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Based on the positive youth development (PYD) framework, the protective-protective model, and the conservation of resources theory, this study examined the negative moderating effect of hope between peer trust and six types of prosocial behaviors (emotional, dire, altruistic, compliant, anonymous, and public) among rural left behind adolescents (LBAs) and analyzed the difference of the moderating effect of hope between LBAs and nonLBAs. A total of 700 rural LBAs and 673 rural non-LBAs in Fujian province were surveyed using the Peer Trust Scale, Hope Scale, and Prosocial Tendencies Measure. Correlation analysis showed that peer trust, hope, and six types of prosocial behaviors were all positively correlated. Moderated analysis revealed that peer trust had a stronger influence on emotional, dire, altruistic, and compliant prosocial behavior under a low level of hope in LBAs. Compared with LBAs, hope did not moderate the relationship between peer trust and emotional, dire, and compliant prosocial behavior in non-LBAs. This study revealed the moderating mechanism of LBAs' peer trust and prosocial behavior and might help them to improve their prosocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding mindsets is crucial to understanding coaching behavior. Recent research has demonstrated that growth mindsets have both positive (i.e., increased outcome expectancy) and negative (i.e., increased blame attributions) effects on prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the role of these two opposing effects in work settings, especially when considering the history of competence- and morality-related failure of people receiving coaching. To address this gap, we conducted four experiments (N = 2,295), which consistently revealed that a growth mindset (mediated through outcome expectancy) was positively related to willingness to coach. However, there was no evidence of detrimental effects via blame attributions, regardless of the recipient's failure history. Therefore, promoting growth mindsets in organizations likely contributes to a supportive workplace culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Research has identified a range of intrapersonal variables associated with moral behaviors in sport. However, research investigating how perfectionism and burnout are associated with prosocial and antisocial behavior toward teammates and opponents in sport has received scant attention. In the present study, we address this issue by examining whether perfectionism is associated with prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport directly and indirectly via burnout and moral disengagement. Method: A total of 312 team sport players completed validated measures for each variable. Results: Path analyses revealed that perfectionistic concerns had a negative relationship with prosocial behavior toward teammates and an indirect positive association with antisocial behavior toward both teammates and opponents via being positively associated with burnout, which in turn, was positively associated with moral disengagement. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings had a positive association with prosocial behavior toward teammates, and an indirect positive association with antisocial behavior toward teammates and opponents via moral disengagement. Conclusion: Our findings offer new insights into how perfectionism and burnout are associated with prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport, as well as highlight the need to consider perfectionistic tendencies and approaches to help reduce burnout and moral disengagement in the regulation of antisocial behavior in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study makes new theoretical propositions that reconceptualize what we know about prosocial behaviours in a tourism context. Based on qualitative in-depth interviews and observations involving 27 domestic tourists, it was found that positive emotional gratifications of joy, gratitude, contentment, and happiness accompanied prosocial behaviours involving group photo-taking and sharing on social media, group dining, buying local pastries in support of the local economy and well-being, and interacting with others. The co-existence of benefits to others (altruism) and the self (egoistic) in prosocial engagement questions whether prosocial behaviours are purely altruistic. Rather than taking a binary conceptualization of prosocial motives, it is argued that prosocial behaviours involve the complementary interaction between altruism and egoistically-motivated behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many cities across the world alleys are transitioning from residual spaces to hybrid places providing the foundation for new functions, uses, and identities to take root and coincide through a process of "alley greening". Such manifestations are transforming the relationship between people (local residents) and place (alleyway – local area), most notably during the COVID-19 pandemic when a new urgency for the provision, or repurposing, of safe, social spaces emerged. Yet, the potential of alley greening to affect people-place relationships and engender community resilience has been relatively unexplored. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, including questionnaires, interviews, and case study analyses, this paper critically investigates the experience and perspectives of green alleys from various place-based actors in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The findings reveal that, even in the absence of institutional and policy support, green alley projects have the potential to stimulate positive people-place relationships in various ways and enhance wider community resilience to shocks and stresses. However, barriers prevail, curtailing the reach and purpose of such projects both in Belfast and elsewhere. The paper considers how governance arrangements might best overcome such hurdles and strengthen pro-environmental and pro-social behaviours that are fundamental to community resilience. Despite their integral form and function in the city, alleyways, nor their potential, are rarely recognised in the policy. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed a policy-implementation gap in the provision of locally accessible greenspace. Policy inertia exacerbated this gap preventing the fulfilment of changing community needs. Alley greening emerged as a tactical urban response. A lack of place-based approaches within policy has polarised institutions from communities. People-place relationships, essential to resilience-building and green alley longevity, are subsequently inadequately engaged with and fostered. An opportunity exists for alley greening to be a place-based policy instrument to stimulate pro-social and pro-environmental behaviours for building community resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ-NL), a self-report questionnaire that distinguishes altruistic, reactive, and proactive prosocial behaviours. Participants were 381 Dutch adolescents and young adults aged 13–30 (Mage = 18.62, SD = 2.59, 65.1% female). Test-retest reliability data were available for 199 participants. A Confirmatory Factor Analyses supported the three-factor structure of the questionnaire, with adequate six-month test-retest reliability. Altruistic and reactive prosocial behaviours correlated significantly and positively with prosocial behaviours directed at family/peers and the larger society, but not with depression or aggression. Conversely, proactively motivated prosocial behaviour correlated significantly and negatively with prosocial behaviour directed at family and positively with experienced opportunities for contribution to the larger society, aggression, and depression. These findings show that the PBQ-NL is a reliable measure to disentangle self- and other-serving motivations that underly