodied in the participant's experiences, as well as to make possible the interpretation of aspirations for the redesign of these infrastructure territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In other words, a better understanding of data gaps and needs will improve data collection efforts towards the development of absolute indicators of WWR that can supplant relative ones, which are commonly used for the production of risk information in data-limited settings (e.g., Thompson, Scott, Langowski, et al. [123]; Robinne et al. [103]). Keywords: water security; extreme events; open data; data fragmentation; risk governance EN water security extreme events open data data fragmentation risk governance 1 18 18 03/15/22 20220301 NES 220301 Untapped resources in wildfire-watershed risk assessment Awareness of wildfire risks to water security, or wildfire-watershed risks (WWR) for short, has been growing in Canada (Coogan et al. [26]; Pomeroy et al. [96]; Robinne et al. [101]). Although we do not have the necessary open data to devise detailed vulnerability assessments of source watersheds across Canada at the moment, the growing demand for such information can partially be satisfied by the production of simple yet informative risk indicators at local or regional scales (Scott et al. [107]; Thompson, Scott, Kaiden, et al. [122]; Pomeroy et al. [96]; Robinne et al. [103]; Leveque et al. [68]). [Extracted from the article]

This paper reports on the findings of a systematic and rigorous scoping review of all relevant peer-reviewed literature published up until April 2020 focused on young people's understandings and attitudes towards marine debris. The review of relevant literature reveals there are only limited peer-reviewed studies that engage with the issues of marine pollution from a child's or young person's perspective (n = 20). Findings show that the studies were diverse in aim and scope but generally clustered around three main themes: children and young people's understandings and attitudes towards marine debris; their environmental awareness and knowledge following conservation activities and interventions; and finally behaviour change patterns reported following such interventions. It is our contention that further research addressing the long-term effects of marine debris environmental education programs developed by young people for young people will be of significant contribution to this scarce literature and field of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arts and heritage are the two categories essential to the fabric of cultural policies and of public discourses on culture. This paper explores the duality of art and heritage in the work and life of André Malraux in the 1920s and 1930s as a window into one of many distinctive conceptions of culture in France. Art, artists, and art amateurs, are, in Malraux's conception, the only forces that can challenge the fugacity of time and bring art to a new relevance; heritage and preservation have no such powers. This paper demonstrates Malraux's conceptions of heritage as standard foundations for areas of French cultural policy by building on his novels and his theoretical writings on heritage in the 1930s, and looking back at his actions in Indochina in 1923, in terms of his illicit acquisition of statues from Central Asia in the 1930s, and his adventures in Djibouti and Yemen in 1934. Malraux's conception not only gives symbolic authority to arts over heritage, but also negates the plausibility of cultural interpretation outside the world of art. This article concludes by showing how the malrucian conception of culture can help us understand some discourses and contemporary cultural controversies in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of adding simulated evaluations in the drug recognition expert (DRE) practical training is to address the significant limitations (standards and ethical considerations) related to the recruitment of intoxicated persons. The objective of the research study was to verify whether the DREs trained using simulated drug influence evaluations (professional actors supported by supplementary data and technology) are as effective in the field as those trained conventionally, i.e. with intoxicated persons only. Based on all the evaluations carried out in the field by all DREs between 2011 and 2015 in Quebec, the results show that DREs whose training is based solely on simulated evaluations are as effective (92.4% laboratory corroborated evaluation rate) in the field during the 24 months following their certification as those trained conventionally (90.6% laboratory corroborated evaluation rate). A hybrid field training model is a plus in DRE training as it enables us to control the training parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint work occurs following exhaustive running in recreational but not competitive runners but the influence of a submaximal run on joint work is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess if a long submaximal run produces a distal-to-proximal redistribution of positive joint work in well-trained runners. Thirteen rearfoot striking male runners (weekly distance: 72.6 ± 21.2 km) completed five running trials while three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected before and after a long submaximal treadmill run (19 ± 6 km). Joint kinetics were calculated from these data and percent contributions of joint work relative to total lower limb joint work were computed. Moderate reductions in absolute negative ankle work (p = 0.045, Cohen's d = 0.31), peak plantarflexor torque (p = 0.004, d = 0.34) and, peak negative ankle power (p = 0.005, d = 0.32) were observed following the long run. Positive ankle, knee and hip joint work were unchanged (p < 0.05) following the long run. These findings suggest no proximal shift in positive joint work in well-trained runners after a prolonged run. Runner population, running pace, distance, and relative intensity should be considered when examining changes in joint work following prolonged running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This