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Preterm labor, defined as contractions occurring every 5–10 minutes with cervical changes before the 37th week of estimated gestation, is a significant cause of perinatal mortality. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of magnesium sulfate compared to nifedipine in managing preterm labor. The systematic review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023422419). Manuscripts published up to September 2024 were systematically searched in databases. Dichotomous data were pooled as odds ratios using a random-effects model with the Mantel-Haenszel method, while continuous data were analyzed as mean ± standard deviation values, mean differences, and standardized mean differences using inverse-variance fixed-effects analysis. Fifteen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included, enrolling a total of 2,186 pregnant women. Nifedipine showed a greater effect compared to a 4-gram IV dose of magnesium sulfate. However, the efficacy of these tocolytics in prolonging pregnancy by 48 hours did not significantly differ between nifedipine and a 6-gram IV dose of magnesium sulfate. Additionally, magnesium sulfate was associated with more adverse drug reactions. The moderate certainty of evidence found here requires confirmation in large, adequately powered RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is one of the most commonly used agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of eclampsia in patients with severe preeclampsia. However, there is no international consensus regarding the optimal gestational age for MgSO4 treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of MgSO4 on uterine (UtA), umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral arteries (MCA) by calculating the SD ratio (S/D), resistance index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) at different gestational weeks. Methods: In total, 66 pregnant women as participants with severe preeclampsia were divided into two groups based on gestational age: Group 1 (n = 28, 26–30 weeks) and Group 2 (n = 38, 30–34 weeks). Color Doppler (Philip HD11) measurements were taken and compared before and after the MgSO4 loading dose. Results: Within-group analysis revealed significant differences in RI-UtA, PI-UtA, and S/D in UtA before and after MgSO4 administration in Group 1. Furthermore, the RI-UA and RI-MCA decreased statistically significantly after MgSO4 treatment, whereas the pulsatility index and S/D did not change in either the umbilical or middle cerebral arteries. After MgSO4 treatment, all Doppler parameters in the uterine and umbilical arteries in Group 2 showed significant changes when compared to before MgSO4 administration. Conclusion: MgSO4 can effectively improve umbilical and MCA blood flow at 30–34 gestational weeks but not at 26–30w. Meanwhile, using MgSO4 can improve uterine blood flow in severe preeclampsia, which may contribute to the management of reducing adverse events in pregnant women who have preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preeclampsia is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm delivery. The maternal serum ratio of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (sFlt-1) to placental growth factor (PlGF) can be used to evaluate placental dysfunction in cases of preeclampsia and FGR. A need for delivery within 2 days has been recommended for sFlt-1/PlGF ratios > 655 (normal ratio < 38) measured before 34 weeks' gestation. However, few studies have assessed this recommendation in a real-world setting and there remains a need for further evidence-based guidance on the use of the ratio in delivery timing planning in this situation. Aim: To assess the need for delivery within 2 days associated with sFlt-1/PlGF ratios > 655 before 34 weeks' gestation. Methods: A retrospective audit of all sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test results obtained at a single maternity hospital between September 2016 and November 2022. The primary outcome was time to delivery after recording a ratio > 655 in patients with a pregnancy between 20 + 0 and 33 + 6 weeks' gestation. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v29.0.0.0. Results: During the study period a total of 33 patients with suspected or confirmed preeclampsia and/or FGR recorded sFlt-1/PlGF ratios > 655 before 34 + 0 weeks' gestation. Amongst cases with ratios > 655, median time to delivery was 4 days (IQR 1.0–9.0), with 14 (42.4%) delivering in ≤ 2 days, 8 (24.2%) delivering between 2 and 7 days and 11 (33.3%) delivering after 7 days. A significant inverse correlation was observed between time to delivery and gestational age at the time of ratio testing (rs = −0.484, p = 0.004). Discussion: This study provides updated recommendations on the use of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in predicting the risk of imminent delivery amongst those with high ratios > 655 measured before 34 weeks' gestation. Our results suggest that the risk of imminent delivery can be stratified based on ratio level and gestational age, which in combination with the results of other clinical assessments, can be used to plan delivery timing and allow for considerations of fetal lung maturing corticosteroid and neuroprotective magnesium sulfate therapies prior to delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexaconazole is one of the most popular fungicides used for the chemical