prosociality during adolescence and young adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGiven proper facilitation, pro-environmental behaviour in tourist destinations may spill over to the daily lives of tourists. Recent advancements in conversational artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to the emergence of more effective technology that will encourage people to become more environmentally friendly. However, limited research has been devoted to understanding the complexity of using such technologies for pro-social nudging. This study applies rigorous scale development procedures to test how advanced conversational AI, like chatbots, can be effective in encouraging pro-environmental behaviour spillover. The conceptual model introduces seven factors that predict people’s intention to use the chatbot and three factors that predict their intention to embrace the target behaviour. Performance expectancy and timing were the most significant in predicting the intention of individuals to adopt the technology. Efficiency and government support were the chief drivers of the intention to adopt pro-environmental behaviour. The findings suggest that although introducing a technology-mediated nudging mechanism can trigger people’s intention to behave pro-environmentally, other factors must be fulfilled in order to ensure sustained behaviour change in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This modified sequential explanatory mixed methods study explores how the components of purpose (personal meaningfulness and a beyond-the-self orientation) impact youth mental health outcomes (depressive and anxiety symptoms) in the context of COVID-19. We hypothesized that youth with higher scores on the components of purpose (goal-directedness, personal meaningfulness, and beyond-the-self orientation) would be less likely to experience anxiety and depressive symptoms during COVID-19. We also explored in what ways youths’ descriptions of their own prosocial behavior align with the relation between purpose and mental health. Data are from two waves of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) Building Evidence in Scouting Together study. Quantitative data are from 4,896 youth and a subsample of 94 youth completed qualitative personal communication Results indicate the personal meaning component of purpose is protective against depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, the beyond-the-self orientation of purpose is associated with higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms. In addition, differences were found between youth who reported higher and lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and personal meaning and a beyond-the-self orientation for the following themes: 1) Empathy for others, 2) Desire to change the situation, 3) Solutions to change the situation, 4) Helping at home, 5) Following health advice, and 6) Scouting-specific examples. Taken together, this study provides useful insights into how each component of purpose can uniquely promote or provide a buffer for depression and anxiety among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggravated COVID-19 pandemic has induced stress and impacted employees’ job insecurity and service behaviors across the airline industry. This study examines whether COVID-19-induced stress influences flight attendants’ pro-social service behavior through job insecurity and job stress. Initially, a COVID-19-induced stress measurement was developed. This was followed by a quantitative survey of 322 flight attendants, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Subsequently, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 flight attendants to explore the identified factors further. This study utilized partial least squares (PLS) path modeling with the SmartPLS software to test the hypotheses in the proposed theoretical model. The study findings suggest that stress induced by COVID-19 amplifies feelings of job insecurity and job-related stress among flight attendants. Consequently, this heightened stress adversely affects pro-social service behaviors, leading to a decrease in their manifestation. The direct and indirect effects of COVID-induced stress differ according to job position. Unexpectedly, job insecurity has no impact on the pro-social service behaviors, highlighting the complexity of employee responses to stress and the potential for adaptation in crisis contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a great deal of recent scholarly attention devoted to prosocial behaviors in tourism, its central antecedents from a socio-psychological and cultural perspective remain unknown. Using key socio-cultural constructs (cultural worldviews, perceived social relations, and self-esteem), this research examines a baseline model and compares it with a competing model to highlight alternative theoretical possibilities. We employ the face negotiation theory, the theory of reciprocal altruism, the sociometer theory, and the terror management theory to disentangle these relationships highlighting self-esteem's significant role. The results are based on a survey of 403 tourists in a popular tourist destination in Asia, Macau. In the better-fitted model, findings demonstrate that while cultural worldviews and perceived social relations significantly predict prosocial behaviors, self-esteem moderates the extent to which both cultural worldviews and perceived social relations would trigger prosocial behaviors. These findings contribute valuable theoretical, methodological, and practical insights into the relationships among prosocial behavior and its socio-cultural antecedents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A randomized controlled parallel-group trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of two 10-week early childhood education and care (ECEC) interventions "SAGA" and "Pikkuli" for supporting social-emotional and verbal development. All children above the age of 4 were invited from 15 Finnish volunteer ECEC groups (n SAGA = 52, n Pikkuli = 56, n control group = 42). The children and caregivers, but not the personnel (who carried out the intervention), were blinded to the group assignment. Children in the SAGA intervention advanced in prosocial behavior and social orientation and had fewer internalizing and externalizing problems after the intervention. Children in the Pikkuli intervention advanced in prosocial behavior and had fewer internalizing problems after the intervention. There were no significant changes in any of the aforementioned outcomes in the control group. The results suggest that both interventions have good potential in supporting children's social-emotional development in the ECEC environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to deepen our understanding of the dynamics of prosociality in organizations by examining how organizational citizenship behaviour relates to perceived prosocial impact. First, we propose that a sense of prosocial impact is a rewarding experience that could motivate employees to engage in more prosocial behaviour over time, thus predicting increased OCB. Second, organizational citizenship behaviour can be directed towards other individuals (OCBI) or towards the organization (OCBO), with partly different antecedents and consequences. We propose that engaging in OCBI is prone to increase perceived prosocial impact as there the helping is aimed at concrete individuals, while engaging in OCBO, in being more indirectly prosocial, is either a weaker or non-existent predictor of future perceived prosocial impact. Using longitudinal data collected in three waves (N1 = 631, N2 = 240, and N3 = 148), we found that OCBI (but no OCBO), prospectively predicts perceptions of prosocial impact. Additionally, we find evidence for perceptions of prosocial impact prospectively predicting both subsequent OCBI and subsequent OCBO. As such, our research shows a virtuous