policy review discusses the November 2018 Report on the Restitution of African Cultural Heritage: Toward a New Relational Ethics – more commonly known as the Sarr-Savoy Report – submitted to the French president. The report provides an analysis as well as a number of strategies for returning a number of cultural items and artworks to African nations that were acquired by France during the colonial era. The report also claims that its aim is to establish a new relational ethics between France and African nations through heritage work and institutions. In this policy review, we will discuss the arguments and observations contained in the report, as well as the main recommendations it makes. Additionally, we will provide an overview of responses to this report, and of the realization and implementation of the report's recommendations halfway through its five-year timeline. Finally, we will engage with the ethical and professional dimensions that stem from this important moment – a moment that represents a turning point in current restitution debates for French museums, libraries, and archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mashhad granitoids and associated mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), in NE Iran record late early Mesozoic magmatism, was related to the Palaeo-Tethys closure and Iran-Eurasia collision. These represent ideal rocks to explore magmatic processes associated with Late Triassic closure of the Palaeo-Tethyan ocean and post-collisional magmatism. In this study, new geochronological data, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotope data are presented for Mashhad granitoids and MMEs. LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircon yields crystallization ages of 205.0 ± 1.3 Ma for the MMEs, indicating their formation during the Late Triassic. This age is similar to the host granitoids. Our results including the major and trace elements discrimination diagrams, in combination with field and petrographic observations (such as ellipsoidal MMEs with feldspar megacrysts, disequilibrium textures of plagioclase), as well as mineral chemistry, suggest that MMEs formed by mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. The host granodiorite is a felsic, high K calc-alkaline I-type granitoid, with SiO2 = 67.5–69.4 wt%, high K2O (2.4–4.2 wt%), and low Mg# (42.5–50.5). Normalized abundances of LREEs and LILEs are enriched relative to HREEs and HFSEs (e.g. Nb, Ti). Negative values of whole-rock εNd(t) (−3 to −2.3) from granitoids indicate that the precursor magma was generated by partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle with some contributions from old lower continental crust. In the MMEs, SiO2 (53.4–58.2 wt%) is lower and Ni (3.9–49.7 ppm), Cr (0.8–93.9 ppm), Mg# (42.81–62.84), and εNd(t) (−2.3 to +1.4) are higher than those in the host granodiorite, suggesting a greater contribution of mantle-derived mafic melts in the genesis of MMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses how the political language of democracy was used in nineteenth-century Brazil prior to 1850 and how its deployment was connected to related yet distinct political concepts, particularly liberalism and republicanism. It explores the prevalence of the language of democracy in a constitutional monarchy predicated on a socio-political order that was itself dependent on slavery and in which the vast majority of subjects, enslaved and free, were either de facto or de jure disenfranchised or excluded from the political process. The article focuses on the political ideas of the rebellions of the 1820s-40s, which mainly occurred in the provinces far from the capital of Rio de Janeiro, including the Confederation of the Equator, the Sabinada, the Farroupilha, and the Praieira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyse the relations between the function of openness to the world, family functioning and child behaviour. In order to do that, a quantitative research was conducted with 171 biparental families from the South Region of Brazil, with children from four to six years of age. Two association hypotheses were formulated: The function of openness to the world and family functioning positively influence child's strengths and negatively influence their difficulties; Family functioning and the function of openness to the world are positively related, and this relation has an influence on child behaviour, so as to increase strengths and reduce difficulties. Results indicate associations between the phenomena and that it is necessary to consider the interaction between the function of openness to the world and family functioning to better understand child behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current frameworks on running-related injury (RRI) aetiology emphasise the relation between exposure to training load, internal tissue loads, and tissue capacity; with tissue load exceeding its capacity being the key biological mechanism in the development of RRI. Despite this, runners and clinicians commonly attribute improper prescription of running shoes as a primary causative factor for RRI. A likely contributor to this belief may be the marketing produced by the footwear industry, which often is not supported by scientific evidence. The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs of running shoe salespersons and physiotherapy students regarding the influence of running shoes and foot pronation on RRI. A questionnaire was distributed to 275 physiotherapy students at three different Swedish universities and to 219 running shoe salespersons of 35 different running shoe stores. A total of 270 students and 89 salespersons responded to the questionnaire. Salespersons rated their knowledge of running shoes (r = −0.56), foot pronation (r = −0.55) and RRI (r = −0.34) higher than students did (p <.001). A minority of students (32.4%) and salespersons (14.1%) reported training errors to be the main contributing cause of RRI. A majority of salespersons (52.5%), but not students (15.3%), reported more expensive shoes to be better