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To test the hypothesis that a Remote-Learning Course improves the subjective wheelchair-skills performance and confidence of wheelchair service providers, and to determine the participants' views on the Course. This was an observational cohort study, with pre-post comparisons. To meet the objectives of the six-week Course, the curriculum included self-study and weekly one-hour remote meetings. Participants submitted their Wheelchair Skills Test Questionnaire (WST-Q) (Version 5.3.1) "performance" and "confidence" scores before and after the Course. Participants also completed a Course Evaluation Form after the Course. The 121 participants were almost all from the rehabilitation professions, with a median of 6 years of experience. The mean (SD) WST-Q performance scores rose from 53.4% (17.8) pre-Course to 69.2% (13.8) post-Course, a 29.6% relative improvement (p < 0.0001). The mean (SD) WST-Q confidence scores rose from 53.5% (17.9) to 69.5% (14.3), a 29.9% relative improvement (p < 0.0001). Correlations between performance and confidence were highly significant (p < 0.0001). The Course Evaluation indicated that most participants found the Course useful, relevant, understandable, enjoyable, "just right" in duration, and most stated that they would recommend the Course to others. Although there is room for improvement, a Remote-Learning Course improves the subjective wheelchair-skills performance and confidence scores of wheelchair service providers by almost 30%, and participants were generally positive about the Course. A Remote-Learning Course improves the subjective wheelchair-skills performance and confidence scores of wheelchair service providers by almost 30%. Participants were generally positive about the Course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Washington, D.C. continues to lead the nation in the rate of HIV infection. This urban area has the largest Ethiopian population in the United States, yet very little has been known about the knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS of adult Ethiopian immigrants in the District. Based on a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project, this article reports the findings of the perceptions of HIV/AIDS knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes of 60 Ethiopian immigrants using a cross-sectional survey. Results describe challenges in immigrants' knowledge, risk-behaviors, and stigmatizing attitudes toward others with HIV/AIDS. Study implications, limitations, and future research are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cities work to support greater uptake and equity in cycling, the terminology 'All Ages and Abilities' (or AAA) is increasingly common in cycling research and practice vernacular. However, it is unclear the values that underlie this. We undertook a policy scan of Canadian municipal and regional policy documents to understand: the language used to describe 'All Ages and Abilities'; the infrastructure specified; how municipalities and regions define a cycling network; and how equity and priority populations are incorporated into these plans. Of 35 plans, 25 mentioned 'All Ages and Abilities'. Fourteen mentioned specific 'All Ages and Abilities' infrastructure, with cycle tracks, local street bikeways, and multi-use paths most frequent. Reference to the idea of a network was common (32 plans), with some defining this as a minimum grid. Within plans that used 'All Ages and Abilities' language, children and older adults were the most common populations mentioned (e.g. 'Ages'), but there was more ambiguity around who was being referred to with 'Abilities'. As use of this terminology continues, clarity is needed on the meaning and values that underpin it. A lack of specificity in design standards and whom this infrastructure serves is a barrier to concrete, consistent implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and adolescents with disabilities (i.e. a condition that requires ongoing medical attention and combined with societal barriers, limits activities of daily living) may be at greater risk of anxiety. Physical activity has been identified as a strategy to reduce symptoms of anxiety and buffer the severity of anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents without disabilities. Evidence on the relationship between anxiety and physical activity in children and adolescents with disabilities is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize and describe literature assessing the relationship between anxiety and physical activity in children and adolescents with disabilities. Five databases were searched from inception to search date. Of the initial 20,063 articles identified, eight met the inclusion criteria to be included in data extraction. The included studies ranged in study design. A small inverse relationship between anxiety and physical activity was described in all eight included studies, indicating higher physical activity levels to be associated with lower anxiety. Future research should use consistent operationalizations and reliable/valid measures of anxiety and physical activity and implement prospective studies to further examine the anxiety-physical activity relationship in children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a study that examined the lived experience of 15 foreign-born female university faculty members through the qualitative research methodology called photo elicitation. The article investigates ways in which intersectionality, social marginality, and resilience offer a framework for understanding the participants' lived experiences of being foreign-born, female, and academic in the United States. Findings demonstrate that as non-native-born women, the faculty members faced multi-faceted challenges in both personal and professional realms. Implications for the role of social work advocacy and higher education policy advocacy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign epidermal neoplasms presenting as waxy, brown to black papules and plaques. Patients often seek removal for cosmetic reasons or irritation. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of topical treatments for SKs. Studies involving any topical medication indicated for SK removal were retrieved from Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane. The final search was conducted on November 9, 2021, and 26 reports met inclusion criteria. A quality rating scheme was utilized to assess evidence quality. Heterogeneity of treatments and outcome measures precluded meta-analysis. Topical treatments that yielded a good-to-excellent response include hydrogen peroxide, Maxacalcitol 25 µg/g, BID Tazarotene 0.1% cream, 5% potassium dobesilate cream, 1% diclofenac sodium solution, urea-based solution, and 65% and 80% trichloroacetic acid. Local skin reactions were often mild and transient. Topical hydrogen peroxide showed the greatest evidence for clinical clearance of SKs, although there are no studies to our knowledge that directly compared hydrogen peroxide to current first-line treatments (e.g. cryotherapy or shave excision). The results of this review suggest viable and safe treatment of SK with topical therapies; however, there remains demand for topical treatments that reliably equate or exceed the efficacy of current first-line therapies. Question: Are safe and efficacious topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses available? Findings: Topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses yield different responses and may be associated with local skin reactions. Topical hydrogen peroxide shows the greatest evidence for clinical clearance of seborrheic keratoses and may be a viable option for patients requesting noninvasive removal. No studies to our knowledge directly compare hydrogen peroxide to current first-line treatments. Meaning: There remains demand for topical treatments that reliably equate or exceed the efficacy of current first-line therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment is a motivational system promoting felt security to a caregiver resulting in a persistent internal working model of interpersonal behavior. Attachment styles are developed in early social environments and predict future health and development outcomes with potential biological signatures, such as epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation (DNAm). Thus, we hypothesized infant DNAm would associate with toddler attachment styles. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of blood DNAm from 3-month-old infants was regressed onto children's attachment style from the Strange Situation Procedure at 22-months at multiple DNAm Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine (CpG) sites. The 26 identified CpGs associated with proinflammatory immune phenotypes and cognitive development. In post-hoc analyses, only maternal cognitive-growth fostering, encouraging intellectual exploration, contributed. For disorganized children, DNAm-derived cell-type proportions estimated higher monocytes –cells in immune responses hypothesized to increase with early adversity. Collectively, these findings suggested the potential biological embedding of both adverse and advantageous social environments as early as 3-months-old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of increased physical activity for stroke survivors include improved function and mental health and wellbeing. However, less than 30% achieve recommended physical activity levels, and high levels of sedentary behaviour are reported. We developed a multifaceted behavioural intervention (and accompanying implementation plan) targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour of stroke survivors. Intervention Mapping facilitated intervention development. Step 1 involved a systematic review, focus group discussions and a review of care pathways. Step 2 identified social cognitive determinants of behavioural change and behavioural outcomes. Step 3 linked determinants of behavioural outcomes with specific behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to target behaviours of interest. Step 4 involved intervention development informed by steps 1–3. Subsequently, an implementation plan was developed (Step 5) followed by an evaluation plan (Step 6). Community and secondary care settings, North East England. Stroke survivors and healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in stroke services. Systematic review findings informed selection of nine 'promising' BCTs (e.g. problem-solving). Focus groups with stroke survivors (n = 18) and HCPs (n = 24) identified the need for an intervention delivered throughout the rehabilitation pathway, tailored to individual needs with training for HCPs delivering the intervention. Intervention delivery was considered feasible within local stroke services. The target behaviours for the intervention were levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adult stroke survivors. Assessment of acceptability and usability with 11 HCPs and 21 stroke survivors/relatives identified issues with self-monitoring tools and the need for a physical activity repository of local services' and training for HCPs with feedback on intervention delivery. A feasibility study protocol was designed to evaluate the intervention. A systematic development process using intervention mapping resulted in a multi-faceted evidence- and theory-informed intervention (Physical Activity Routines After Stroke – PARAS) for delivery by community stroke rehabilitation teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded in a framework of high-impact educational practices, this article offers a model for incorporating Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPR) into the social work graduate curriculum. The authors review the history of CBPR in social work and social work education and identify challenges and gaps when CBPR has been used in university settings. Two case studies are then examined: a MSW course that conducted a study on youth experiencing homelessness and a doctoral course centered on a study of HIV in the Ethiopian immigrant community. Implications for social work education at both the MSW and PhD levels are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the shift from on campus to online education, liberal arts colleges have lost much of the interaction among students that fosters student engagement, learning, and satisfaction. We present an online, student peer-to-peer mentoring program that creates learning partnerships between students and recreates this vital cocurricular learning online. Assigning mentors and mentees a year apart in the same major and asking them to engage in self-reflection, to learn about interpersonal relationships, to build actual relationships, and to consult with peers, creates an opportunity to reinforce liberal arts values of shared inquiry and application of learning. To assess program effectiveness, we report both student outcomes and attitudinal data from the fall semester 2020 when our university operated entirely online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including social work education, sustainable development goals, and field education.