cycle of prosociality between individually focused prosocial behaviours at work and perceived prosocial impact at work, which has theoretical and practical implications for both employee well-being and motivation as well as the performance of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In building sustainable post-pandemic destinations, it is critical to understand the typologies of tourists' prosocial behaviours. Consequently, this study innovatively applied a latent class cluster analysis to segment the prosocial behaviours of 403 Macau tourists. Three ordered discrete segments were derived based on consistent tourists' probabilities of performing prosocial behaviours on the trip namely: the Self-centred, the Intermediate, and the Philanthropist. The associated ordered logistic regression predicting the segments revealed that relative to the Self-centred, the Intermediate and the Philanthropist are more likely to face death terror, are sociable – seek vacation friends – and believe in cultural and heritage conservation. Not only does this research expand the theoretical application of Terror Management Theory, the Scrooge effect, and the self-esteem concept, it contributes to prosocial alternative tourism with novel destination management implications for marketing and promoting prosocial tourism performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveBackgroundMethodResultsConclusionThis study is designed to predict individuals’ pro-social behavior in their choice of travel modes. Specifically, the consumer adoption process and the norm activation model are incorporated as the overarching theoretical model in consideration of the relative advantages of urban air mobility.Urban air mobility, the next generation urban transport system, is all set to fly. Urban air mobility is a notable disruptive innovation in aviation and mobility system as a sustainable means of transportation.Using a quantitative procedure, we developed the theoretical framework based on the existing theories and examined hypotheses using structural equation modeling and invariance test.The findings indicate that the adoption intention toward urban air mobility is driven by problem recognition, awareness, interest, evaluation, ascribed responsibility, and personal norms. In addition, the relative advantage of urban air mobility moderates the relationships between interest and evaluation, and between ascribed responsibility and personal norms.Based on the empirical evidence, this study discusses the findings and subsequent implications for academia. We also address the opportunities for governmental organizations and industry to maximize the utilization of urban air mobility in order to make a city more convenient, cleaner, faster, greener, and safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present research aimed to observe superhero films’ impacts on prosocial behavior, mediated by state-empathy (cognitive, affective and associative empathy) and moral justification. To achieve this goal, two online experiments were conducted, each with 200 Brazilian volunteers (Study 1: 70.5% women, mean age = 28.82, SD = 9.22. Study 2: 52.5% men, mean age = 27.63, SD = 9.25). We used a scene from Batman v Superman as the stimulus in the experimental groups. Prosocial behavior was measured using a food allocation task. Data from both studies showed that even when featuring violent elements, superhero films positively impacted prosocial behavior. These effects were indirect, mediated by associative empathy in Study 1 and moral justification in Study 2. Results highlight the complex relationship between prosocial violent media (aggressive content with prosocial goals) and behavior. We also emphasize the research’s novelty, as studies that investigate media content that is both negative and positive are still scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges for people, including young children. This study focuses on how teachers and parents foster children’s prosocial behaviours during online learning amidst the pandemic. Data were sourced from 100 articles on WeChat Official Service/Subscription Accounts (WOSA) – a popular Chinese social media platform – and from semi-structured interviews with three teachers and six parents, analyzed using content and reflexive thematic analysis methods, respectively. The key findings reveal that children demonstrated increased pandemic-related prosocial behaviours, as a result of specific strategies implemented by both parents and teachers within their sociocultural environment. These findings emphasize the importance of digital platforms and the collaborative practices of teachers and parents in supporting children’s social development during a social crisis, offering insights for shaping educational policies and practices. Future research could explore the long-term impact of pandemic-relevant practices by teachers and parents on children’s well-being across diverse cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis quantitative study examines patterns of participation in different afterschool settings over a 2-year period among ethnically diverse, low-income children and early adolescents (N = 2,914; 53% female; 66% Latine, 10% Black; Mchildren’s age = 8.7 years, Mearly adolescents’ age = 11.7 years). Four reliable patterns were found: (a) afterschool programs plus extracurricular activities, (b) afterschool programs plus extracurricular activities and unsupervised time, (c) mainly unsupervised, and (d) supervised informal. Patterns with more unsupervised time were more common among early adolescents than children. Both children and early adolescents in the Program + Activities group showed significant gains in work habits, task persistence, and prosocial behaviors, whereas youth in the Program + Activities & Unsupervised group did not differ from the Mainly Unsupervised group. These findings indicate that participating in afterschool programs and extracurricular activities can benefit ethnically diverse youth, but not when they co-occur with elevated unsupervised time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study examined longitudinal, transactional associations between youth social adjustment (prosociality, peer relationship difficulties) and parental emotion socialization in early adolescence. Adolescent gender was considered as a potential moderator. Eighty-seven adolescent-parent dyads (50 girls, 37 boys) participated in 8th grade, with follow-up waves in 9th and 10th grade. Adolescents reported their experiences of peer victimization and their parents’ emotion socialization responses, and parents reported youth prosocial behavior and peer relation problems. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated transactional associations between parent supportive/unsupportive responses and adolescent peer relations and prosociality over time, some of which were moderated by adolescent gender. Increases in parental supportive emotion socialization corresponded to decreased experiences of peer victimization over time for girls, but not boys. When peer victimization increased over time, girls reported less parental supportive responses and all adolescents reported receiving more unsupportive responses from parents. For all adolescents, parents’ increased supportive responses also corresponded to decreased peer problems and increased prosocial behavior. As prosocial behavior increased, so did parental supportive responses. Increases in parents’ unsupportive responses related to decreased prosocial behavior, and increases in adolescent prosocial behavior related to decreases in parents’ unsupportive responses. Results suggest that there is mutual influence between parent emotion socialization and adolescent social adjustment. Adolescent girls appear to uniquely benefit from parents’ supportive emotional socialization in relation to their experiences of peer victimization. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined COVID-19 pandemic racial attitudes in out-group empathy and out-group prosocial behaviors. Participants included 467 young adults who completed measures of their racial attitudes during the pandemic, out-group perspective taking and empathic concern, and out-group prosocial behaviors. Results demonstrated that pandemic-related racial attitudes were significantly, positively associated with out-group perspective taking and out-group empathic concern, which both positively predicted multiple forms of out-group prosocial behaviors, including emotional, dire, compliant, and anonymous prosocial behaviors. These findings highlight the important role of perspective taking and empathic concern toward individuals outside one's own ethnic group in explaining how racial attitudes during the pandemic were associated with helping behaviors. Discussion focuses on how color-conscious attitudes during an unprecedented U.S. pandemic crisis might be one avenue for promoting prosociality and harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current literature has provided substantial empirical evidence on how different types of factors influence prosocial behavior, but limited literature explores the relationship between online social media factors and their psychological influence on emerging adults' prosocial behavior. Moreover, the majority of experimental investigations have utilized self-reported questionnaires or irrelevant economic games to reflect people's prosocial behavior instead of measuring prosocial behavior demonstrated in real-life, natural settings. Considering the gaps in past research, this systematic review aims to identify literature regarding the influence of social media on emerging adults' prosocial behaviors. The review focuses on studies that observed individuals' prosocial behavior in real-life settings to eliminate social desirability bias and accurately establish the effects of social media on emerging adults' prosocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although prosocial behavior is positively associated with one's well-being, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on the role played by basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) in this association. A systematic review of the existing empirical literature is conducted in this article to summarize and synthesize the relationship between prosocial behavior and well-being, with a special emphasis on the multifaceted role of BPNS (i.e. mediation, moderation, and concurrent mediation and moderation). Nineteen articles have been identified that meet the criteria of the research focus, being empirical and peer-reviewed. Results suggest that BPNS can act as a mediator, moderator, and differing mediation and moderation roles. Prosocial behavior can both individually and jointly satisfy the three needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus enhancing well-being. Moreover, the positive correlation between prosocial behavior and well-being can be augmented by a high level of satisfaction of one or multiple needs. Furthermore, those who have higher satisfaction of autonomy, competence, or relatedness display a greater increase in well-being after engaging in prosocial behavior, which can be mediated by BPNS. Drawing on these findings, the current body of work is evaluated in terms of its strengths and weaknesses, and potential future directions are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit deficits in social interaction and communication, show repetitive behaviours, and have restricted interests. They are at high risk of developing challenging behaviours, which can hinder social relationships, academic achievement, language skills, overall adaptive development, and also increase the risk of abuse in educational settings. This scoping review addresses the limited focus on parent-mediated behavioural intervention (PMBI) for managing challenging behaviours in children with ASD. Using the Arksey and O’Malley scoping review framework, we retrieved articles published between 2011 and 2022 from SCOPUS, ERIC, and SAGE Publications. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Five themes emerged from the review regarding parents adopting PMBI: (1) performing functional behaviour analysis and developing behaviour intervention plans; (2) applying modification strategies and techniques of antecedent, behaviours and consequence; (3) establishing parent-child secure attachment relationship with child’s lead, positive and natural reinforcement; (4) decreasing child’s challenging behaviours; (5) improving child’s compliance, social responsiveness, and prosocial behaviours. The findings highlight parents as primary intervention agent, emphasising the importance of parental involvement in supporting their child’s development. This review suggests developing cost-effective parent education training programmes to support PMBI as part of comprehensive interventions for children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBoard games have always been a part of our lives. Most studies highlight their potential for learning in childhood and for maintaining cognitive functions in older people. Nevertheless, regarding the benefits in childhood and older people and the social nature of board games, few studies have investigated the emotional nature of these shared play sessions. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature between 2011 and 2024 to identify the benefits of playing board games for both school-age children and older people in terms of emotional competence. First, we collected 1995 articles with defined keywords from online databases. Then, 11 articles were selected. For older people, most studies reported the usefulness of board games for emotional competencies, especially regarding depression, social interactions and communication. In childhood, board games were found to be an interesting tool for emotional competencies, helping reduce problem behaviors, support pro-social behaviors and emotion-related discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCause-related marketing is commonly regarded as an effective tool for tourism enterprises to bolster their commitment to sustainable practices, fostering environmental and social responsibility within their operations and offerings. However, despite this, there is limited research into the implementation of cause-related social marketing to achieve the sustainability goals of tourism enterprises. Consequently, this research leverages construal level theory to examine how goal framing in cause-related tourism marketing communications nudges consumers towards engaging in prosocial behaviours, with an explicit emphasis on the boundary conditions in which desired effects diminish. Results across two pilot studies and four scenario-based experiments demonstrate that the specific (vs. abstract) goal framing elicits a higher degree of prosocial behaviours through the critical role of empathy. Two moderating variables demonstrate the enhancement effect of specific goal framing is attenuated for consumers already high (vs. low) on the agreeableness trait and those who are primed with a cyclical (vs. linear) temporal perspective. Additional analyses and controls, including ruling out three alternative explanations, reinforce the reliability and validity of the results. This research provides evidence-based insights critical to amplify the effectiveness of cause-related corporate social responsibility initiatives in tourism, unveiling the specific mechanisms which underpin consumer responses to corporate social responsibility messages and communication framing. Future research should examine the critical role of goal framing in the social repositioning of tourism enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metachangemaking refers to the cultivation of changemakers—people with the motivation and competence to tackle societal