at preventing RRI than cheaper shoes. Most salespersons (51.9%), but not students (39.0%), would recommend uninjured runners to change their current running shoe type despite runners being satisfied with their current shoes. Despite salespersons being more confident in their knowledge of running shoes and foot pronation with relation to RRI development than students, both populations hold beliefs that do not align well with current frameworks on RRI aetiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether racial bias is intertwined with capital case dispositions continue to be a matter of contention. In 1972, Furman v. Georgia ruled capital punishment unconstitutional on the grounds of being capricious and arbitrary. To better understand this sociological phenomenon, the current paper examines capital punishment within a historical context. Specifically, the present study is an exploratory examination of county-level data consisting of offenders who received a death sentence between 1923 through 1972. Media accounts from a Dallas newspaper during that time period were also examined. Results indicate that Blacks were disproportionately sentenced to death compared to their White counterparts. Capital sentencing trends at the county level reflect national trends of racial bias that characterized this historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although image analysis techniques are improving, classifying images collected from the hard drives of individuals consuming Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSEM) is both time-consuming and costly. Police organizations offer two main motives for the systematic analysis of these images: 1) to identify victims of sexual abuse and 2) to determine the number of illegal images as large numbers of such images lead to longer prison sentences. This study examines the assumption behind the second motive by analyzing connections between the number of images and the sentences imposed by Quebec courts. Results of quantitative analysis show that sentence length is most affected by the offender's criminal history or present activity and that for the majority of cases the number of images in the collection has no impact on the prison term. Results of qualitative analysis of judges' written decisions in cases of accusation of possession of CSEM show that they emphasize three aspects: 1) the size of the collection, 2) the time spent managing the collection, which is seen as a measure of deviance and motivation, and 3) the nature of the images. The current study offers a better understanding of the factors that affect decisions in CSEM cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Kevin Mulcahy, a pioneer in the field of cultural policy, passed away on July 1, 2023. His work focused on the relationship between culture and power, examining this intersection from both a symbolic and comparative perspective. His contributions have been influential to generations of scholars and his conceptual work has provided essential categories for understanding social and political dynamics in cultural policy development. Professor Mulcahy was known for his collaborations and friendships around the world, particularly in Portugal, South Korea, France, Australia, Canada, China, and Puerto Rico. He made significant contributions to the STP&A Conference and supported young scholars in the field through donations and prizes. Professor Mulcahy will be remembered as one of the most prominent scholars in cultural policy and as an important figure in American scholarship. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Clinical teachers often struggle to report unsatisfactory trainee performance, partly because of a lack of evidence-based remediation options. Objectives: To identify interventions for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) medical learners experiencing academic difficulties, link them to a theory-based framework and provide literature-based recommendations around their use. Methods: This systematic review searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, Education Source and PsycINFO (1990–2016) combining these concepts: medical education, professional competence/difficulty and educational support. Original research/innovation reports describing intervention(s) for UG/PG medical learners with academic difficulties were included. Data extraction employed Michie's Behavior Change Techniques (BCT) Taxonomy and program evaluation models from Stufflebeam and Kirkpatrick. Quality appraisal used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The authors synthesized extracted evidence by adapting the GRADE approach to formulate recommendations. Results: Sixty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria, most commonly addressing knowledge (66.2%), skills (53.9%) and attitudinal problems (26.2%), or learner personal issues (41.5%). The most common BCTs were Shaping knowledge, Feedback/monitoring, and Repetition/substitution. Quality appraisal was variable (MMAT 0–100%). A thematic content analysis identified 109 interventions (UG: n = 84, PG: n = 58), providing 24 strong, 48 moderate, 26 weak and 11 very weak recommendations. Conclusion: This review provides a repertoire of literature-based interventions for teaching/learning, faculty development, and research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning analytics research has used both knowledge engineering and machine learning methods to model student behaviors within the context of digital learning environments. In this paper, we compare these two approaches, as well as a hybrid approach combining the two types of methods. We illustrate the strengths of each approach in the context of a case study in building models able to detect when students "game the system", a behavior in which learners abuse the environment's support functionalities in order to succeed by guessing or copying answers. We compare the predictive performance, interpretability and generalizability of models created using each approach, doing so across multiple intelligent tutoring systems. In our case