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Industry 4.0 provides an ideal platform to support a direct interaction of humans and machines in adapting changes and uncertainties in system operations. However, a physical human-machine interaction must assure security and safety. The safety requirements of collaborative manufacturing are explored and the techniques to assure safety in different collaboration modes are investigated to identify the challenges of safety assurance of human–machine collaborations in shared workspaces. In addition, system-level safety requirements of collaborative manufacturing are discussed to reveal the importance of sustaining similar safety levels for all system components and tools in developing an integrated collaborative system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An urban, Black high school population share their experiences of a college preparatory counseling group specific to prospective first-generation college students (PFGCS). The salience of help seeking, as a major theme in this study, is highlighted and explored according to Black, first-generation college going students. Participant experiences include aspects of limited knowledge in regard to preparing for, and navigating, college, as well barriers to help-seeking influenced by gender socialization and racism. Participant experiences suggest affinity group work as a means for addressing such barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral injury is a particular response to profoundly distressing life events that manifests in damage to basic human/relational capacities, such as trust, autonomy, initiative, competence, identity, and intimacy. This paper describes and presents preliminary outcomes of "Reclaiming Experiences And Loss," or "REAL," which is an innovative moral injury group therapy that was developed collaboratively by Veterans Affairs mental health and spiritual care providers. Clinical outcome measures collected pre- and post-group indicates that REAL is effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Additionally, a cohort case example demonstrates the impact of REAL as told through individual stories as well as the intersectionality and interactions that comprise a typical REAL cohort and are considered central to care. Implications for ongoing care and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the experiences of counselor students of color in two multicultural courses in a master-level counseling program. Participants revealed their feelings surrounding a need to assume a 'teaching role' with their White counterparts, to challenge racist and stereotypical viewpoints. Positive and negative experiences associated with this role were expressed. Findings are drawn upon to suggest more inclusive counselor education tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes an eight-session psychoeducational small-group intervention with two groups of African-American youth in an urban, east coast high school setting. Sessions were designed to enhance the self-efficacy and outcomes expectations related to attending college for first-generation college goers in the twelfth grade. The group session topics are described, and outcomes are assessed. Facilitator challenges unique to the group setting are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers examined the experiences of two college preparatory groups with youth of color who are first-generation college-goers in an urban educational setting. An interpretive phenomenological framework was used to explore and identify participants' experiences of the intervention. The youth noted appreciation of the group format as a means for promoting enjoyment and personal self-disclosure. Self-disclosure promoted peer connection in regard to universal experiences which, in turn, deepened supportive relationships and college-going knowledge and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using interviews as a primary data source, the experiences of counselor educators preparing school counselors to engage in professional advocacy (i.e., promoting their value and roles) were examined in this study. The findings indicate that the participants taught professional advocacy through role modeling and active learning approaches. They recognized the importance of teaching the ASCA model and using data for role promotion, but they also described challenges, including facing resistance and fear from their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having challenged student resistance scholarship for glorifying forms of resistance that tend to be self-destructive to students, the field has shifted to supporting and advancing more transformational forms of resistance, such as organizing campaigns for social justice issues. While this is a welcome advance, the conception of transformative employed by researchers tends to be limited to reformist agendas. Situating student resistance in a historical context through a re-reading of Marx and Lenin offers a deeper framework for understanding and organizing student resistance. Making these points, I draw on the Mexican American historical and contemporary context for illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological study assessed master-level students’ experiences of using photovoice, a creative learning activity, in a race-based multicultural counseling course. Students were asked to engage in weekly written reflections regarding a course-related photographic image, with the goal of more deeply processing cognitive and affective reactions to the course. Data analyzed included focus groups, student written responses, and photos. Findings indicated use of photovoice as a means for processing cognitions, which allowed students to deepen learning by extending a racialized lens outside of the classroom. Students also indicated use of the tool to process emotional reactions at various stages of the course, allowing learners to creatively and visually express feelings as they surfaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the authors response related to educators engagement with party programs. The topics discussed include activist-scholars review of book, Marx, Capital, and Education: Towards a Critical Pedagogy of Becoming by Derek Ford and Curry Malott, the author's beliefs on the necessity of the Party and the neccesity to combat anti-communism and to defend workers' states and actually existing socialism which they called as Leninist fervor.