control of several diseases in many vegetable crops, but its residues may remain in the crops and soil. Hence, the residue analysis of hexaconazole, its dissipation kinetics and food safety evaluations in green chilli and soil were undertaken for two seasons at Varanasi, India. Residues were extracted using ethyl acetate from chilli fruits and soil. Primary secondary amine (PSA), graphitised carbon black (GCB) and magnesium sulphate were used as cleaning agents for samples. The percent recovery at 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.50 mg/kg was 86.33–94.67% in green chilli and 81.67–93.00% in the soil. The average matrix effect (ME) percentage was less than 9.00% for green chilli and less than 8.70% for the soil. The method optimised data in the present study satisfied the EU protocol for method validation and are considered appropriate for the determination of hexaconazole residue in matrices of green chilli fruits and soil. The study revealed that half-lives of hexaconazole in green chilli were 1.91 days and 3.47 days for recommended dose (RD) and double of the recommended dose (DD), respectively, for the year 2019, whereas in the year 2020, half-lives were 1.84 and 3.24 days for RD and DD, respectively. The terminal residue in the soil was estimated below the limit of quantification. The food safety assessment submits that the green chilli fruits could be considered safer for consumption after the projected pre-harvest intervals (PHIs). Different household processes were evaluated for removal of/minimising the incurred hexaconazole residue in green chilli. Washing with boiling water could be used as a most effective decontamination strategy for hexaconazole from green chilli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics and antibacterials, including sulfonamides, are components of the veterinary armamentarium used to prevent and treat diseases in seafood. However, the accumulation of veterinary drug residues in seafood can cause food safety concerns. This study aimed to verify the quantitative analytical method for sulfonamides, trimethoprim, ormetoprim, and dapsone in seafood and to apply it to fish and shrimp distributed in Korean market. In the present study, three types of matrices (shrimp, flatfish, and eels) were used to detect drugs (n = 25) (sulfonamides (n = 21), trimethoprim, ormetoprim, dapsone, and monoacetyldapsone). Matrices were extracted with acetonitrile and mixed with 2 g of magnesium sulfate and 1 g of sodium acetate. After agitation, supernatants were mixed with 300 mg of C18 and centrifuged again. Then the supernatant was evaporated, dissolved in 50% methanol, and filtered through a PTFE filter. Extracts (5 µl) were then injected into the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, decision limit, decision capability, matrix effects, intra/inter-day accuracies, precisions, and stabilities and the method was applied to fish and shrimp sold in the Korean market. The validation results were found to be satisfactory. As a result of applying the validated method to fish and shrimp samples purchased from the Korean market, sulfacetamide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfanilamide were detected in shrimp samples. The devised method for analysing antibiotics in seafood samples enables antibiotic detection in fish samples distributed in the global market and should aid the adoption of preventative measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing novel strains of Enterococcus previously isolated from the vaginal source of pregnant women were selected based on ropy structure formation. The two selected strains, E.villorum SB-2 and E.rivorum S22-3, were found to be producing 2.87 g/l and 3.14 g/l EPS, respectively, in the minimal media (M17 media) after 24-hour fermentation under anaerobic condition. Both the strains have probiotic properties and have the potential to be used for industrial applications. The production media and fermentation conditions were optimized to enhance the EPS production using the one-factor method, Placket-Burman factorial designing and Central composite design (CCD) of Response surface methodology (RSM). The most relevant factors affecting the EPS yield were sucrose, yeast extract and pH for E.villorum SB2 and sucrose, yeast extract and magnesium sulfate for the E.rivorum S22-3 as determined by Placket-Burman design, whose concentrations were further optimized using CCD. The optimized fermentation conditions gave the total EPS of 9.76 g/l (4 times the initial production) from E.villorum SB-2 and 7.74 g/l (2.5 times the initial production) from E.rivorum S22-3, respectively, after 36-hour incubation at 37 °C. These optimization studies might be helpful during scale-up process for the industrial scale production of these exopolysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The benefits of caffeine to physical performance have been extensively demonstrated, however, it has recently been speculated that there is an effect of the administration route on its effectiveness. Purpose: The current study investigated the effect of caffeine mouth rinse in isolation or combined with ingestion on performance in a 30-minute constant-load exercise followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Methods: Ten physically active men performed a 30-minute constant-load exercise at 50% of the graded test Wmax, followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Before