issues and promote collective wellbeing. It is not entirely clear how to effectively cultivate changemakers, and relevant research spans many disparate fields. The goals of this article are to introduce the concept of metachangemaking, synthesize and evaluate some relevant literature which may be less familiar to particular audiences, and identify open questions for future research. We identified a number of themes, including changemaker motivations and competencies, approaches to cultivating such motivations and competencies, and opportunities and challenges for metachangemaking in education systems. There are many important outstanding questions that suggest directions for future research, such as the efficacy of various approaches to cultivating changemaker motivations and competencies in particular circumstances. There is a need for evidence-based theoretical frameworks of metachangemaking, and for studies that address issues of replicability, causality, and transferability to various changemaking contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although peer support is documented as a predictor of adolescents' prosocial behavior, the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families has not been fully researched. The current research conducted two studies to examine the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families. Study 1 (N = 579) investigated the influencing mechanism of peer support on prosocial behavior with a longitudinal dataset. Study 2 (N = 228) investigated the effect of peer support priming on money donation with an experimental approach. The results of Study 1 and Study 2 consistently demonstrated that communal social goals mediated the association between peer support and prosocial behavior among adolescents from low-income families, and cumulative family risk moderated this indirect link. The positive effect of peer support on prosocial behavior through communal social goals might be weakened if adolescents experience more risk factors in the family context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People tend to rate prosocial or positive behavior as more strongly influenced by the actor's genes than antisocial or negative behavior. The current study tested whether people would show a similar asymmetry when rating the role of genes in their own behavior, and if so, what variables might mediate this difference. Participants were prompted to think about an example of their own behavior from the past year that was either prosocial or antisocial. Those in the prosocial condition rated the role of genetics in causing the behavior as significantly greater than did those in the antisocial condition. A mediation analysis suggested that this asymmetry could be accounted for by a tendency to view prosocial behavior as more natural and more aligned with one's true self than antisocial behavior. These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that people's reasoning about genetics may be influenced by evaluative judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating Compassion is an empathy-focused creative arts curriculum designed to provide short-term, low-cost, high-quality social–emotional learning (SEL) to communities and settings with limited resources. The present study sought to determine whether Creating Compassion was effective for increasing displays of prosocial behaviors and broad SEL skills for early elementary school students (n = 9) through a multiple baseline single-case design, as empathy has previously been posited as a core factor in global social–emotional skill development. Results from this study confirmed the hypothesis that Creating Compassion would increase observed prosocial behaviors with moderate effectiveness for children in first, second, and third grades, including those with identified social–emotional skill deficits. Participant scores on a pre/post assessment of global SEL competence also increased after intervention. Ultimately, findings from this study suggest the Creating Compassion intervention might be used by school psychologists and other group interventionists to expose their school communities to arts programming and engage them in a fun and creative approach to accessible early SEL intervention. Impact Statement This paper presents results from a combined arts and empathy training intervention, Creating Compassion. As an empathy-focused intervention, implementation of Creating Compassion led to increases in displays of prosocial behavior with moderate effectiveness. Increases in participants' levels of overall SEL skill competence were also observed. Results from this study support the provision of a high-quality, low-cost, arts-based SEL program to benefit Low-Income and Economically Marginalized (LIEM) communities within educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While social skills training allows students to acquire social skills, often it does not enhance their performance of those skills outside the social skills training context. A withdrawal design was used to determine if a modified Tootling intervention could enhance at-risk, first-grade students' performance of two recently trained social skills (complimenting and encouraging) as they played. Following social skills training, baseline data was collected as students played a modified Jenga game in small groups. During the intervention phase, a Tootling intervention was added and the class earned a group reward contingent upon their reports of peers engaging in these recently trained social skills. After Tootling was withdrawn, it was reinstated. Analysis of class-wide data shows immediate and large (effect size estimates) increases in compliments and encouragements each time Tootling was applied, and an immediate decrease when Tootling was withdrawn. These findings suggest that the modified Tootling intervention enhanced performance of these social skills while students played. Discussion focuses on future research designed to determine if Tootling can cause meaningful increases in social skill development by increasing students' performance of social skills across social contexts. Impact Statement Social skills training allows students to acquire social skills, but typically does not result in students performing these behaviors in other social contexts. A peer-mediated intervention known as Tootling, which involves students being reinforced for reporting classmates' performance of recently trained social skills (i.e., providing encouragements and compliments), caused large and immediate increases in first-grade students' performance of these prosocial behaviors as they engaged in a small-group game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral elevation refers to the positive emotional response resulting from witnessing acts of virtue or moral beauty. While the evidence demonstrates that experiencing elevation has a positive effect on people's prosocial behavior, an intriguing question is whether this emotion also affects social-cognitive processes involved in the perception of others' behavior. The present research aims to study whether this elevation affects the causal attributions people make about the behavior of others. The results of three studies (total N = 267 adults from Spain; 79.03% women) show that a) elevation trait correlates with internal causal attributions about others' behavior, b) experimental manipulation of elevation affects causal attributions about others' behavior, and c) experimental manipulation of elevation can reduce correspondence bias (fundamental attributional error). The results are discussed within the framework of the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Findings: Despite the fact that the universal two-child policy had a significant impact on family structure and parenting behaviors, there is still a paucity of study on the mechanisms underlying this policy's effects. This study explored the role