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What are the patterns of Japan’s foreign policy behavior toward Taiwan in the post-Cold War era? It is generally taken for granted that the origin of Japan’s foreign policy to Taiwan has been derived from a unitary strategic calculation related to East Asian international politics and its maritime security in the Asia-Pacific region. This conventional interpretation is insufficient. While external pressure and states’ relative material capabilities within the structure of the international system are crucial in explaining Japan’s policy toward Taiwan, interpretations based solely on the system level of analysis fail to provide a persuasive explanation of Japan’s foreign policy behavior. By conducting three case studies in 2006, 2019 and 2021 through the theoretical lens of neoclassical realism and empirical investigation based on primary and secondary Japanese-language sources, this article argues that Japan’s Taiwan policy has been shaped by the combination of three factors: the degree of systemic clarity at the international level, the Japanese prime minister’s political survival and bureaucratic prudence over the Taiwan issue at the domestic level. Since 2021, Japan has adopted a subtle approach to Taiwan, driven more by a defensive and precautionary response to the heightened sense of crisis across the Taiwan Strait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the English Civil War and subsequent Restoration, beekeeping provided a ready set of moral examples for those seeking answers about the 'natural' structure of society. The practice itself also underwent a number of substantial changes, moving from a traditional craft practice to a more knowledge-focused, technologically complex one. The advent of glass-windowed hives in the latter half of the sixteenth century allowed intellectuals from across the political spectrum to directly observe bees as a way of gathering knowledge about how to understand the divine plan and, with that understanding, improve human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has cast welcome light on the political relevance of Hobbes’s extensive treatment of theology and sacred history. Building on extant contributions, this article argues that God’s historical founding of a Kingdom lends insights into well-known difficulties attaching to Hobbes’s exposition of the Commonwealth by Institution. Although there are evident discrepancies between sacred history and man's natural estate, Abraham and Moses each faced political challenges that persist into the present. Acting as God’s authorized representatives not only allowed them to assuage epistemic uncertainty, it enabled Moses to wield sovereign authority while preserving a claim to natural equality. I argue that Leviathan suggests this model of prophetic authority – conceived of as a particular kind of prudence – is key to meeting the challenges arising from the anthropological vulnerabilities of ignorance and fear. Hobbes’s interest in the role of founding prophets also helps to explain Leviathan’s novel inclusion of representation. This explication of prophetic authority reveals institution to be marked by a greater attention to legitimacy, epistemic authority, and divine sanction, and sheds light on the importance of sacred history for Hobbes’s broader political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scepticism about ought simpliciter is the view that there is no such thing as what one ought simpliciter to do. Instead, practical deliberation is governed by a plurality of normative standpoints, each authoritative from their own perspective but none authoritative simpliciter. This paper aims to resist such scepticism. After setting out the challenge in general terms, I argue that scepticism can be resisted by rejecting a key assumption in the sceptic's argument. This is the assumption that standpoint-relative ought judgments bring with them a commitment to act in accordance with those judgments. Instead, I propose an alternative account of our normative concepts according to which only ought simpliciter judgments commit one to acting in accordance with those judgments. In addition to answering the sceptical challenge, the proposal offers an independently motivated account of what makes a concept normatively authoritative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to draw a comparison between two models of sovereignty, embodied by Philip II of Spain and the Roman emperor Tiberius, as described in Cornelius Tacitus’ Annales. My analysis is based on Diez Libros de la Razón de Estado, the Castilian translation of Della Ragion di Stato by Giovanni Botero (1544–1617), made by the Spanish Court historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas (1549–1625). Herrera’s translation plays an important role in the Spanish reception of the wider debates on the relationship between ethics and politics in early modern Spain. I will first address the reliability of Herrera’s translation, highlighting the instances in which his translation was moulded to be applicable to the Spanish court. What emerges from this analysis is the concern with the notion of ‘prudence’ that enabled Philip II’s political style. Secondly, I intend to show how Herrera depicts Tiberius as acounterpart to Philip II and how the latter takes on the deeds of the prudent monarch. The comparison herein outlined stems from the use of quotations from the Tacitean oeuvre, which had become an important tool for policy-making at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej formulated the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP). "Sufficiency" means balancing