I admire leaders who, with little experience and training, create organizations that make major contributions in their industries, especially given that a great number of businesses fail. Some fail spectacularly, in headline-grabbing fashion, but most failed businesses implode quietly. In the United States alone, half of small businesses do not survive beyond 5 years; each year more than 1 million file for bankruptcy, and another 1.5 million-plus await bankruptcy resolution. For an organization to survive, the recurring and nonrecurring interlocking behavior of the organization members must ultimately adapt to the complex and dynamic demands of the organization’s external environments. Based on an understanding of behavioral dynamics, this article offers a perspective on how leaders can identify realistic improvements inside their organizations and orchestrate their implementation to better adapt to the requirements of the external environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a series of activities for educating counselors regarding a form of racism dubbed racial microaggressions. Meaning and impact of microaggressions are examined. Activities for responding to microaggressions can be applied to clinical and school contexts, and are useful for educators in professional and university settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

No abstract available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of White counseling students who facilitated a group intervention with Latino adolescents. A phenomenological approach revealed several challenges experienced by the counselors in working across race and culture. Two major themes that emerged from the analysis included counselors’ lack of cultural knowledge and the presence of White racial bias. These experiences engendered the counselors’ self-doubt regarding their abilities to work effectively across culture. Suggestions for training and supporting future professionals in work across race and ethnicity are included, with examples of supervisory responses to learner’s biased statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of a creative and culturally aligned group intervention for adolescents of Mexican origin. Using qualitative methodology, the authors examined multiple adolescents' experiences of participation in the group. The youth indicated that they derived positive meaning overall from activities. Activities cited as most memorable or important included those that allowed peer collaboration in completing a task and those that facilitated discussions of contextually and culturally relevant topics. Implications according to practice and training are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing empirical evidence demonstrating the negative impact of racism and other social injustices on individuals' mental and emotional health. Those findings challenge counselor educators and practitioners to address social injustices in professional training programs and communities across the country. This article illustrates a national advocacy project, whereby a group approach is applied to address social injustices. Application of the model is presented, along with a description of the specific group constructs and skills that were used in the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the history of African resistance to Euro-subjugation in the United States. The author notes the important role of the Black church during slavery as central institution for the subversive work of liberation. However, the essay focuses primarily on the post civil-war era as it was this period when American capitalists began to construct an education for African Americans as a transition from chattel slavery to wage slavery. It is within this context that the critical traditions of Du Bois and others emerged offering a real challenge to America's racist domesticating education for capital. The piece concludes revisiting the role critical pedagogy can continue to play in carrying on the unfinished project of the Black church, Du Bois, and other African freedom fighters in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine urban adolescents' experiences of completing a brief, substance use treatment protocol. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2006 with 23 patients to better understand their treatment experience, the subsequent impact on their social networks and self-narrative reflections. Results suggest common themes of new awareness of self in relation to substance use, utility of social networks in providing ongoing support, and hopeful future self-narratives. Participants named and evaluated all the substances that they could think of, with marijuana most frequently named and rated as good (65% of patients), indicating a positive attitude toward this drug. In general, we conclude that these qualitative data provide evidence of the effectiveness of brief substance abuse treatment for urban adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group activity therapy has been promoted as an effective means of providing growth opportunities for adolescents through the use of structured, developmentally appropriate activities in a group setting. This article qualitatively explores outcomes of 12 sessions of group activity therapy with ethnically diverse adolescents in a school setting. The authors replicated procedures set forth by Packman and Bratton's (2003) structured group format that included an activity, free or self-directed play time, and a snack time. Definitions and literature related to group activity therapy and its conception are included, along with multicultural considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-contingency model of performance management (Malott, 1992, 1993. 1999) was used to analyze interventions in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management (JOBM) from the years 1990 through 2005 (Volume 11[I] -Volume 25[4]). The current article extends previous reviews (Malott, Shimamune, & Malott, 1992; Otto & Malott, 2004) by assessing how behavior analysts have applied this level of analysis in the description of interventions and the importance of this conceptual precision when describing maintaining variables. All 48 studies meeting criteria for inclusion in the current article involved indirect-acting contingencies with outcomes too delayed to reinforce the causal response. Only 17 of the 24 articles that described the performance-management contingencies described them correctly in terms of the maintaining behavioral mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the three-contingency model of performance management, I make the following argument: (1) Often, we fail to behave as we should because the natural contingencies supporting appropriate behavior are ineffective; the natural contingencies involve outcomes for each individual response that are either too small, though of cumulative significance, or outcomes that are too improbable. The delay of the outcome is essentially irrelevant. The psychodynamic model of the cognitive motivational theorists provides a poor explanation for why we fail to behave as we should. (2) The performance-management contingencies in organizational behavior management (OBM) must usually involve dead-line-induced