AbstractThis study explored community-based doulas’ experiences working with immigrant clients and maternal health-care providers in Arkansas. A descriptive qualitative design was used. Three themes emerged: (1) experiences with immigrant clients; (2) experiences with maternal health-care providers; (3) suggestions to improve support for immigrant clients. Within the first theme, three subthemes emerged: (1) language barriers; (2) transportation; (3) access to food and housing. Within the second theme, two subthemes emerged: (1) dismissive; (2) takes time to build rapport. Within the third theme, two subthemes emerged: (1) listen to the client and improve communication; (2) more community-based doulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how different negation styles – that is, contracted (e.g., "isn't") versus full negations (e.g., "is not") – in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) influence consumers' evaluations of and willingness to pay for target products. We find that consumers evaluate products more positively when reviews contain contracted negations, as compared to full negations. This occurs because consumers perceive a reviewer who uses contracted negations as warmer and thus more competent than one who uses full negations; these positive perceptions increase consumers' product evaluations. This research identifies a novel social pathway underlying consumers' information processing in reviews and highlights the social aspects of eWOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed consent is the gateway to research participation. We report on the results of the formative evaluation that follows the electronic informed consent process for the All of Us Research Program. Of the nearly 250,000 participants included in this analysis, more than 95% could correctly answer questions distinguishing the program from medical care, the voluntary nature of participation, and the right to withdraw; comparatively, participants were less sure of privacy risk of the program. We also report on a small mixed-methods study of the experience of persons of very low health literacy with All of Us informed consent materials. Of note, many of the words commonly employed in the consent process were unfamiliar to or differently defined by informants. In combination, these analyses may inform participant-centered development and highlight areas for refinement of informed consent materials for the All of Us Research Program and similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about several aspects of using longitudinal trajectories and reference percentiles for participation in activities for children with disabilities. It mentions children with disabilities tend to participate less in physical activity and recreational sports compared with their peers with typical development; and participation for children with disabilities is limited by individual factors such as fear and pain, sociocultural factors like family and stigma of disability.

Across adolescence, there is a notable decline in physical activity in boys and girls. Maturational timing may be a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours during adolescence. This systematic review aimed to summarise literature that examined the relationship between maturational timing, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescents. Six electronic databases were searched for articles that assessed biological maturation and physical activity (including sports participation and active transportation) or sedentary behaviours in adolescents. Two reviewers conducted title, abstract, and full-text screening, reference and forward citation searches. Included articles were evaluated for quality using a standardised tool. A narrative synthesis was used to analyse the findings due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Searches yielded 78 articles (64 unique studies) that met the inclusion criteria, representing 242,316 participants (153,179 unique). Studies ranged from 30.0% (low) to 91.7% (high) in quality. An inverse relationship between maturational timing and physical activity (in 50 and 60% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) and a positive relationship between maturational timing and sedentary behaviour (in 100% and 53% of studies in boys and girls, respectively) was most commonly reported. Evidence supporting an association between maturational timing, sports participation, and active transportation was inconsistent. While this review demonstrates some evidence for early maturational timing as a risk factor for disengagement from physical activity and increase in sedentary behaviours, the reviewed literature also demonstrates that this relationship is complex. Future research that tracks maturity-related variations in physical activity and sedentary behaviours over adolescence is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that key points in the female life-course – specifically, the transition into independent adulthood and motherhood – have come to be characterised by risk. The discussion is anchored in two case studies: the first concerns female undergraduate students' strategies for managing the risks associated with socialising, and the second deals with the depiction of pregnancy-related health issues in British newspapers. Across both, discussion focuses on the protective and self-limiting routines that have become a distinctive feature of women's lives. This article approaches these as 'risk rituals' and works towards a refinement of this concept. First, by suggesting that this concept should pay greater attention to the critical question of who is being asked to take responsibility for a risk. Secondly, by suggesting that 'risk rituals' might on occasion serve to mark and manage life-course transitions. The article's conclusion seeks to explain why risk rituals might serve this function. Developing out of conditions of detraditionalisation and individualisation, risk rituals are nonetheless socially-patterned, rather than universal. They are, for example, a particular feature of the female life-course, and in making this argument the article points out the connections between practices of risk-avoidance on the one hand, and social constraints associated with gender on the other. In making this case, the article seeks to provide a fresh perspective on risk and the life-course, as well as contribute to the emerging 'risk rituals' literature and work on gender and risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturalist John Muir has often been criticized for his relative silence on the role of native peoples in occupying, forging, and tending the environments that he so often described as wilderness. His work is further marked by the absence of reflection on the elimination of native peoples from the land in and around the exact locales he revered most in his writing. Muir's The Story of My Boyhood and Youth, published in 1912–1913, is an anomalous part of the naturalist's historically important oeuvre in this regard. Unlike his earlier works, which commonly neglected accounts of native people in the United States, this book contains numerous descriptions of Native American people and lifeways. Exploring the text in its historical context, this research deploys psychoanalytic geography to understand the surprising return of natives to Muir's landscapes and memories. That Native Americans, so absent or ignored in Muir's previous work, would return in such full force in a late reflection, the research suggests, is no coincidence. The text, we conclude, represents the return of repressed memory, affecting the U.S. psyche at the time. Unable to consciously address complicity in, and benefits derived from, the violent removal of Native Americans from the landscapes of Muir's youth, he (and, in turn, America) becomes the revolutionary progenitor for a national park system predicated