reasonable moderation in production against the need for protection from sudden internal and external shocks. SEP follows the middle path as a guiding principle for all classes of society and government. Knowledge, thoughtfulness, prudence, and ethical integrity are essential to achieve the middle path. This paper explores the use of SEP as a method of social innovation for enhancing delivery of public services and for localizing the process of sustainable development. Such innovative use of SEP is illustrated by three exploratory case studies of local administrative organisations (LAOs) in Thailand. All three LAOs' case studies have mayors with significant entrepreneurial talent useful in teaching entrepreneurial action to their residents, their staff, and other local leaders. Together, these cases show the potential of SEP as a method of bottom up social action and sustainable development. A brief discussion of the wider need for and use of innovation, including social innovations, and underpinning entrepreneurship, is included prior to the Thai case studies. There is also a short section examining similar types of activities to those observed in the cases in the European context by way of comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the kinds of boundaries laid by residents of mixed-tenure housing communities and how distinctions are rationalized. Based on interview data on a densely mixed community (both owner-occupied and social housing apartments mixed with stairwells) in Helsinki, Finland, I observe how residents outline their neighbourhood. Based on the analysis, urban anonymity was the most significant repertoire defining communal life, followed by others such as sense of home and fiscal prudence. In densely mixed settings, residents are forced to witness each other’s domestic life; thus, dense social mixing can prevent prejudices between tenure groups. The study results contribute to the understanding of cultural repertoires in hierarchical relationships vis-à-vis each other, creating varying contexts and defining the lived realities in communities. Empirically, the results question prevailing images of troublesome tenants and well-behaved owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the end of the Vietnam war, America has opted for a professional model of military service. This model has come with several major benefits as well as drawbacks. In recent years, calls for a return to some form of mandatory national service have found increased attention within public discourse. While many arguments in favor of such a model find their justification by way of prudence, in this article, I make this argument by way of a different set of justifications. Rather than arguing for mandatory military service based on typical prudential considerations concerning misuse, adventurism, or civilian incompetence, I argue instead from reasons of fairness and legitimacy. In particular, my claim is that at least since 9/11, the lion's share of warfighting responsibilities, and importantly, the accruing of moral residue or so-called "dirty hands" endemic to warfighting have disproportionately and unfairly been shouldered by an increasingly thin sliver of American society. This phenomenon, since the end of Vietnam and particularly over the past two decades, is becoming increasingly unfair towards soldiers and is weakening the legitimacy of continued US warfighting efforts. Accordingly, these considerations give us motivation for a return to a mandatory national service model in some form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In attributing the punishment of Lot's wife to a culinary misuse of salt, the Cleanness-poet evinces salt's potential as a vexed and unstable signifier in medieval cultural discourse. Far from clarifying the workings of divine justice, the poet's rationale for Lot's wife's punishment actually exposes the inconsistencies of her story in its moral setting. Cleanness deviates from the predominantly favorable coding of salt in the Bible and in various medieval social and intellectual domains, where it was associated with sacrifice and covenant as well as preservation, table-fellowship, and prudence. Building on Derrida's concept of hostipitality, this article investigates how salt figures in Cleanness's consideration of the hostility or coercion latent within rituals of commensality, through which the Christian collective is modeled. Furthermore, I propose that the fate of Lot's wife as saltlick establishes "the eater eaten" as a topos that adds piquancy to Cleanness's many homiletic representations of feasting, from the Wedding Feast to Baltazar's banquet. By destabilizing the exemplary structures Lot's wife's punishment traditionally buttresses, the backstory of salt points instead to the uncanny as a route into the poem's subtle deconstruction of commensality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that moderation is a difficult, complex, and elusive concept that challenges our political imagination. It has several faces—epistemological, moral, constitutional, political and religious—and forms a rich intellectual tradition that has yet to be explored in all its complexity. Moderation is "the silken string that runs through the pearl-chain of all virtues" (Joseph Hall). As such, it ought to be examined not only as a virtue but also as a social practice, an intellectual sensibility, a way of life, a particular ethos, and a set of concrete institutions. Finally, moderation is best understood in relation with its synonyms (prudence, civility, compromise) and antonyms (extremism, fanaticism, zealotry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dahl writes, "The definition I propose is not the only valid or useful definition of morality; it is merely one useful definition" (this issue, p. 57). (p. 54) His argument seems to be that his definition passes these tests, other definitions do not, and so his definition is better than those others (though he admits that some others might be better than his, as we saw). Thus, if Dahl follows Kant in this regard, Dahl's definition is again circular. Dahl's definition is insightful and plausible in many ways, but moral psychologists need answers to these questions before they can decide whether or not they should adopt his definition. [Extracted from the article]