of social competence and sibling presence in the relationship between maternal warmth and prosocial behaviors. Participants were 203 children aged 5–6 years (Mage = 48.47 months, SD = 3.74;104 boys) and their mothers in China. Maternal warmth was assessed through the observation of mother – child interaction. Child social competence and prosocial behaviors were assessed by teacher. The results showed that:(1) only children had more prosocial behaviors than children with siblings; (2) maternal warmth (T1) was positively correlated with child prosocial behaviors at Time1 and Time2; (3) Social competence (T2) mediated the longitudinal association between maternal warmth (T1) and child prosocial behaviors (T2); (4) The sibling presence moderated the relationship between maternal warmth (T1) and child prosocial behaviors (T2). Specifically, maternal warmth was only associated with subsequent prosocial behaviors for children in one-child families. Practice or Policy: These results revealed the influence of family structure and maternal warmth on child prosocial behaviors especially for children with siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by the ecological model of civic development, this study examined the extent to which the growth in children's self-control during middle childhood predicted their civic engagement at age 26 directly and indirectly via their prosociality at age 15. We used data from 1,042 children (50% female, 77% White) in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Children's self-control at 3rd grade and growth in self-control from 3rd to 6th grade were significantly and positively associated with voting at age 26. In addition to these direct links, children's self-control at 3rd grade and growth in self-control during middle childhood positively predicted children's prosociality at age 15, which, in turn, positively predicted engagement in environmental causes, political or social action groups, and volunteering at age 26. These findings indicate that children's self-control during middle childhood may be an important foundational asset for later prosociality and unique types of civic engagement and may be a key factor for nurturing the development of well-rounded citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pet ownership and interactions with animals confer various physiological and psychological benefits to humans. Although interactions with animals are commonplace, there is no consensus in the literature on the actual impact of animal exposure on prosociality. Hence, this meta-analysis investigated 20 eligible studies (n = 4,116, k = 48) and provided an extensive examination into the different potential moderators of the relationship between human–animal interaction (HAI) and prosociality, such as the distinction between empathy and prosocial behavior, HAI characteristics, and sample characteristics. Overall, a small positive effect size was found (d = 0.22), suggesting that human exposure to animals is associated with an increase in empathy and prosocial behaviors. Additionally, the type of prosociality measure, nature of human–animal interaction, animal species, and animal class significantly moderated the relationship between human–animal interaction and prosociality. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of these findings and highlight areas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What work strategies must university professors adopt to guarantee the service of higher education and even go beyond the role universities have formally established for them? This article aims to analyze the strategy of job crafting – specifically, how it influences the job crafting strategies of approach vs. avoidance in prosocial service behavior, with engagement as a mediating variable. To achieve this goal, we analyze the behavior of 1068 university professors in Faculties of Economics and Business at Spanish public universities. The results suggest that university professors who expand their work role and who expand socially develop more prosocial behavior in the service they deliver. The job crafting strategy of avoidance, in contrast, influences prosocial behavior negatively. Further, engagement acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between professors’ job crafting and their prosocial service behavior. These results are relevant to higher education institutions, which must work constantly to adopt workplace strategies and programs to improve service performance. The study results may help universities to achieve professors who are more committed to their job functions and responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMiddle school students’ prosocial behavior, classroom engagement, and sense of belonging tend to decline across the school year. This study addressed whether these declines are associated with students’ perceptions of their relationship with their teacher and the extent to which their teacher promoted respect among classmates. Self-report surveys were gathered in fall and spring from middle school students (N = 351) in low-income, rural communities. Results indicated within-year declines for boys in prosocial behavior, affective engagement, belonging, student-teacher relationships, and teacher promotion of classroom respect; there were smaller to no effects for girls. However, when students perceived improvements in their teacher’s social-emotional practices over the school year, they reported increased prosocial behavior, engagement and belonging at the end of the school year. Results were stronger for boys. These results suggest that students’ perceptions of their teachers’ social-emotional practices can have important implications for their engagement and social development across the school year, especially among boys. Suggestions for classroom-based interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conjoint Behavioral Consultation (CBC) is an evidence-based, indirect service delivery model that addresses children's behavioral concerns across home and school. However, to date, researchers have not yet examined specific aspects of the intervention that maximize the effects of CBC. The current study examined whether a foundational aspect of consultation—the framing of target behaviors (i.e., positive behaviors to increase versus negative behaviors to decrease)—moderated the effects of CBC on children's problem and adaptive behaviors. Participants were 267 children in Kindergarten through third grade (nCBC = 159, nControl = 108) and their parents and teachers. Results revealed positively framed target behaviors were associated with fewer behavior concerns at school for children who received CBC relative to other child participants. Children who received CBC and whose target behaviors were framed negatively showed more noncompliant behavior relative to all other participants. Implications of these findings for practice, study limitations, and areas for future research are discussed. Impact Statement In the absence of effective intervention, students with behavioral challenges face a lifetime of difficulty. Ample research documents the efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation (CBC) for promoting prosocial behaviors and ameliorating school difficulties. This study demonstrates that the effects of CBC can be amplified by intentionally framing target behaviors in a positive (i.e., desirable behaviors to improve) versus negative (i.e., undesirable behaviors to decrease) manner, providing a simple but significant method for improving practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the factors that increase the persuasive impact of entertainment – education (EE) narrative messages designed to improve attitudes toward immigrants. Specifically, the effect of the demographic similarity between the protagonist of the narrative message (a transitional character) and the audience is studied. Three online