in part on the expulsion, both discursive and physical, of native peoples. These expulsions are necessarily revisited again, as ghosts inscribed in a textual return of repressed memory, with significant implications for the conservation movement. Key Words: conservation, political ecology, preservation, psychoanalytic geography, wilderness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In examining the Global War on Terror, the effects of presidential rhetoric on the framing of terrorism has been well documented. However, little previous work links terrorism and its status as an "othered" phenomenon to differential legal prosecution in a post-9/11 era. Using the Prosecution Project data set, we compared "othered" individuals, as defined by a Muslim, Arab/Middle Eastern, and/or foreign-born status, to "non-othered" individuals charged with terroristic felonies. Furthermore, we subdivided the dataset into three analytical time blocks: the George W. Bush administration immediately post-9/11, the latter half of the Bush administration, and the Obama administration. For the first and third time blocks, we found that "othered" individuals were prosecuted significantly more frequently than "non-othered" individuals. These findings call into question the effect of presidential rhetoric and the national framing of terrorism on the legal prosecution of "othered" individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High levels of sedentary time increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including recurrent stroke. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors associated with high sedentary time in community-dwelling people with stroke. Methods: For this data pooling study, authors of published and ongoing trials that collected sedentary time data, using the activPAL monitor, in community-dwelling people with stroke were invited to contribute their raw data. The data was reprocessed, algorithms were created to identify sleep-wake time and determine the percentage of waking hours spent sedentary. We explored demographic and stroke-related factors associated with total sedentary time and time in uninterrupted sedentary bouts using unique, both univariable and multivariable, regression analyses. Results: The 274 included participants were from Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and spent, on average, 69% (SD 12.4) of their waking hours sedentary. Of the demographic and stroke-related factors, slower walking speeds were significantly and independently associated with a higher percentage of waking hours spent sedentary (p = 0.001) and uninterrupted sedentary bouts of >30 and >60 min (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Regression models explained 11–19% of the variance in total sedentary time and time in prolonged sedentary bouts. Conclusion: We found that variability in sedentary time of people with stroke was largely unaccounted for by demographic and stroke-related variables. Behavioral and environmental factors are likely to play an important role in sedentary behavior after stroke. Further work is required to develop and test effective interventions to address sedentary behavior after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This illustrated essay attempts to respond to the slow violence of the hazardous waste trade. We introduce and analyze common representational styles of hazardous waste: greenwashing, ruin porn, environmental justice toxic tours, and Ngai’s concept of the merely interesting. We argue that the first two styles tend to reproduce the status quo, but that the latter two are potentially more disruptive. We then turn to a data set about the transnational hazardous waste trade in North America to argue for and produce alternative representations of this waste, literally drawing from the data and figuratively drawing inspiration from toxic tours and the merely interesting. Our intervention is thus visual as well as conceptual: We argue against status quo representations of hazardous waste and then discuss and produce alternatives based on a novel data set we created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT) describes a group of hereditary neuropathies that present with distal weakness, wasting and sensory loss. Small studies indicate that people with CMT have reduced daily activity levels. This raises concerns as physical inactivity increases the risk of a range of co- morbidities, an important consideration in the long-term management of this disease. This study aimed to compare physical activity, patterns of sedentary behavior and overall energy expenditure of people with CMT and healthy matched controls. Methods:We compared 20 people with CMT and 20 matched controls in a comparison of physical activity measurement over seven days, using an activity monitor. Patterns of sedentary behavior were explored through a power law analysis. Results:Results showed a decrease in daily steps taken in the CMT group, but somewhat paradoxically, they demonstrate shorter bouts of sedentary activity and more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors. No differences were seen in energy expenditure or time spent in sedentary, moderate or vigorous activity. Conclusion:The discrepancy between energy expenditure and number of steps could be due to higher energy requirements for walking, but also may be due to an over-estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in the presence of muscle wasting. Alternatively, this finding may indicate that people with CMT engage more in activities or movement not related to walking.Implications for RehabilitationCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease:• People with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease did not show a difference in energy expenditure over seven days compared to healthy controls, but this may be due to higher energy costs of walking, and/or an over estimation of energy expenditure by the activity monitor in a population where there is muscle wasting. This needs to be considered when interpreting activity monitor data in people with neuromuscular diseases.• Compared to healthy controls, people with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease had a lower step count over seven days, but exhibited more frequent transitions from sedentary to active behaviors• High Body Mass Index and increased time spent sedentary were related factors that have implications for general health status.