aversive control, even when they are based on powerful reinforcers. Furthermore, such performance management succeeds only to the extent that the person's behavioral history, "Jewish mother," has inculcated an appropriate value system. Wiegand and Geller's critique of the necessity of the use of aversive control fails to take into account the necessity of deadlines and the difference between instrumental and hedonic reinforcers; furthermore, it greatly over values the power of intrinsic reinforcement contingencies in OBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-month-old girl with congenital secretory diarrhea underwent a duodenal biopsy. Histologic study showed villous atrophy and large amounts of PAS-positive material within enterocyte cytoplasm. Despite a clinical suspicion of microvillous inclusion disease, 2 sessions of electron microscopy were unsuccessful in detecting the diagnostic inclusions. Instead, large aggregates of electron-lucent, vermiform membranous vesicles were observed in enterocyte cytoplasm, corresponding to the PAS-positive material. A third attempt at electron microscopy was successful in detecting small numbers of microvillous inclusions. These and other recently reported cases document an expanding spectrum of ultrastructural findings in this disease, including examples where the classic microvillous inclusions are overshadowed by other features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of replication origins in metazoans is only nominally similar to that in model organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By contrast to the compact origins of budding yeast, in metazoans multiple elements act as replication start sites or control replication efficiency. We first reported that replication forks diverge from an origin 5' to the human c-myc gene and that a 2.4-kb core fragment of the origin displays autonomous replicating sequence activity in plasmids and replicator activity at an ectopic chromosomal site. Here we have used clonal HeLa cell lines containing mutated c-myc origin constructs integrated at the same chromosomal location to identify elements important for DNA replication. Replication activity was measured before or after integration of the wild-type or mutated origins using PCR-based nascent DNA abundance assays. We find that deletions of several segments of the c-myc origin, including the DNA unwinding element and transcription factor binding sites, substantially reduced replicator activity, whereas deletion of the c-myc promoter P[sub 1] had only a modest effect. Substitution mutagenesis indicated that the sequence of the DNA unwinding element, rather than the spacing of flanking sequences, is critical. These results identify multiple functional elements essential for c-myc replicator activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron microscopy was used to examine 72 cases of medulloblastoma to better characterize the ultrastructural spectrum of this tumor. Twenty-four cases showed prominent neural differentiation. Twenty-three cases showed minimal (21) or no (2) recognizable neural differentiation, and the remainder of the cases (25) showed intermediate differentiation. All 42 cases tested stained for neuron-specific enolase, 28 for synaptophysin, and 12 for neurofilament protein. All cases showed strong reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) within reactive astrocytes. Three cases showed reactivity for GFAP within tumor cells. Medulloblastoma exhibits a broad spectrum of neural differentiation, with nearly all cases showing at least some degree of this change, and it universally exhibits participation of reactive astrocytes which can create a potential for diagnostic confusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A young woman with a melanoma of the left forearm was found to have a right lung mass. This was initially interpreted as metastatic melanoma on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and light microscopic features, together with positive staining of tumor cells with antibody HMB-45. Electron microscopic examination performed for confirmation of the diagnosis revealed no evidence of melanocytic differentiation. Instead, there were features suggestive of the alternative diagnosis of sclerosing hemangioma (SH). This diagnosis was confirmed with additional immunocytochemical stains. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of HMB-45 positivity in SH. This case illustrates a potentially disastrous diagnostic pitfall in interpreting lung tumors in patients with melanoma, and the vital role of electron microscopy in resolving conflicting and/or misleading immunocytochemical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavior analysts can and should but rarely do account for the ontogenic continuity of behavior, thus leaving the field open to the reified, biological-deterministic traits of personality theorists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critique of Goltz and Hietapelto's operant model of power suggests: • The definition of power and leadership are too narrow. • Powerful leaders rarely manage performance through operant contingencies. • The opportunity to manage the behavior of others is rarely the reinforcer controlling the behavior of the powerful. • The aversiveness of control by the powerful is rarely the basis for resistance to organizational change. • Much behavior-analytic extrapolation from the Skinner box is unwarranted. • Much behavior-analytic theorizing is uncomfortably close to the hypothetico-deductive theorizing about which Skinner warned us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do not make these erroneous, simplistic assumptions: (1) Psychological phenomena need non-Skinner-box concepts for their understanding; (2) All natural and performance-management contingencies are the direct-acting contingencies of the Skinner box; (3) The delayed delivery of a reinforcer is reinforcement; and (4) A contingency will be ineffective, if it involves a delayed outcome. Delayed-outcome performance-management contingencies can be effective, if their outcomes are sufficiently sizeable and probable, if they involve deadlines (in the case of performance maintenance contingencies), and if the performer knows the rule describing the contingency. The main function of rules describing delayed-outcome performance-management contingencies is their creation of noncompliance as an aversive condition. The performer then escapes or attenuates the aversive condition by complying with the rule. However, the aversiveness of noncompliance is a function of our preschool behavioral history. For example, such early childhood training determines the proximity to the deadline before noncompliance becomes aversive enough to motivate compliance. Thus, early childhood training determines the amount of performance management needed to obtain reliable performance; so we all need Jewish mothers, or their surrogates, if we are to avoid the need of excessive performance management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the use of establishing operation in organizational behavior management. Role of theory in behavior analysis; Importance of establishing operation and performance-management contingency; Complexity of behavioral procedures.