Although International Relations experts acknowledge the importance of prudence in policy-making processes, the term has not been properly operationalised in scholarly works. This work seeks to fill the existing gap in the literature by offering a conceptual and analytical framework of this idea. In addressing the question of what is means to act prudently in foreign affairs, this article takes the foreign policy pursued by Turkey during the Syrian Crisis as its case study. I show that prudence is intimately tied to policy-makers' ability to developing an awareness of situational and historical constraints regarding the issue at hand. And this can only be achieved, provided that policy-makers do not succumb to cognitive bias. Turkey's dismal foreign policy performance in Syria demonstrates that political leaders' failure to appreciate the relevant intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a given foreign policy setting generates the risk of running into costly mishaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the menace of drug tourism on the hummus trail of India. The study unfolds Israeli tourists' socio-psychological background, motivations for escape and transformation, and drug use behaviour in India. A qualitative research design was applied to understand travel experiences. The finding highlights three significant themes supported by textual descriptions of narratives produced as evidence. Schmoll's tourism consumer choice model was used to understand the travel decision-making process. The study proposes curating spiritual experiences through tourism for people's mental health and well-being by replacing drug abuse on the hummus trail of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pamatbat is a prayer used amongst Catholics in the Philippines to petition or give thanks to God, Mary or the saints through the assistance of a parapamatbat, or prayer leader. Utilizing an oral-history method, this paper delves into three aspects of this intangible culture. First, the practice of pamatbat and the existence of parapamatbat come under the auspices of the Catholic faith, and are still extant. The acquisition of the knowledge required to be a parapamatbat relies on the oral transfer of skills, and this report documents this practice. Second, the prayer leaders engaged in this activity normally do not charge fees for their services, though prudence dictates that those availing of their service repay them either in cash or in kind. In a way, there is an economic consideration in this practice, which becomes a form of livelihood. Third, some values – faith in God and helpfulness – are nourished through this religion. Praying is a form of religiosity and the bigger challenge is the conversion of religious actions into moral life. The continuous presence of pamatbat enhances these values and the Filipino culture as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several art scholars have recently doubted the prudence of thinking about the nature of aesthetic value. The problem is that traditional thinking about aesthetic value fails to capture the specificities with which empirical art scholars must grapple. This paper diagnoses how the tradition came to think in this problematic way about aesthetic value. It then sketches an approach to aesthetic value that boosts the refractive power of the tools that scholars of the arts can use to bring into focus some of the specificities they care about. The path to that goal skirts the troublesome features of traditional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thread uniting the preceding four essays concerns the place of statesmanship within a modern world characterized by mass politics, impersonal forces, and the simultaneous emancipation and denigration of the democratic soul. In this brief response, I consider the capacity of statesmanship to encourage political prudence and moderation today. Noting the importance of the disagreement between Spinoza and Tocqueville for helping us understand this problem, I describe Tocqueville's acuity in articulating its peculiar dimensions, but I also highlight the importance for today's liberalism of Spinoza's defense of reason. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of prudence plays a significant role in the design of the EPSAS. In Germany it has been argued that a lack of consideration of the principle of prudence in the IPSASB's Conceptual Framework and in the IPSAS mean that IPSAS are not an ideal reference framework for the EPSAS. Based on a comparative analysis of the IPSAS principle of prudence and the principle of prudence as it is applied in the German Standards of Governmental Accrual Accounting the authors examine the role and the design of the principle of prudence within public sector accounting systems. The findings of this article will be of value to national and international public sector accounting standard-setters. ABSTRACT The draft EPSAS Conceptual Framework proposes the prudence principle as a qualitative characteristic of financial reporting. Limited academic debate has taken place on the role of the prudence principle in public sector accounting. This article critically discusses the principle of prudence with its antagonistic interpretations 'cautious prudence' and 'asymmetric prudence' and its role in the design of public sector accounting in the context of the emerging EPSAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the medieval idea of contingent futurities, especially as it is explored by Chaucer in Troilus and Criseyde. In contrast to the prevalent understanding of the divine experience of futurity as an eternal present made famous by Boethius and The Consolation of Philosophy, the human experience of sublunar futurity is plagued by uncertainty, fear, anticipation, and even regret. In the face of what Lady Philosophy in the Consolation called hap, a puzzling and undecipherable confluence of events in the future, the human condition is necessarily one of radical uncertainty. This essay considers how Chaucer imagines Criseyde in the grip of a hap whose outcome the readers of his poem knew well, but which none of his characters could have known, the fall of Troy. Interestingly, the Middle English word for "future" occurs for the first time in this poem (outside of Chaucer's translation of Boethius) in two speeches of Criseyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the medieval idea of contingent futurities, especially as it is explored by Chaucer in Troilus and Criseyde. In contrast to the prevalent understanding of the divine experience of futurity as an eternal present made famous by Boethius and The Consolation of Philosophy, the human experience of sublunar futurity is plagued by uncertainty, fear, anticipation, and even regret. In the face of what Lady Philosophy in the Consolation called hap, a puzzling and undecipherable confluence of events in the future, the human condition is necessarily one of radical uncertainty. This essay considers how Chaucer imagines Criseyde in the grip of a hap whose outcome the readers of his poem knew well, but which none of his characters could have known, the fall of Troy. Interestingly, the Middle English word for "future" occurs for the first time in this poem (outside of Chaucer's translation of Boethius) in two speeches of Criseyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often seek advice and social support. One approach for seeking advice is by submitting one's problems/concerns to an advice columnist. More contemporary forms of advice seeking are seen on discussion boards (e.g. Reddit) where individuals ask questions (often anonymously) and gather responses from others. This activity makes use of advice-seeking scenarios so that students better understand and apply interpersonal and health communication theories. Students are guided in the process of providing advice while using course-specific relevant communication theory to craft their responses. In this article, we explain the activity, provide examples of two requests for advice, and include recommendations for assessment. Courses: Interpersonal Communication/Health Communication. Objectives: The goal of this activity is to help students retain and apply communication theories/models by using relatable hypothetical advice-seeking requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence in the consumer behavior literature indicating that culture shapes individuals' environmental worldviews, which in turn, affect consumption behavior. This paper develops this linkage further by exploring the effect of temporal orientation on green consumption among U.S. and Chinese consumers. The tested model positions two individual-level temporal orientations — tradition and prudence — as antecedents of green value, which in turn, affects attitude toward purchasing green products and purchase behavior. Survey results from 305 U.S. and 365 Chinese participants indicate that in both samples, green value is associated positively with attitude toward green purchase and green purchase behavior. However, in the U.S. sample, prudence alone drives green value and the resulting behavior, while for Chinese, both tradition and prudence underlie green value. These findings support the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy in both cultures, but also show that different temporal orientation facets underlie green value in each culture. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the complex debt of Machiavelli's moral and political thought to Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition, especially in its Scholastic variant. My claim is that Machiavelli's attitude vis-à-vis Aristotle is twofold because it reflects two different aspects of Aristotle's moral and political theory that are closely intertwined and that were selectively developed by subsequent Aristotelian Scholastic commentators: a teleological and a realist aspect. On one hand, Machiavelli provides a model that dramatically breaks with Aristotle on, for example, the question of the origin of human society and the moral prudence of rulers. On the other hand, Machiavelli's engagement with Aristotle amounts to something more complex than a simple rejection. The Florentine appears to read Aristotle rather selectively, and emphasizes the realist dimension of certain Aristotelian ideas that suit his own original overturning of classical moral and political ideas. I use two paradigmatic themes in which the Aristotelian teleological-realist divide is most evident, i.e. the account of the origin of human society and the case of prudence, in order to prove the dual relationship of Machiavelli's thought with Aristotelianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an empirical approach for studying the role of prudence in physician treatment of end-of-life (EOL) decision making. A mixed-methods analysis of transcripts from 88 simulated patient encounters in a multicenter study on EOL decision making. Physicians in internal medicine, emergency medicine, and critical care medicine were asked to evaluate a decompensating, end-stage cancer patient. Transcripts of the encounters were coded for actor, action, and content to capture the concept of Aristotelian prudence, and then quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed to identify actions associated with preference-concordant treatment. Focusing on codes that describe characteristics of physician-patient interaction, the code for physicians restating patient preferences was associated with avoiding intubation. Multiple codes were associated with secondary measures of preference-concordant treatment. Prudent actions can be identified empirically, and research focused on the virtue of prudence may provide a new avenue for assessment and training in EOL care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers data, hitherto unpublished, about the professional life of Cristóbal Balenciaga during the years following the official announcement of his retirement from the world of fashion in May 1968. These are contributions that help understand some of the issues that are reflected, either in the words of the journalist, or in those of the designer himself in the interview he granted to Prudence Glynn of The Times in August 1971, and that the newspaper decided to publish under the surprising heading of "Balenciaga and la vie d'un chien," taking the same expression used by the designer himself during the interview. This interview has transcended to this very day as a singular chapter in the biography of Balenciaga, since the granting of interviews was quite unusual throughout his life and, taking into account this peculiar headline, which serves as a shocking expression that corresponded to the aura of enigma that hung over Balenciaga. However, and in light of the new data provided, the designer expressed himself in the context of the experience he lived until his retirement, and especially in the context of realities he was suffering precisely during that August of 1971. The information provided comes from research in Spanish and French archives, in national and international newspapers, as well as interviews with people who belonged to the Balenciaga circle during their final years of his life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pensions, the practice of valuation purports to answer the question of whether a pension fund has sufficient assets to honor its promises. Uncertainty about the answer is converted into calculable risk, using the insights of financial economics. This article examines why UK pension funds have 'derisked' their portfolios by moving out of assets with volatile prices. It is shown that derisking is produced by the performance of financialized risk management in a regulatory setting where horizons are shortened. While derisking is not generally in the interests of employers or scheme members, and is damaging to the wider economy, three features of the governance structure for pensions have stymied attempts to counteract it. These are: the spillover effects of financialization in corporate accounting, herding around industry benchmarks, and collective action problems arising from the regulator's dependence on dialogue with private actors and from the risk-aversion of political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is agoodkinesiologist? Is it possible that the ancient and medieval tradition of the Cardinal Virtues sheds light on this question? The four Cardinal Virtues of prudence, justice, courage, and temperance are so called from the Latincardomeaning “hinge.” The Cardinal Virtues are said to be the hinge upon which all the other virtues rest or turn. They are the foundation of good character. If this is right, then the answer to the question posed is simple. The good kinesiologistisprudent, just, courageous, and temperate. Therefore, to move the field forward, even on a practical level, kinesiologists must give due attention to the virtues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We explore the concept of prudence consistent with Directive 34/2013. There are three strands to our argument: economic, regulatory and legal. From an economic perspective, we demonstrate that neither historical cost nor fair value are designed to achieve long-run operational stability. Regarding regulation, we show that Directive 34 has significantly changed the concept and implications of prudence, in the name of increasing usefulness and relevance. Our legal considerations centre on the Gimle case of 2013, applying its logic to the new regulatory scenario. We note also the concept of the 'European Public Good'. At various times the EU has suggested four specific components: protection of financial stability, the lack of hindrance to the economic development of the Union, and the objectives of sustainability and long-term investment. To achieve these objectives within the EU we show that it is necessary to follow the logic of our arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous efforts are implemented to manage conflicts over wolves with the implicit aim to predict, gain control, and resolve them. Yet conflicts over wolves tend to persist in practice. Based on Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory, we aim to explain this persistence by considering conflicts over wolves as evolving unities