study, we show that the machine-learned model required less resources to develop, but was less interpretable and general. In contrast, the knowledge engineering approach resulted in the most interpretable and general model. Combining both approaches in a hybrid model allowed us to create a model that performed best across the three dimensions, but requiring increased resources to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extralegal factors, including physical attractiveness, may bias juristic opinions. The present study provided 450 university students with hypothetical scenarios of physical, domestic, and sexual assault in which complainant's attractiveness and other legal and extralegal characteristics were independently varied. Results indicate complainant's attractiveness mattered in sexual assault scenarios only for guilt of the defendant, but not for physical or domestic assault. Complainant's attractiveness was not related to perceptions of blameworthiness of complainant or punishment of defendant. Overall, legal factors of injury level, prior offending, and intoxication mattered more than attractiveness or race of the victim. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether weighted vest (WV) use improves countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) performance by enhancing stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function via increased storage and utilisation of elastic strain energy. In is also unknown whether WV use stimulates different responses in men and women. WV effects on energy storage and utilisation during CMVJ were examined in men and women. Nine men (25 ± 3 y; 89.7 ± 18.7 kg; 1.8 ± 0.1 m) and 12 women (24 ± 3 y; 62.7 ± 10.3 kg; 1.6 ± 0.1 m) performed CMVJ wearing a WV with (loaded) and without (unloaded) 10% added mass while kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data were obtained. A longer eccentric sub-phase and increased storage of elastic strain energy occurred when loaded. Increased positive joint work occurred during the concentric portion of loaded CMVJ. Women exhibited less positive hip work and greater positive ankle work than men during the unloading and eccentric sub-phases, respectively. Joint work was similar between sexes during the concentric sub-phase, likely due to decreased trunk extension excursion in men when loaded. Women and men employ different SSC strategies during the CMVJ, though the different strategies do not alter energy storage or concentric mechanical output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of multilevel governance processes. We do so by focusing on the in-depth examination of the institutional changes recently implemented in the Quebec health care delivery system that require a close collaboration between interdependent actors acting at various levels of governance. Our three research questions are: (1) How does multi-level governance emerge in a pluralist institutuional context? (2) How do multi-level governance processes shape the adaptive capacity of the organization to its environment? (3) How does institutional context influence these multi-governance processes?Our empirical investigation is inspired by the theory of complexity which invites us to pay attention to three processes: self-organization, eco-self organization and co-evolution. This study shows that the effectiveness of multi-level governance processes do not only go through the implementation of instruments aiming at aligning the action of lower government levels with the objectives of the upper levels as suggested by numerous existing works. More precisely, it suggests that more distributed and coordinated processes favor a more homogenous form of adaptation (Miller and Page, 2007) taking into account the interdependence between stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the apnea test an argument to broaden the requirement for consent to the entire brain death evaluation. Topics inlcude the highlight persistent controversies in the determination of death by neurologic criteria (DNC), the argument for consent in terms only of the apnea evaluation, rather than the entire evaluation for determining DNC, and the diagnosis of respiratory failure does not require the physical examination of the lungs as part of diagnosis does require consent.

Background: The prevalence of cardio-metabolic diseases (CMD) is drastically increasing worldwide. Anthropometric measures of fat accumulation are correlated with CMD and Metabolic Syndrome (MS), but few studies have addressed this association in sub-Saharan African populations. Aim: To investigate the association between anthropometric features, MS and other CMD risk factors in a population from Kenya. Subjects and methods: In this cross-sectional study including 1405 Kenyans, anthropometric measurements including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were carried out. Fasting blood glucose and standard oral glucose tolerance test, fasting serum insulin and plasma lipids were analysed. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Results: CMD risk factors and MS were associated with all anthropometric features, except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p < 0.05). The strongest association between MS and anthropometrics was seen with SAT (β = 1.45 ± 0.32 in men and 0.88 ± 0.14 in women, both p < 0.05). Conclusions: Anthropometric measures, especially features of central obesity such as VAT and SAT, are relevant indicators of cardio-metabolic health in Kenyan populations. SAT is the strongest predictor of MS. These results highlight the need for further research on the pathological implication of VAT and SAT, in order to understand patterns of fat distribution and cardio-metabolic health among different ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies have considerable potential to support people with semantic dementia-a form of progressive aphasia-in their everyday lives, but evidence is still sparse. The first objective of the study was to document day-to-day compensation strategies, including the use of a smartphone, in ND, a 56-year-old