and at the middle points of the constant-load exercise and 10-km cycling time trial, the following conditions were administered: PLA (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), ING (5 mg.kg−1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), MR (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine), and COMB (5 mg.kg−1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine). Results: During the 30-minute constant-load exercise, COMB presented a lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) than MR (p =.04). For the 10-km time trial, the COMB was faster than MR (MR = 1363 ± 345 vs. COMB = 1291 ± 308s, Δ% = 5.57, p =.05). Mean power output was higher in COMB than PLA, ING, and MR (234 ± 15 vs. 169 ± 29, 148 ± 11, and 145 ± 12 W, respectively). There were no differences between conditions for heart rate and RPE during the 10-km time trial. Conclusion: In summary, caffeine mouth rinsing potentiated the effects of caffeine ingestion during the 10-km time trial compared to caffeine mouth rinsing alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is an adaptive response to potentially threatening conditions. Excessive and uncontrolled anxiety responses become nonadaptive and cause anxiety disorders. To better understand the anxiety-modulating effects of Mg sulfate, behavioral test batteries in the assessment of anxiety and learning and memory functions were performed simultaneously over a time period. This study also examines the effects of Mg sulfate compared to diazepam, an anxiolytic drug with amnestic effects on anxiety-like behavior, as well as possible oxidative-nitrosative stress and hippocampal changes in male rats exposed to predator odor. Young adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were used. The rats were assessed using a comprehensive neurobehavioral test battery consisting of novel object recognition, open field, and successive alleys tasks. Anxiety was induced by cat odor, and diazepam and Mg were used as study drugs. Of the frontal cortex and hippocampus, the state of total oxidant and antioxidant and NO levels and histological examination of hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions were performed. Diazepam- and Mg-treated rats showed an improvement in anxiety-related behavior to predator odors. Furthermore, Mg treatment alleviated some of the increasing oxidative stress in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, while diazepam treatment in particular enhanced hippocampal oxidant and antioxidant activity. In addition, brain NO increase induced by animal odor exposure or diazepam treatment was ameliorated by Mg administration. Overall, our work suggests that Mg had a partial anxiolytic effect on anxiety-like behaviors, although not as much as diazepam, and this effect varied depending on the dose. Mg treatment might counteract increased oxidative stress and elevated NO levels in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the durability of mortars subjected to sulfate solutions (specifically Na2SO4 and MgSO4). The effectiveness of cement replacement materials (CRMs) such as calcined kaolinite clay (C), high CaO fly ash (F), and limestone powder (L) in multi-binder systems was studied. The pastes' microstructure, phase assemblage, and elemental profiles were examined. The results showed that mortars containing calcined kaolinite clay and high CaO fly ash (C30F15) had the lowest expansion when exposed to Na2SO4 and MgSO4. This was caused by the decreased portlandite and expansive products, improved mortar's compressive strength, and refined pore structure (smallest pore size and lowest pore volume). However, the use of the CRMs, especially when calcined kaolinite clay was combined with fly ash or limestone powder, raised the weight loss and surface deterioration of mortars in a MgSO4 solution because of the lowered pH in the pore solution and formation of MSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an aim of producing commercially important tannase enzyme using cheap and readily available agro-residues, leaves of Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini), peels of Lemon (Citrus limon), and Pomegranate (Punica granatum) were screened. Newly isolated Geotrichum cucujoidarum was utilized for the study. Preliminary studies indicated that tannase titer obtained is not proportional to the tannin content of the agro-residues and solid state fermentation superior compared to submerged fermentation. Jamun mixed with lemon peel in equal proportion supplemented with minerals under solid-state fermentation gave a tannase titer of 15.46 U/g dry solids. Through successful implantation of Plackett–Burman design, yeast extract concentration, inoculum volume, and amount of substrate were found to be the most significant factors. Further optimization of these three factors through Response Surface Methodology resulted in the 1.7-fold increase in tannase titer. Validation experiments using 3.97 g of Jamun leaves + lemon peel powder mixed with a nutrient solution having (w/v) yeast extract − 1.1%, dextrose − 3%, Urea − 1.125%, potassium chloride − 0.1%, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate − 0.1% with the initial pH of 5, inoculated with 2.48 ml of inoculum gave a tannase titer of 26.43 U/g dry solids after 6 days of solid-state fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effect of local injection of ropivacaine and bupivacaine with magnesium sulfate