of persisting and contradicting communications. Using a case study in Redes Natural Park, Spain, we illustrate how conflicts over wolves evolve semi-independently through internal and external communications. These communications can both fuel and redirect the complex trajectories of conflict, thereby contributing to its persistence over time. Taking lessons from this case, we propose alternative interventions that do not necessarily aim at resolving conflicts, but instead consider an open-mindedness toward the multitude of conflict observations and experiences; the need to follow and monitor the enduring lives of conflict over wolves; and the prudence of overly managing these conflicts at a distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how integrity scandals often amount to setting new norms besides confirming existing ones. Historical research into Dutch integrity scandals shows how integrity acquires meaning in a complex, heterogeneous, and changing environment. Far from being fixed, integrity is a moving target; rather than being simply morally wrong or illegal, actions often fit in a grey area of contestation. Based on integrity's fluidity, four possible lines of action are offered to clarify and resolve lingering difficulties in current (Dutch) integrity management. First, since integrity norms are socially constructed and changeable, they can be actively influenced. Second, there is a need for more prudence to avoid integritism. Third, it seems pertinent to revisit the common reflex to focus on compliance by adding rules. Fourth, there is a need to acknowledge the importance of proactive, democratic debate when establishing integrity norms between important stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author argues that political polarization of itself is not a problem in the U.S. and that in a democracy it may be the most rationally justified and prudent for the country to be in. He suggests that the prudent thing is to elect politicians with integrity and courage to polarize for the issues that are worth polarizing.

Values are considered an essential but ill-defined element in sustainability transformations. This perspective article explores: What kinds of values guide thinking and action in the context of caring for nature and engaging for landscape sustainability? How do these different values relate to each other? To frame our study, we discuss three basic principles in ethical reasoning. Prudence highlights the instrumental values of nature. Justice puts general moral obligations at the center. The Good Life focusses on relational values that are important to people in terms of personal life-goals. We show that all three types of values are expressed in landscape stewardship conceptualizations. As two case studies demonstrate, the relevance of these ethical claims may diverge among actors, which can lead to different goals and pathways. It is therefore crucial to develop multifaceted strategies that are tailored to the complexity of values at stake. A lack of communication on ethical claims may result in conflict and blockade of sustainability initiatives. For harnessing the full potential of values for sustainability transformations, the specific ethical dimensions of reasoning need to be made explicit and partial interests and common goods and rights need to be distinguished as arguments with different levels of legitimacy and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of consumer prudence and impulsivity on their intentions to use mobile banking in the presence of sales promotions. It also tests the moderating effects of promotion types, attractiveness and the cultural dimension known as uncertainty avoidance, on the relationship between consumer prudence and intention to use mobile banking, and the relationship between consumer impulsivity and intention to use mobile banking. A sample of 1,011 mobile banking consumers was obtained from the United States, India and Brazil. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. We found that consumer impulsivity and prudence had an impact on consumers' intentions to use mobile banking in the presence of sales promotions. We also demonstrate that the perceived attractiveness of the sales promotion had a fully moderating effect on consumer impulsivity, prudence and consumers' intentions to use mobile banking, whereas the type of promotion and uncertainty avoidance had a partially moderating effect on these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Ricardo and his followers forged rational argumentation and empirical verification into the discipline of classical political economy. Thomas Malthus distinguished his own view of the discipline from Ricardian social science by prudentially applying his rationally derived and empirically verified models to complex historical circumstances. He theorized this addition in the second edition of his Essay on the Principle of Population, refined it in his Principles of Political Economy, and he practiced prudential argumentation in his arguments about the corn laws (1814-15). This Malthusian political economy is rhetorical in two senses of the word. First, Malthus inserted prudence (a virtue associated with rhetoric since antiquity) into political economy. Second, by appealing to people's lived experiences, Malthus made political economy popularly persuasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2018, the IASB published its revised conceptual framework including notable changes to the chapters on the objective of financial reporting and on qualitative characteristics. The IASB put more emphasis on stewardship as part of the decision usefulness objective, reintroduced