man with semantic dementia. The second objective was to explore if, 5 years after receiving his diagnosis, ND could still learn new smartphone functions. Results for objective 1 showed that ND had adopted a large number of compensation mechanisms in his everyday life, and expanded the use of one application he had learned 4 years earlier. Results for objective 2 showed that, with an errorless learning approach, he learnt to effectively use 10 smartphone functions. He was also able to verbalise semantic knowledge about those functions and still used 40% of them in daily life 6 months post-intervention. He particularly appreciated note-taking, and spontaneously expanded his abilities in using this function's features in order to reduce his semantic difficulties. This study shows the potential of new mobile technologies for semantic dementia, how they can be adapted and modified as the disease progresses, and how some patients can creatively use external technological aids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this 2-group, parallel, double blind single-centre RCT was to evaluate the acute and chronic impacts of high flavanol high theobromine (HFHT) chocolate consumption on endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure (BP) in women at risk of preeclampsia.Methods: 131 pregnant women considered at risk of preeclampsia based on uterine artery Doppler ultrasound were divided into two groups (HFHT or low flavanol and theobromine chocolate (LFLT). Acute changes in plasma flavanol and theobromine, peripheral arterial tonometry and BP were evaluated at randomization (0, 60 and 120 min after a single 40-g dose of chocolate) and again 6 and 12 weeks after daily 30-g chocolate intake. The EndoPAT 2000 provided reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and adjusted augmentation index (AIx) as markers for endothelial function and arterial stiffness, respectively.Results: Compared with LFLT, acute HFHT intake significantly increased plasma epicatechin and theobromine (p < 0.0001), decreased AIx (p < 0.0001) and increased diastolic BP (3.49 ± 3.40 mmHg increase in HFHT group vs 1.55 ± 2.59 mmHg increase in LFLT group, p = 0.0008). Chronic HFHT compared with LFLT intake significantly increased plasma theobromine (p < 0.0001). No other significant within group or between group changes were observed.Conclusions: Acute consumption of HFHT, compared to LFLT, increased plasma epicatechin and theobromine concentrations and decreased arterial stiffness, with no effect on endothelial function and a marginal increase in diastolic BP. Chronic HFHT intake increased plasma theobromine, though it did not have positive impacts on endothelial function, arterial stiffness or BP when compared to LFLT in pregnant women at risk of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for treating chronic pain, but little is known about the mechanisms that might facilitate or hinder its utility when delivered by videoconference. In a single-case experimental design, we explored the outcomes of two adults with chronic pain who were provided with videoconference-based CBT. The goal was to examine the relationship between therapeutic alliance as well as presence felt and clinical outcomes. Therapeutic alliance was high overall for both participants; however, only the successful case's alliance ratings significantly increased over treatment. Levels of presence felt in videoconferencing were also high, but were not related to therapy outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant body of scholarship addresses Justice Thurgood Marshall's hypothesis regarding the nature of death penalty public opinion. However, much of this research is based on hypothetical scenarios or general classroom experiences versus real-world examples of the capital punishment process. The present study evaluates the power of the Marshall Hypothesis through a classroom exercise where students are exposed to the trial and punishment transcripts of a real death penalty case. Using a student sample from universities in Texas and California, the present study investigates how exposure to such information not only creates a unique learning experience for students and opportunities for faculty collaboration in the classroom, but also provides a new way to assess how exposure to information may impact death penalty opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has focused on the effects of acute strike pattern modifications on lower extremity joint stiffness and running economy (RE). Strike pattern modifications on running biomechanics have mostly been studied while runners complete short running bouts. This study examined the effects of an imposed forefoot strike (FFS) on RE and ankle and knee joint stiffness before and after a long run in habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Joint kinetics and RE were collected before and after a long run. Sagittal joint kinetics were computed from kinematic and ground reaction force data that were collected during over-ground running trials in 13 male runners. RE was measured during treadmill running. Knee flexion range of motion, knee extensor moment and ankle joint stiffness were lower while plantarflexor moment and knee joint stiffness were greater during imposed FFS compared with RFS. The long run did not influence the difference in ankle and knee joint stiffness between strike patterns. Runners were more economical during RFS than imposed FFS and RE was not influenced by the long run. These findings suggest that using a FFS pattern towards the end of a long run may not be mechanically or metabolically beneficial for well-trained male RFS runners. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This section presents an interview with "Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society" emeritus editor Kevin V. Mulcahy. Topics discussed include the reconciliation of public culture and cultural policies, his book "Public Culture, Culture Identity, Cultural Policy: Comparative Perspectives," and comparison between Québec and Ukraine in terms of cultural identity and policy.