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Recent macro-level trends have created a gendered context of assimilation for second-generation Latinos, pointing to favourable condition among Latina women and potential vulnerability among Latino men. This article examines second-generation assimilation in young adulthood for the top ten Latino groups using gendered reference groups to benchmark their integration into American society. We find a significant female advantage on individual-level indicators, but no clear gender differences on household-level indicators among Latinos. We also document significant heterogeneity in achievement among the top ten Latino ethnic groups, with Mexicans being the most disadvantaged group. In contrast, Cubans and South Americans are the most advantaged and have achieved parity with native whites. These findings point to the emerging significance of gender as a key dimension of stratification in the assimilation of Latinos into American life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the literature dealing with the effect of cobalt on lead-based anodes for oxygen evolution during electrolysis of sulfuric acid solutions verifies that the presence of cobalt at the anode-electrolyte interface, either as constituent of the anode material or as ions in the electrolyte, catalyzes the evolution of oxygen and reduces the corrosion of the anodes and the contamination by lead of metal cathodes produced during electrowinning. However, due to harmful effects of cobalt ions on the cathodic reaction in some processes, these benefits are limited to the electrowinning of copper. Efforts to develop a way of introducing cobalt at the anode-electrolyte interface without interfering with the cathodic reactions are reviewed in this paper. The use of lead-cobalt alloy anodes has had limited success due to issues arising from the low solubility of cobalt in lead, segregation during casting of the alloys, and nonuniform distribution of cobalt which affects the integrity of the anodes. This has been overcome in part lately by inclusion of cobalt into only the surface layer of a lead or lead alloy substrate, by thermal treatment of a cobalt salt to form a catalytic cobalt oxide surface species, or by electrodeposition of composite lead-cobalt oxide anodes. The last approach in particular has been actively investigated by several groups, but to our knowledge it is yet to find application in the industry. The review also critically examines the likely reaction mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of cobalt ions in the electrolyte on the performance of lead alloy anodes used for oxygen evolution during electrolysis of copper/sulfuric acid solutions has been studied extensively over the past 90 years. A review of the literature has confirmed that cobalt both as constituent of the anode material and present as ions in the electrolyte reduces the rate of corrosion of the anodes, lowers the overpotential for the evolution of oxygen, and reduces lead contamination of the copper cathodes. Despite the fact that these effects have been developed into widespread applications in the electrowinning industry, a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of the action of cobalt ions remains a point of debate. A selection of the most relevant literature on this phenomenon has been reviewed and the data and proposed mechanisms critically evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3β–Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3β-HSD) activity is essential for the synthesis of all classes of steroid hormones, converting variousΔ5–3β–hydroxysteroids into hormonally activeΔ4–3–ketosteroids in NAD+–dependent reactions. Certain 3β–HSD isoforms have been reported to exhibit additional dehydrogenase character(e.g., 17–hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/reductase). We have investigated whether mouse type I(adrenal/gonadal) and type VI 3β–HSDs(uterine/embryonic) display significant 17β–HSD–like activity. Nonsteroidogenic HEK 293T cells were transiently transfected with pCMV–based expression vectors containing mouse type I and type VI 3β–HSDs. Transfected cells expressing either mouse type I or type VI 3β–HSD converted testosterone to androstenedione, albeit at rates one-tenth of those of pregnenolone to progesterone in similarly transfected 293T cells. Our findings demonstrate that the mouse 3β–HSD I and VI isoforms can inactivate testosterone within an intact cell milieu. These findings are important not only in establishment of structure-function relationships, but also whenever murine systems are used for developmental/reproductive paradigms associated with human disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]