• Understanding the profile of physical activity and behavior can allow targeting of rehabilitation interventions to address mobility and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Today, malaria prevention hinges upon two domestic interventions: insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying. As mosquitoes grow resistant to these tools, however, novel approaches to vector control have become a priority area of malaria research and development. Spatial repellency, a volumetric mode of action that seeks to reduce disease transmission by creating an atmosphere inimical to mosquitoes, represents one way forward. Drawing from research that sought to develop new repellent chemicals in conversation with users from sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, we consider the implications of a non-insecticidal paradigm of vector control for how we understand the political ecology of malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HazMatMapper is an online and interactive geographic visualization tool designed to facilitate exploration of transnational flows of hazardous waste in North America (http://geography.wisc.edu/hazardouswaste/map/). While conventional narratives suggest that wealthier countries such as Canada and the United States (US) export waste to poorer countries like Mexico, little is known about how waste trading may affect specific sites within any of the three countries. To move beyond anecdotal discussions and national aggregates, we assembled a novel geographic dataset describing transnational hazardous waste shipments from 2007 to 2012 through two Freedom of Information Act requests for documents held by the US Environmental Protection Agency. While not yet detailing all of the transnational hazardous waste trade in North America, HazMatMapper supports multiscale and site-specific visual exploration of US imports of hazardous waste from Canada and Mexico. It thus enables academic researchers, waste regulators, and the general public to generate hypotheses on regional clustering, transnational corporate structuring, and environmental justice concerns, as well as to understand the limitations of existing regulatory data collection itself. Here, we discuss the dataset and design process behind HazMatMapper and demonstrate its utility for understanding the transnational hazardous waste trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coordinated, evidence-based approach to teaching awards in higher education at institutional level has developed over the past decade in Ireland. Some research has suggested that teaching awards create substantial benefits in higher education by motivating and recognising excellent teachers. However, not all of the literature favours the existence of teaching award systems. The experience of participating in a teaching award system has rarely been captured or subjected to analysis or reflection. Specifically, there has been very little discussion in the literature about what individual academics derive from participating in an award process. This paper explores the benefits and tensions of participating in a regional teaching award process. The analysis provides insights relating to the expected and unexpected benefits and tensions associated with that experience. It also aims to inform academic developers about the enablers that supported participants through the process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article we approach school gardens as sites of socioecological change where experiential politics work through the establishment of sustainable and socially just practices. We argue that for some children in “struggling schools,” school gardens become spaces where the alienating aspects of neoliberal school reform in the United States can be overcome by forging connections with classmates, university students, plants, and animals. In these intimate urban ecologies, affective and playful labor become the bases for knowledge production that exceeds the disciplinary functions of standardized testing, individual achievement, and accountability emphasized in neoliberal school reform. Our empirics derive from garden projects involving university interns and school children in two underresourced schools in poor neighborhoods in Tucson, Arizona. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In two experiments, participants performed visual detection, visual discrimination and decision-making tasks, in which a binary (left/right) response was required. In all experimental conditions, a spoken word (“left”/“right”) was presented monaurally (left or right ear) at the onset of the visual stimulus. In Experiment 1, 26 non-athletes located a target amongst an array of distractors as quickly as possible, in both the presence and absence of spoken cues. Participants performed superiorly in the presence of valid cues, relative to invalid-cue and control conditions. In Experiment 2, 42 skilled netballers completed three tasks, in randomised order: a visual detection task, a visual discrimination task and a netball decision-making task – all in the presence of spoken cues. Our data showed that spoken auditory cues affected not only target detection, but also performance on more complex decision-making tasks: cues that were either spatially or semantically invalid slowed target detection time; spatially invalid cues impaired discrimination task accuracy; and cues that were either spatially or semantically valid improved accuracy and speeded decision-making time in the netball task. When studying visual perception and attention in sport, the impact of concomitant auditory information should be taken into account in order to achieve a more representative task design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing numbers of people in need of treatment for problems associated with Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) problems and the concomitant likelihood that social worker caseloads currently reflect this increase, a critical analysis of social work student attitudes towards different approaches to AOD treatment is warranted. Our study examined United States' social work students' (n = 100) attitudes towards treatment approaches to practice with people who misuse/abuse AOD and enlisted a Consequence Analysis (CA) intervention designed to shift attitudes towards considering a harm reduction approach. The Harm Reduction Acceptability Scale (HRAS), as well as a two-item response measure, measured pretest and posttest attitudes. Findings demonstrate that at pretest both intervention and comparison groups were willing to consider a goal of moderation (a proxy for the acceptability of a harm reduction approach and a client-centered perspective), and neutral on the effectiveness of an abstinence-oriented approach. At posttest, the intervention group became more flexible and open to the broader philosophical perspective of a harm reduction approach while the comparison group became less so. Consequence Analysis appears responsible for producing the observed changes in attitude towards harm reduction. Implications for international social work education and training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reflects on the challenges of facilitating creativity in teaching and learning. The authors contend that if enabled, creativity has the potential to deliver substantive change to higher education but that its potential often remains unexploited. Our study suggests that creative practice is alive and well amongst teachers in higher education but that it is greatly restricted by a perceived lack of organisational legitimacy, as result, ideas are