Comments on an article on response maintenance in safety behavior management interventions in industrial settings, published in the 'Journal of Organizational Behavior Management.' Performance-management contingencies; Myths of intermittent reinforcement; Approaches to performance maintenance.

Addresses the issue concerning the importance of conceptual behavior analysis in behavioral sciences publications. Benefits of using behavior analysis on articles concerning behavioral sciences; Difficulties in applying conceptual analyses in published works; Difference between basic scientific research on behavior and behavioral engineering.

To a large extent, an organization's culture is probably not based on direct-acting contingencies of reinforcement and punishment. Instead it is generally based on indirect-acting conlineencies he.. analoe to reinforcement and ounishmentl A direct- - acting contingencyTs one where the oulcome involved'in the contingency is sufficiently immediate, sizable, and probable to reinforce or punish the causal response. An indirect-acting contingency is one Ulat controls the causal response, though the outcome contingent on that response is too improbable to actually reinforce or punish that causal response. In cases where indirect-acting contingencies do control Ihe response, it seems likely that they do so through the actions of rules describing those contingencies; in other words, such control is an instance of rule-governed behavior. Thus much of the control exerted by an organization's culture is through rule governance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A behavior systems analysis perspective is employed to guide development of a goal-directed model for the design of human performance systems presented in this article. The goal-directed model is discussed in terms of the following: (1) its basic concepts (i.e., system, behavioral system, and behavioral systems analysis), (2) the importance and implications of identifying the ultimate goals, (3) a descripton of a goal-directed model for the design of systems, and (4) a specification of the criteria for defining objectives that will lead to achievement of the ultimate goals. Finally, it is suggested that use of a goal-directed model would help organizations move toward accomplishing their ultimate goals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This is a casual critique of the effect of the computer revolution on human productivity. The computer (especially the home computer) may be just one more example in a long line of examples of disappointing hardware solutions to human problems. The potential c auses of this disappointment are the lack of useful software for home computers, the labor-intensive nature of many computer applications, and the computer's ability to reinforce playing-with-the-computer rather than working-on-the-task-at-hand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Analysis of a checklist system suggested that it may be a useful method of improving staff performance. Three features were considered important components of a checklist system: task definitions, recording responses on checklists, and periodic supervisor review. A checklist system incorporating these features was developed for an administrative staff in a large instructional system. A multiple-baseline across-subjects design and one reversal were used with three small groups of front-line staff, whose task completion was determined by permanent products left by the tasks. The percent of tasks completed improved by 28.8% when the checklist system was in effect. This study indicated that checklists may be a worthwhile method of managing worker performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research involved a comparison of two approaches for implementing a point system in a Job Search program. The experimental group (a) received precise instructions concerning back-up contingencies, (b) attended weekly feedback sessions, and (c) graphed daily points earned. The control group received the same initial instructions concerning performance standards and point values for behaviors; however, their instructions did not directly relate back-up contingencies to point values. The experimental group earned 34% more points. Due to variability in each subject's program duration, the experimenter conducted an analysis of. covariance (p < .02, F = 6.54). the covariant being the number of days in the program. These findings indicate that precise descriptions of consequences and ongoing feedback (planning) sessions may improve task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study evaluated an incentive program that had been used to recruit memberships in a health club. The program was evaluated by withdrawing the incentive system after a baseline incentive condition. A multiple-baseline design across two groups of employees was used to compare the relative number of referrals made per person in the incentive conditions to the number made in the no-incentive conditions. In the no-incentive condition for the two groups involved, the mean number of referrals per new member dropped significantly from the baseline incentive condition. Referral rates returned to baseline levels when the incentive condition was reinstated. The cost versus revenues attributable to the incentive program indicated that the cost-benefit ratio warranted continuation of the program. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The effectiveness of a structured meeting system, incorporating weekly meetings, deadlines and task monitoring was evaluated with four middle managers. The manager/experimenter introduced the system according to a multiple-baseline across-subjects design, and each supervisee improved markedly during intervention on measures of timeliness and productivity. A behavioral analysis suggested that the meeting system changed both the manager's and the supervisees' contingencies, and made the planned consequence of manager approval more contingent on desired supervisee behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examined the differential effects of instructions, modeling, and feedback in the training of tutors in a remedial education program. The training program was designed to teach the correct use of descriptive social reinforcers to tutors of grade school and high school students. A multiple baseline design was employed to determine the experimental effects. Modeling and feedback occurred either immediately following the completion of a tutorial session or immediately prior to the next session. Instructions alone had little effect (2% to 12% correct), modeling produced a marked and rapid improvement (42% to 100% correct), and feedback produced a slight additional improvement (72% to 100%). The use of modeling as a methodological control for the instructional effect of feedback is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to increase the frequency of four specific customer-service behaviors in three full-time department store salespeople. The behaviors recorded were approaching customers, greeting them, being courteous, and appropriately closing the sale. These responses were defined as the four major steps involved in making a sale. A combination multiple baseline across subjects and a reversal design were used to evaluate the results. A training program had only a slight impact on improving service, but feedback produced a substantial improvement in the frequency of all four targeted customer-service behaviors. Removal of feedback produced a small decline in performance; but the percentage of exceptional customer-service behaviors increased to approximately the same levels as those obtained during the Feedback phase, when we told salespeople that their service would be evaluated by customers they waited on. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article describes a supervisory system designed to help people maintain a steady rate of work, toward the accomplishment of long-range goals. The main features of the system are: (a) written task specification, b) weekly subgoals or deadlines, (c) weekly monitoring, (d) weekly feedback, and (e) added incentives. We applied this system to the supervision of MA thesis research, using a BAB reversal design, to investigate the effects of an incentive system consisting of performance-based points toward a letter of recommendation combined with weekly feedback. This incentive system produced a high and steady rate of completion of the weekly research tasks when it was present, while the rate of completion was considerably lower during the baseline phase, when the incentive system was absent. Twelve of the 15 individual subjects and five of the seven research tasks showed these results. In a subjective evaluation, the participants approved of this type of supervising system. This system may be applicable to the supervision of many long-term projects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

No abstract available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Several writers have suggested that hypnotic responsiveness is directly related to the content of S's covert self-statements. To test this notion, low and high hypnotizable Ss in either hypnosis or waking conditions were exposed to a recorded message advocating that college seniors be required to pass a comprehensive exam in order to graduate. Following message presentation, Ss listed all of the thoughts which occurred to them while listening to the message; these thoughts were later coded as counterarguments, favorable thoughts, or neutral thoughts. Hypnotized Ss generated significantly fewer counterarguments and agreed more with the message than waking Ss. In addition, high hypnotizable Ss (in both waking and hypnosis conditions) produced significantly more favorable thoughts and agreed more with the message than low hypnotizable Ss. Results, therefore, provided a demonstration of the differential impact of context (induction) and trait (hypnotizability level) upon different cognitive phenomena. Implications for the occurrence of hypersuggestible behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

During the last 20 years, social democratic, provincial governments in Canada have implemented social service and health care reforms that require community participation in planning. Low income consumers are typically among the interest groups seated on these boards. Consumer involvement may merely mask a government agenda to centralize control over planning, however. Thus the oppression of low income consumers is maintained under the guise of a pseudo-democratic process. This paper examines past and current efforts to empower planning boards and offers strategies that can be used by progressive human service workers to help consumers overcome structural barriers to empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]