experiments were carried out simultaneously in Greece (N = 286), Italy (N = 295), and Spain (N = 294) to evaluate the indirect effect of demographic similarity on identification with the protagonist through perceived similarity, as well as the specific indirect effects on attitude, perceived threat, intergroup anxiety, and prosocial behavior toward immigrants, while including perceived similarity, identification, meaningful affect, and cognitive elaboration as mediating mechanisms. The results obtained in the three countries were in accordance, indicating that demographic similarity increased perceived similarity and, in turn, identification. Furthermore, identification was associated with greater cognitive elaboration and meaningful affect, and both processes, in turn, were associated with more positive attitudes toward immigrants (in all three countries) and also with less perceived threat and more prosocial behavior (in two countries). The findings are discussed in relation to the reduction of prejudice using EE narratives that inspire audiences through cognitive and emotional processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research examines perceptions of emotional support messages characterized by high verbal person-centeredness (VPC) when sent from an outgroup versus an ingroup member. We conducted two experiments in which White participants (N1 = 206, N2 = 166) imagined receiving a high VPC support message from a White (ingroup) or Black (outgroup) peer. Counter to our hypotheses drawn from expectancy violations theory, both studies revealed that participants perceived high VPC from a Black peer as more expected than high VPC from a White peer. In a highly salient intergroup context (Study 1), high VPC from the outgroup predicted greater perceived support effectiveness and support provider liking and trustworthiness. Implications of our findings for intergroup and supportive communication theory are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preschoolers’ prosocial behaviours support healthy interpersonal relationships as a component of their social adjustment process. Although several studies have found links between parental marital characteristics and preschoolers’ prosocial behaviours, these conclusions were divisive. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the inconsistencies in the research on these relationships and to examine the moderating effects underlying these discrepancies. A total of 37 effect sizes were extracted from the 31 included articles, with 14,374 sample sizes. The meta-analysis revealed a low positive link between parental positive marital quality and prosocial behaviours of preschool children, as well as a low negative correlation between negative marital quality and such behaviours. Additionally, the study explores the moderating effects of factors such as children’s age, gender, cultural background, informant type, study design, and publication year. Finally, the study limitations were discussed, along with the aspirations for theoretical contributions, future research, and implications for parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young citizens play a key role in providing a continuous blood supply for public health system. This paper examines the prosocial behavior of young non-blood donors and analyses motivations, barriers, anticipated emotions (AEs), and intention to donate of a sample of 1,626 Spanish non-donors belonging to Generation Z and millennials. Among the main conclusions, motivations and barriers are antecedents of the AEs. Particularly, motivations (external and internal) positively influence AEs that enhance blood donation and deter AEs of not donating. Barriers (external and/or external) positively influence AEs that deter blood donation and deter AEs that enhance blood donation. Findings also demonstrate the influence of AEs in predicting intention to donate, and thus in prosocial behavior. As different clusters of young non-donors coexist according to their motivations and barriers, the paper identifies the cluster that would reduce free-riders. Public policy may change citizens' behavior by changing AEs that deter blood donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia experience stressful conditions related to chronic anemia, repeated blood transfusions, and iron chelation adherence. They are vulnerable to emotional and behavioral problems and psychosocial disturbances. An observational evaluation of psychosocial issues in children with TDTs aged 4–18 using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ). Psychosocial part in children with TDTs often experiences difficulties in childhood under 10 years old, compared to adolescents (11–18 years) for emotional symptoms and conduct problems. Boys and girls had similar psychosocial problems regarding emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity-inatttention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior. In a quarter of cases, they had emotional symptoms, conduct, and hyperactivity-inattention issues, especially in younger children. Interestingly, younger children have more problems than adolescence in peer relations even though they are still under strict parental supervision. Difficulties in emotion, conduct, and hyperactivity would affect their relationship life. Children may try to be accepted by their social environment (prosocial) even though they realize that there are problems in their emotional life and peer relationships. Regular screening of the psychosocial aspects should be followed by counseling because regular transfusion and iron chelation are necessary for long-term management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terror management theory argues that mortality salience can engender greater prosocial behaviour. We extend this theory to corporate environmental practice. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms in heavily polluting industries, the results of difference-in-differences model show that firms significantly increase their environmental investment after the top executives experience mortality salience triggered by their colleague death. Moreover, we further show that the core relationship is amplified in situations where the death is sudden and firm is located in areas with strong public environmental awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the mediating effects of cognitive empathy and affective empathy in the relationship between dispositional awe and prosocial behaviour in medical students, and whether perceived stress moderated this association. A total of 631 medical students from two medical tertiary institutions in Liaoning Province, China, participated in this survey. The findings revealed that (1) dispositional awe was positively associated with prosocial behaviour; (2) the positive association between dispositional awe and prosocial behaviour was partially mediated by cognitive empathy and affective empathy; (3) perceived stress significantly attenuated the association between dispositional awe and cognitive empathy, and the association between cognitive empathy and prosocial behaviour. The findings yield practical implications for the improvement strategies of prosocial behaviour among medical students and provide suggestions for future educational interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown associations between spiritual experience and prosocial behaviour. However, the mechanism between spiritual experience and prosocial behaviour has not been thoroughly studied. We argue that communion, agency, and private practice explain their relationship. Spiritual experience cultivates communion by forming a connection with others. Spiritual experience increases the sense of self or agency, which leads to prosocial behaviour by being more sensitive to one's sense of self. Private practice mediates between spiritual experience and prosocial behaviour. We tested the model by