being lost. Frequently, creative ideas remain unarticulated by the individual academics to whom they occur. We conclude that higher educational institutions need to make a concerted effort to make creative practice legitimate and foster novel approaches to supporting creativity by establishing an organisational culture that enables dialogue and collaboration between creative individuals, within and beyond the traditional academic boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel, qualitative data were collected from youth in treatment for opioid dependence (2009-2010) regarding their experiences with opioid dependence and combined behavioral-pharmacological treatment. Urban youth participants were recruited from a larger randomized controlled trial examining the relative efficacy of two tapers of buprenorphine-naloxone, combined with behavioral treatment (ages 13-24 eligible). Twenty-two youth participated in 1- to 1.5-hour semi-structured interviews. A grounded theory approach guided the analysis. The results have the potential to inform the development of efficacious treatments for this growing, yet understudied, group of youth. Study implications and limitations are noted, and future research is prescribed. (NIDA #1R01 DA018297). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention—Quality English and Science Teaching 2—designed to help English language learners (ELLs) and their English proficient classmates develop academic language in science, as required by the Common Core State Standards. The intervention consisted of supplementary instructional materials and professional development. Participants included 1,309 students, of whom 353 were ELLs. Sixty sections taught by 15 teachers in seven middle schools were randomized within teacher to the intervention or the control condition. Treatment effects were tested separately for academic language and science knowledge. For the whole group, results indicated posttest differences favoring the treatment group sections were statistically significant for academic language and science. For ELLs however, posttest differences favored the treatment group for academic language only. Follow-up analyses investigating implementation found that treatment fidelity was related to gains in both academic language and science knowledge for the group as a whole and for ELLs. Effect sizes suggest the intervention was promising in promoting the academic language in science of both ELLs and their English proficient classmates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are three currently identified secondary resistance mechanisms observed in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These are BCR-ABL kinase domain (KD) mutations, increased BCR-ABL expression, and overexpression of drug-efflux proteins (ABCB1 and ABCG2). To investigate the interplay between these three modes of resistance, three CML blast crisis cell lines (K562, its ABCB1-overexpressing variant K562 Dox, and KU812) were cultured in gradually increasing concentrations of imatinib to 2 μM, or dasatinib to 200 nM. Eight imatinib- and two dasatinib-resistant cell lines were established. Two imatinib-resistant K562 lines both had increased BCR-ABL expression as the apparent mode of resistance. However, when a dasatinib-resistant K562 culture was generated we observed gradually increasing BCR-ABL expression which peaked prior to identification of the T315I mutation. BCR-ABL overexpression followed by mutation development was observed in a further 4/10 cell lines, each with different KD mutations. In contrast, three imatinib-resistant K562 Dox lines exhibited only a further increase in ABCB1 expression. All TKI-resistant cell lines generated had increased IC50 (dose of drug required to reduce phosphorylation of the adaptor protein p-Crkl by 50%) to imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, regardless of which TKI was used to induce resistance. This suggests that currently available TKIs share the same susceptibilities to drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how risks are responded to through behavioral adaptations and avoidance strategies. We observe that such behavior can become totemistic and have a limited relationship to the risk it ostensibly answers to. Drawing upon examples such as recycling and original data from a study on drink-spiking avoidance, the article sets out a new concept for discussing and understanding such risk-related behavior: the 'risk ritual'. We elaborate upon this concept in the article, identifying a number of tendencies in risk rituals and drawing upon anthropological and sociological work on the nature and uses of ritual. We compare the 'risk ritual' to religious and community rituals, exploring the connections between the former and the rain dance, religious ablutions, abstinence from eating meat on a Friday, and rite of passage ceremonies. Influenced by the cultural approach to risk, we argue that risk rituals, like rituals more generally, are shaped by social conditions, currents, and processes, such as the emphasis on personal responsibility for risk management and the desire to mark out the 'sacred' and the 'profane'. The article concludes that ritualistic risk behavior is better viewed as functional rather than irrational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review aims to discuss the clinical application of cytogenetic and molecular testing in the diagnosis and prognosis of orbital tumors and, in so doing, highlight the basis of these methods, their advantages, and limitations. Summary: Specific chromosomal aberrations are detected in many lymphoproliferative neoplasms, soft tissue tumors, and in a few benign tumors of the orbit. Detection of these characteristic chromosomal translocations is most helpful to refine the diagnosis and classification, especially when the tumor is poorly differentiated and shows overlapping morphological features with another tumor type. This review outlines orbital tumors with characteristic chromosomal translocations and the relative frequency of detecting the genetic mutation. Various genetic techniques are available for genetic testing, including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR). As yet, the newer methods of array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) and expression profiling are most commonly used in research settings or in large specialist centers, and their general application to cancer diagnostics is limited by their cost. Therefore, this review focuses on the methodologies that should be available to most diagnostic units. It is true that “one size does not fit all” in this field and that a combination of molecular techniques may be needed to confirm results at the genomic and transcriptional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) and politics are common themes in environmental justice. However, insights garnered from the experience of the global north cannot be applied directly to the global south since local processes shape unique landscapes of waste. To this end, my fieldwork