prudence as an aspect of neutrality and introduced a tolerable level of measurement uncertainty (as a successor to reliability) as part of faithful representation. The present paper discusses the substance of and reasons for these changes in light of the history of the IASB's work on conceptual frameworks. The paper also explores the possible impact of these changes on the IASB's future standard-setting by looking at the other chapters of the IASB's new framework. This paper finds that the more pronounced role of stewardship and the reintroduction of prudence do not seem to entail a revised conceptual thinking of the IASB in the other chapters, while the introduction of a tolerable level of measurement uncertainty provides the IASB with a conceptual tool with the potential to substantially affect future standard-setting debates. However, its positioning as part of faithful representation is questioned and an alternative arrangement of qualitative characteristics suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the financial assets of institutional investors and pension funds to estimate how the change in portfolio affects returns and whether the realisation of returns can improve macroeconomic prudence. From the analysis, this paper offers several findings. First, the increase in the weighted return rates of institutional investors and pension funds lowers GDP volatility and improves macroeconomic prudence. Second, the portfolio composition effect of institutional investors and pension funds can also affect improving macroeconomic prudence. And the effect of composition effect in macroeconomic prudence improvement is greater in countries with high financial openness, for both institutional investors and pension funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each of Bennett's six chapters is a case study to analyze and complicate the seemingly simple and straightforward narrative about managing diabetes in particular and chronic illness in general. If we are to take anything from Bennett's exploration of the rhetoric around managing diabetes, it should be that communities should recognize the part that we already play in managing chronic illness and act in ways that accommodate management conditions. Managing Diabetes: The Cultural Politics of Disease: Jeffrey A. Bennett. [Extracted from the article]

One of the most problematic elements that translators grapple with in the translation of literary works is proper names. The contention is whether or not proper names should be translated. Proper names are the raw materials the writer uses to mould credible characters and provide the reader with both overt and implied information. Proper names in literary texts are therefore central elements that a translator has to handle with prudence. For instance, proper names in a work of literature raise problems in translation from one language to another, in that a name may have a meaning in one culture but become meaningless in another. These may be further complicated by the fact that names may suggest information about gender, age, race, origin, particularised meaning, and linguistic and cultural productivity. However, quite often proper names are superficially considered in translation presumably because they are untranslatable and ought not to be translated. But, when we consider some of the proper names in translated works, this is not the case. Some scholars maintain that proper names have meaning; they therefore need to be translated, but strategically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of my paper is to determine the consequences of including an education for forgiveness in the context of developing prudence. I aim to answer two questions: what is prudent forgiveness; what constitutes education for prudent forgiveness? I present my analyses in six parts. After introduction, I point to the advantages and doubts concerning forgiveness. Then, I present prudence as a basic virtue guiding human actions. I draw mainly on the approach proposed by Thomas Aquinas, who argued that prudence refers to the perfection of the command. The fourth part addresses the question of the mechanisms of prudent forgiveness. I note that a decision to forgive cannot be made in haste; that it is a decision concerning some good that the victim wants to attain in the future; finally, that forgiveness is prudent in its achievement. In the last part, I transfer prior analyses to the pedagogical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns a neglected aspect of the Wealth of Nations (with the notable exception of D. Levy 1999), dealing directly with decision under risk. In a few pages from book I, chapter 10, Adam Smith explicitly named "lotteries" various objects of choice (possible occupations, or investment opportunities, for instance) and provided an analysis which standard expected utility glasses would hardly fit. Taking this into account allows a better understanding of the part played by typical characters like the "projector" or the "sober man", in such matters as Smith's conception of entrepreneurship or of the credit market. The use of some modern concepts in decision analysis (inverse stochastic dominance, rank dependent utility, prudence toward risk), is a means to show the existence, in Smith's work, of an original theory from decision under risk, where his analysis of lotteries in the Wealth of Nations is consistent with statements from his moral philosophy on asymmetric sensitivity to gains and losses and to the regulating part played by the impartial spectator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue on topics including moral education, scientific ethics and prudence.