evaluating the responses of 1316 participants who completed the prosocial behaviour, communion, agency, private practice, and spiritual experience scale. Process macro model 4 was used to analyse the mediation. The results show that agency, communion, and private practice partially mediate between spiritual experience and prosocial behaviour. Emphasis is placed on the value of positive interaction, sense of self, and personal spiritual activities in expressing prosocial behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate transference assumption – that encouraging pro-animal attitudes will increase empathy both with humans and other species. We used a cross-sectional survey method to examine the triadic relations among empathy with humans, empathy with animals, and pro-animal attitudes. To compare the research conducted in primarily Western contexts, a sample of 669 Chinese adults completed the Animal Attitude Scale, Basic Empathy Scale, and Animal Empathy Scale. They also reported their sociodemographic data and the frequency and quality of their contact with companion animals. Results showed that: (a) Females showed significantly more empathy with humans and other animals and held more positive attitudes toward animals than males; (b) Higher frequency and quality of contact with companion animals significantly predicted more empathy with both humans and other animals and more positive attitudes toward animals; (c) Older participants showed more empathy with humans than younger participants, but younger participants showed more empathy with animals than older participants; (d) empathy with animals fully mediated the relationship between attitudes toward animals and empathy with humans. The findings extend previous work on cross-species associations of empathy and support the practices of fostering empathy and pro-social behavior through animal-related humane-education interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge for public institutions is to ensure adequate funding for health, especially in times of crisis, and motivating citizens' prosocial financial behavior is critical to ensuring the efficiency of healthcare. This article investigates citizens' willingness to support healthcare with data from two cross-sectional Italian studies conducted during the peak of the pandemic. This article presents the results of two cross-sectional studies, conducted during the pandemic peaks in Italy, investigating citizens' willingness to support the healthcare. Findings show different reactions towards voluntary contributions and mandatory subsidies. Furthermore, trust in money management and altruistic drivers predicted citizens' willingness, which declined over time. Results offer guidance as to when and how be more effective in designing communications aimed at raising funds for healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to examine the direct and indirect relations between acculturative stress and Latinx youth prosocial tendencies. In addition, we considered family conflict, parental support, and parental psychological control as explanatory mechanisms. Participants included 306 (53.8% female, Mage = 15.50, SD =.42; range = 14 to 18) Latinx adolescents and their parents (87.9% mothers). The majority of adolescents were born in the U.S. (n = 206, 68.0%; average time in U.S. = 10 years) and identified as a Mexican heritage group member (n = 248, 81.0%). Findings differed by youth gender and suggest that for boys, parental support (but not psychological control) serves as underlying mechanism in the effects of acculturative stress and family conflict on youth's prosocial behaviors. Contrastingly, for girls, parental support (but not psychological control) serves as underlying mechanism in the negative effects of family conflict (but not acculturative stress) on youth's prosocial behaviors. The findings are discussed in the context of the need for integrative theories that account for cultural, family and gender-related socialization mechanisms to better understand prosocial behaviors among Latinx youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults were among the high-risk groups for COVID-19 infection and relied on less vulnerable groups to protect them. In Spring 2021, we examined potential intergenerational motivators of COVID-19 containing behaviors and the support of COVID-19 containment measures among young Germans (N = 258). Intergenerational contact and general identification with older adults were not associated with COVID-19 containing behaviors or support of COVID-19 containment measures. However, the awareness of older adults' vulnerability to COVID-19 and the identification with older adults based on the shared experience of the pandemic were positive predictors of both criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are increasingly likely to obtain advice from algorithms. But what does taking advice from an algorithm (as opposed to a human) reveal to others about the advice seekers' goals? In five studies (total N = 1927), we find that observers attribute the primary goal that an algorithm is designed to pursue in a situation to advice seekers. As a result, when explaining advice seekers' subsequent behaviors and decisions, primarily this goal is taken into account, leaving less room for other possible motives that could account for people's actions. Such secondary goals are, however, more readily taken into account when (the same) advice comes from human advisors, leading to different judgments about advice seekers' motives. Specifically, advice seekers' goals were perceived differently in terms of fairness, profit-seeking, and prosociality depending on whether the obtained advice came from an algorithm or another human. We find that these differences are in part guided by the different expectations people have of the type of information that algorithmic- vs. human advisors take into account when making their recommendations. The presented work has implications for (algorithmic) fairness perceptions and human-computer interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various coping strategies have been shown to alleviate the negative effects of trauma, yet the significance of prosocial behaviour in this realm has been notably underexplored. The present study explored the hypothesis that engaging in prosocial behaviour mitigates the impacts of trauma by promoting a sense of competence and relatedness, post-traumatic growth (PTG), and reconstruction of meaning. Methods: Three consecutive studies were conducted with college students to compare differences in consequence of prosocial behaviours between a trauma group and a control group. Study 1 (N = 96) used self-reported experiences of traumatic vs non-traumatic events; Study 2 (N = 43) used exposure vs. no exposure to video of an earthquake; Study 3 (N = 20) used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a prosocial-themed intervention vs. no intervention. Outcomes in all studies were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Results: Trauma damaged participants’ sense of competence and meaningfulness. Prosocial behaviour relieved the impact of trauma on meaning, specifically manifested in the individuals’ sense of meaningfulness and their search for meaning. Group interventions with a prosocial theme (based on effect size results) reduced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and enhanced PTG in victims. The promoting effect on PTG persisted a month later, and its enhancing effect on meaning manifested with a delay. Conclusion: Prosocial behaviour can potentially serve as a beneficial strategy for individuals coping with trauma because it helps enhance meaning and promotes PTG in victims. This conclusion is supported by laboratory experiments and a tentative small-scale intervention study, which provide an innovative perspective for future trauma interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]