in Oaxaca de Juarez, a rapidly urbanizing city in southern Mexico, concentrates on the history and politics of MSWM in the area. Here, the livelihood struggles of local neighborhoods are imbricated with the management of the existing official municipal dump. I argue that it is the marginality of these neighborhoods, both physical and social, that makes it possible for them to block the flow of municipal trash and so reveal it to visitors, residents, and politicians. This case presents a reworking of traditional concepts of environmental justice by examining the contradictory processes of abjection and political activism particular to the global south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses a specific mechanism, the writing consultation, designed to help academics to prioritise, reconceptualise and improve their writing practices. It makes the case for its potential to stimulate consideration of writing practices and motivations, a possible precondition for creating time for writing in academic contexts. This article proposes that the process of revealing and developing writing practices in a specific form of regular, structured, collegial discussion has potential to prompt academics to reconceptualise their writing practices and, perhaps crucially, to find different ways to write. In addition, it demonstrates, in a new way, how recognised behaviour change strategies might be embedded in the academic writing process. The writing consultation draws on principles established in other contexts. This article makes the case for adapting them to the context of academic writing, in order to support and improve academic writing output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons associated with lecture absenteeism among student groups could shed significant light on student motivation levels and orientations in university settings. Paying attention to the rationales for lecture absence provided by students themselves could also help institutions to diagnose levels of student engagement and respond in appropriate ways. This study demonstrates these assertions by engaging in a critical analysis of the evidence linking lecture attendance and academic performance, using a qualitative analysis of student accounts of their absenteeism. It argues that innovative approaches to higher education would benefit from the extension and development of this kind of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An area of concern for investigators and practitioners is the possible linkage between stressful workplace events and alcohol use and abuse; however, work in this area, specifically testing a "spillover hypothesis," offers inconclusive evidence of a relationship between many work-based stressors and alcohol use. Using a three-wave panel sample (N=455) from a large US industrial firm that has undergone numerous downsizing events in the last decade, four alternative causal hypotheses using fully cross-lagged three-wave mediational latent factor models were compared via structural equation modelling. Separate models were analysed for layoff experience and job security perceptions; a motivational factor, escape reasons for drinking, was included in each model. We found large autoregressive effects for problem alcohol use in the stability models. One reason for weak support for spillover models may be that problem alcohol use is more stable over time than previously theorized. All alternative causal models fit the data well; however, the only model comparisons showing significant improvement over the stability models were those including reverse paths. Reverse causal models should be explicitly considered when examining the link between alcohol problems and the workplace. We suggest that, for some workers, problematic alcohol use may be antecedent to, rather than a consequence of, stressful workplace experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the predominance and importance of emotions in teaching in higher educational settings through a qualitative analysis of a total of 139 brief statements provided by a cohort of past students at the University of Limerick in Ireland when asked to nominate a single faculty member for a teaching award, and to provide reasons for their nomination. We argue that the analysis of this kind of data can be used to explicate more clearly the concepts that learners associate with positive learning experiences. More particularly we also note that students often refer to emotions, emotional states, and emotionally satisfying experiences when providing descriptions of excellent teaching and generally seem to associate their own and their teachers' positive emotional states with good teaching and good learning. Our discussion encourages future research into the nature and repertoire of emotions in higher education settings, particularly from the points of view of past students. We also make recommendations about how academic developers can use this and similar kinds of data in efforts to enhance and develop academic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a range of factors associated with excellent teaching from the perspective of past student groups. One hundred and thirty-nine respondents who had been asked to nominate one teacher for an excellence in teaching award provided comments on the reasons for their nomination. An exploration of these reasons is presented. Findings show that students are more likely to invoke teacher attributes more than actions, and recall positively such dynamics as a sense of belonging, the pleasure of community, the importance of being understood and cared about and the experience of having been welcomed and respected within their classroom settings. The implications of these experiences and insights for the enhanced development of the quality and effectiveness of higher education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate constants for the nucleophilic hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl acetate by the butane 2,3‐dione monoximate ion at pH 7.9 and 27°C have been measured kinetically in alkyltriphenylphosphonium (C12–, C14–, C16–) bromide micellar media. Addition of surfactants led to a significant increase in the pseudo‐first order rate constants. The rate‐surfactant profiles are fitted quantitatively in terms of pseudo phase ion exchange model. There is a decrease in the observed rate with decreasing hydrophobic chain length for the same surfactant head group. Cetyltriphenylphosphonium bromide is more reactive than cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that introducing musical/percussion activities to university classrooms represents an opportunity for innovative teaching that could create positive experiences replete with learning potential. An analysis of 17 students’ written reactions to a ‘drumming circle’ activity demonstrates that the experience created a positive, energised classroom climate. The value of the exercise was demonstrated in the observations that students made about how the experience engaged them emotionally