Sociologists of science have noted that the institutional cultures and practices of research tend to de-emphasize the risks produced in the lab, resulting in injuries and deaths in recent lab accidents and increased dangers for surrounding communities. In response to these accidents, science ethics and policy increasingly focus on risk management. One strategy to confront these problems is to implement more procedural safeguards, but ethnographies of science suggest that procedural forms can have the unintended effect of contributing to complacency. What is also needed is a focus on the character of the individual researcher who acts under conditions of risk, such as that provided in virtue ethics. This article shows how prudence can help to meet the problem of risk and how contemporary ideas of risk can reshape understandings of prudence. By so doing, it also suggests ways to encourage sensitivity to risk in the moral education of contemporary scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I utilize recent psychological and sociological studies on education along with Catholic philosopher Josef Pieper's work on the relationship between sight, prudence and the perception of reality to show the importance of vision and experience for moral education. Drawing on the above, I then will look specifically at the importance of liberal arts education in universities and how this would relate specifically to disciplines like the sciences. What this article argues is that education needs to be more holistic. It needs to take seriously the tight integration of both the development of technical learning along with other important kinds of knowledge and experience. One becomes the scientific self not just through gaining technical proficiencies but by becoming a well-rounded and holistic person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For obvious reasons sentimentalists have been hesitant to offer accounts of moral reasons for action: the whole idea at least initially smacks of rationalist notions of morality. But the sentimentalist can seek to reduce practical to sentimentalist considerations and that is what the present paper attempts to do. Prudential reasons can be identified with the normal emotional/motivational responses people feel in situations that threaten them or offer them opportunities to attain what they need. And in the most basic cases altruistic/moral reasons involve the empathic transfer of one person’s prudential reasons and emotions to another person or persons who can help them. Practical/moral reasons for self-sacrifice also depend on empathic transfer and can vary in strength with the strength of the transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the contemporary virtue ethics literature draws upon interpretations of the moral philosophy of the ancients, particularly Aristotle, who discussed virtue ethics primarily in terms of four concepts: arete, phronesis, eudaimonia and, to a lesser degree, schole. However, modern discourse on virtue ethics typically utilizes only three of these concepts in present-day incarnations: virtue, prudence, and happiness. Leisure no longer appears as a required component of virtue ethical thought. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to offer an explanation for leisure's absence from recent scholarship regarding virtue ethics; and second, to argue that despite the apparent lack of relevancy of leisure to contemporary virtue ethics, it is not inversely true that virtue ethics is irrelevant to leisure studies. Rather, the case will be made that the application of ancient and contemporary accounts of virtue ethics is pertinent to the study of leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of moral supererogation—action that goes beyond what moral duty requires—is familiar. In this paper, I argue that the concept of supererogation is applicable beyond the moral domain. After an introductory section 1, I outline in section 2 what I take to be the structure of moral supererogation, explaining how it comes to be an authentic normative category. In section 3, I show that there are structurally similar phenomena in other normative domains—those of prudence, etiquette, and the epistemic—and give examples of acts of supererogation of each of these types. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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This essay analyzes Barack Obama's response to the death of Trayvon Martin and acquittal of George Zimmerman. It compares Obama's response to previous instances of presidential rhetoric concerning racial violence during the long history of the civil rights movement prescribed by Jacqueline Dowd Hall. Obama shifts notions of prudence in presidential rhetoric in this address by directly attending to the protests surrounding the verdict in the Zimmerman trial and by publicly mourning Trayvon Martin. The dialogue between Obama and protestors constitutes a form of civil mourning, which keeps open the possibility for conversations about race and racism. While Obama does not offer major policy solutions or push for federal intervention in the case, his remarks set up a framework of civil mourning that allowed his administration to continue to address civil rights protests differently than his many of predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent economic experiments, lotteries with left-skewed background risks elicit more prudent choices than lotteries with right-skewed background risks. In this letter, we use an expected utility framework to show that a skewed zero-mean background risk may induce not only prudent but also temperate behaviour. We suggest that the experimental findings could also be due to temperance, rather than merely to prudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an economic laboratory experiment, we study the relationship between prudence and prevention in general decision situations. Previous theoretical research on this relationship posits a negative impact of prudence on the optimal level of prevention. Overall, we find both risk-averse and prudent behaviour among our subjects. Moreover, prudent subjects chose significantly less prevention than nonprudent subjects, confirming the theoretical results of one-period models in the literature. Our findings might have implications for health policy if prudence – rather than irrational decision behaviour, as previously assumed – is responsible for low levels of preventive effort. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]