and how it could be linked to insights about specific aspects of their programme of study. With some preliminary guidance provided in advance of the activity, students were able to identify analogies between aspects of the experience and topics within their management curriculum. The paper provides suggestions and ideas that can help teachers to introduce similar learning experiences into their own classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine: (1) recency and duration effects of layoff contact; and (2) the order effects associated with different types of layoff contact experiences. Workers employed by a large company engaged in repeated waves of downsizing completed questionnaires in 1997, 1999, and 2003. Using data only from workers who experienced indirect or direct layoff contact at each time period ( N =460), we found some evidence that recent direct experiences were associated with significant group differences for intent to quit and depression. There was also some evidence to suggest that a single direct layoff experience still affected workers’ levels of job security, even when this experience occurred some 6 years prior to the Time 3 measurement. The largest within-group changes in scores over time were typically found among workers experiencing an indirect experience followed by a direct experience, suggesting that the order of events impacted worker job security, intent to quit, and depression. For workers experiencing back-to-back direct downsizing, the rate of decline slowed for depression. These findings are examined in light of the stress vulnerability and resiliency hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsistence gardens were a significant land use in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area from 1900 to 1940. Their existence, however, was materially erased from the city and discursively erased from its history after that period. This paper investigates the processes of that erasure, particularly in the American Addition neighborhood of Columbus, concentrating on the articulation of an urban normative that made such land uses appear contrary to "modern" urban development. At the same time, the existence of such practices and landscapes in the city was explained away by a crisis narrative of the garden that helped to support the idea that such practices did not produce "normal" urban spaces. The simultaneous material and discursive colonization of subsistence gardens as "relief" measures during the Great Depression left these landscapes and areas dependent on the City of Columbus, under whose control they were transformed into more "appropriate" cityscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates university teachers' perceptions of and reaction to students' structured feedback on various aspects of their teaching. It begins by reviewing the literature on student evaluations of teaching and on the important issues associated with performance feedback in general. Using semi-structured qualitative data gathered from a group of lecturers who voluntarily participated in a formative student evaluation process at the University of Limerick, the researchers analyse the types of reactions and perceptions that this data reveals. Questions relating to the perceived accuracy, predictability and rationale for change are explored. Finally, the implications for the development or enhancement of student feedback systems are outlined and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the reliability and validity of two modified family conflict scales, one assessing interparental conflict and the other overall family conflict. Each scale was revised in order to ease administration, improve response accuracy, and provide uniform instructions for participants from divorced and non-divorced families. The Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale (Grych, Seid, & Fincham, 1992) was reduced from 49 to 13 items to include only those items assessing conflict intensity and frequency. For the Conflict Subscale of the Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1994), a family member checklist was added. In addition to adding uniform instructions for individuals from divorced and non-divorced families, a 6-point response format was added to both scales. Participants (N = 375) completed the revised and original scales as well as validation measures. Findings support the reliability and validity of the revised scales in assessing young adults preceptions of interparental and overall family conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the literature on academic writing and collaborative learning and proposes, in the light of this literature, that the introduction of writers' retreats for academics represents a valuable professional development opportunity. It is argued that such an intervention can be an important initiative, helping to support more productive patterns of academic writing among participating academics. Findings gathered during a writers' retreat are presented, focusing on the positive and negative perspectives that participating academics expressed about writing for publication. The format and the structure of the retreat are described, along with the impact that such an intervention can be argued to have made on participants. Finally, a conceptual map is presented which relates the experiences and insights of the retreat to the 'motivation to write' among academics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the role of cytokine stem cell factor (SCF) in the proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) CD34+ cells. Perturbation of normal hematopoiesis in CML; Response of CML cells to SCF; Influence of bcr-abl fusion gene in the proliferation; Alternation of myeloid pathway; Determinants of the abnormal response to SCF in CML.

Pioneering, the capactiy of the firm to develop new products ahead of rivals, is an important attribute in high velocity environments. In this paper we advance a four stage process model of pioneering behaviour in top management teams. These stages include opportunity recognition, decision making, product innovation and market launch. We link various top team characteristics to each stage and hypothesise relationships. The model is tested using data gathered from high technology firms in Ireland and the USA. We find support for the proposition that top teams characteristics affect pioneering behaviour. In particular, firms with the highest proportion of research and development and marketing personnel exhibit the highest rates of pioneering. Stock options were also found to motivate pioneering behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments the article "Sedentary Versus Active Behaviour in People After Stroke" by S. L. Galea et al. He discusses the impact of low-physical activity on the morbidity and mortality of healthy individuals. He examines the energy expenditure of stroke survivors in relation to their involvement in activities. He also talks about studies on sedentary behaviour and persons with mild stroke.