on postoperative pain in vertebral laminectomy surgery. This randomized double-blind prospective study was conducted among 60 patients aged 18–65 years old with ASA class I and II. Group RM: (30 people) received 70 mg ropivacaine (14 ml) plus 1 ml magnesium sulfate (500 mg) volume up to 20 ml with normal saline. Group BM: (30 people) received 70 mg bupivacaine (14 ml) plus 1 ml magnesium sulfate (500 mg) volume up to 20 ml with normal saline. The results were analyzed by SPSS 23 software, and statistical analysis consisted of χ2 test and t-test, and a p value less than.05 was considered significant. Mean pain score based on VAS in 6 and 12 h after surgery in the RM group was lower in the BM group (p < 0.05). The analgesic request frequency in the RM group was lower than the BM group (p = 0.01). The mean morphine consumption in the RM group was 185 mg and in the BM group was 220 mg. According to the T-test, there was a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.03). there was no significant difference between the mean arterial blood pressure and mean heart rate between the two groups at 6, 12, 24 and 24 h after surgery (p > 0.05). This study showed that wound infiltration with ropivacaine and magnesium sulfate compared to bupivacaine and magnesium sulfate provided better postoperative analgesia and significantly reduced postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our earlier paper, authors have been reported that Ni(II) resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae AJ208 was developed to remove the elevated level of Ni(II) concentration, and 70% removal was observed concerning the initial Ni(II) concentration of 3000 mg/L. This article aims to screen the facilitated Ni(II) removal after optimizing carbon-nitrogen and macro-micro elements as nutritional supplements into fermentation media from an aqueous solution. In the fermentation media, the synthetic carbon-nitrogen sources and macro-micro elements were added and optimized to obtain better Ni(II) percentage removal from the aqueous solution by using the Ni(II) resistant strain of S. cerevisiae AJ208. As newly optimized carbon-nitrogen sources, sucrose, and ammonium chloride collectively provide 75% Ni(II) removal. The macro-micro elements, magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, ferric sulfate, and zinc sulfate, positively impacted S. cerevisiae AJ208 growth and fermentation. After optimization, it provided 85% Ni(II) removal. The adsorbent was also characterized with SEM-EDAX, Raman, and FTIR analysis. The adsorption study shows a striking enhancement in Ni(II) removal after adding mentioned nutritive elements. The genetic algorithm is also successfully applied using the data acquired from the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide self-poisoning is one of the three most important global means of suicide, killing an estimated 110–168,000 people each year, mostly in poor rural Asian communities. Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate anticholinesterase insecticides are responsible for about two-thirds of these deaths. Calcium channel blocking medicines (CCB) may reduce the effect of pesticides and prevent deaths. Two preclinical rodents' studies and eight clinical studies utilising nimodipine and magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), respectively, showed mixed results. We have established a multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT) of patients with OP or carbamate self-poisoning admitted to at least six major hospitals in Bangladesh. The study aims to recruit maximum 3,243 patients over four years. One-third of the patients selected at random will receive standard treatment, while one-third will be treated with additional nimodipine and one-third with additional MgSO4. The additional treatments will be given for 48 h. We will check mortality (currently an estimated 11% die with standard treatment) and need for intensive care for mechanical ventilation across the three groups. This could lead to development of the first novel treatment for anticholinesterase poisoning in 50 years and its introduction into routine hospital practice worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Erector spinae plane (ESP) block has been evaluated in many studies in pediatric surgeries by the use of postoperative rescue analgesia which is the objective parameter assessing the efficacy of the technique in controlling postoperative pain. Adjuvants were used with ESP block to densify its postoperative analgesia. Magnesium sulfate was used for suppressing somatic, endocrine and autonomic reflexes induced by noxious stimuli during surgery. Dexamethasone is a highly potent glucocorticoid that has been used in different regional anesthesia to prolong the anesthetic effect of the local anesthesia by inducing local vasoconstriction. Methodology: Sixty pediatric patients underwent inguinal hernia repair under general anesthesia, and then they were assigned randomly into three groups that received ESP block either with local anesthetic alone or with magnesium sulfate or dexamethasone. Results: Our study revealed no statistical significance among the three groups as regards demographic and vital data. Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale score for postoperative assessment of magnesium sulfate and dexamethasone which were added to bupivacaine in ESP block had a better score than bupivacaine alone with high statistical significance. Also, magnesium sulfate and dexamethasone had a delayed first-dose postoperative rescue analgesia with significant statistical value (P value = 0.002) and total postoperative doses of postoperative rescue analgesia were lesser in magnesium sulfate and dexamethasone groups with marked statistical significance (P value < 0.001). As regards complications, there were minor ones in the form of mild bruising and mild pain at injection site with no statistical significance between the three groups (P value = 0.108). Conclusion: In our study, magnesium sulfate and dexamethasone added to bupivacaine in ESP block prolonged the duration of postoperative pain control and decreased the consumption of postoperative analgesia than bupivacaine alone. No major complications were recorded in our study in the three groups which solidify the safety of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Excision of tumors from pelvis causing severe pain postoperatively. Hemodynamic stability, and better analgesia were documented when MgSO4 was used as an adjuvant to local anesthesia. We aimed to investigate the effect of using intrathecal MgSO4 with different doses as an adjuvant to LAs on postoperative acute pain, hemodynamics, and chronic pain. Methods: Ninety patients scheduled for pelvic surgery for excision of tumors have been included in this study and divided into three groups; all patient received general anesthesia (GA) plus intrathecal fentanyl (group A), while the second (group B) and the third (group C) received intrathecal magnesium sulfate 50 mg and 100 mg, respectively; intra- and postoperative outcomes such as hemodynamics, (LANSS) pain score, (NRS) and postoperative complications have been measured. Results: The results revealed that MgSO4 in the (group B) had significant effect on decreasing the postoperative pain during the first 24 hours; the result of the three groups revealed that there was statistically significant difference between the group A and groups (B-C) (P-value >0.05), while there was insignificant statistical difference between the group B and group C. Patients in the fentanyl group requested analgesic after 6 to 8 hours (mean ±SD 8.4817 ± 0.819 mg), while patients in group B after 12 to 14 hours postoperatively (13.7450 ± 0.86477 mg) and patients in group C requested analgesia 16 hours postoperatively (13.7800 ± 1.00272 mg). LANSS score was significantly improved in groups B-C, but fewer complications such as itching, nausea and shorter time of recovery after the surgery in group B than other groups. Conclusion: When comparing IT magnesium sulfate at doses of 50 and 100 to fentanyl 50 mg, we found superiority of MgSO4, in decreasing pain after surgery and ITMgSO4 50 mg achieved a reasonable balance between postoperative analgesia and side effects. In addition, ITMgSO4 has shown significant effect in decreasing the chronic pain postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rectus sheath block (RSB) is an effective nerve block. This study aimed to compare adenosine and magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant for ultrasound-guided RSB (UGRSB). Methods: This prospective controlled randomized trial was performed on 96 adult patients (ASA I and II) undergoing umbilical or epigastric hernia repair. The patients were assigned randomly to three equal groups and got bilateral UG-RSB. Adenosine group: using 20 ml bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% + 12 mg of adenosine (4 ml) +1 ml saline 0.9%. Magnesium group: using 20 ml bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% + 500 mg of magnesium sulfate (5 ml). Control group: using 20 ml bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% + 5 ml of saline 0.9%. Registration No.: 6/2018ANET17. Results: A significant postoperative reduction of VAS up to 18 h was detected in the magnesium sulfate group and up to 12 h was detected in the adenosine group. A statistically significant prolongation of time to the first analgesia in magnesium and adenosine groups than control groups (483.44 ± 48.03 & 415.28 ± 29.81 than 325.31 ± 50.29, respectively), as well as the mean postoperative morphine consumption was 5.94 ± 1.61, 8.03 ± 1.0 and 16.69 ± 2.49 among magnesium, adenosine, and control groups, respectively. The postoperative complications were statistically significantly higher in the control group. Conclusion: This study validates the effectiveness of adenosine versus magnesium sulfate as good adjuvants for improving the quality and duration of UG-RSB and reduction of postoperative narcotic requirements. However, the duration was relatively longer with magnesium sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research work investigated the effect of magnesium sulfate added to bupivacaine in serratus anterior block in cases of modified radical mastectomy. Patients and method: A total of 80 female patients of ASA I and II were randomly assigned into two equal groups depending on the adjuvant added to bupivacaine. B group: patients received 20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine with 5 ml 0.9% normal saline. BM group: patients received 20 ml 0.5% bupivacaine+150 mg magnesium sulfate in 0.9% normal saline with a total volume of 25 ml in both groups. Primary aim was to test the effect of magnesium sulfate when added to bupivacaine on pain intensity. Secondary targets were to detect the haemodynamics, safety and any side effects of magnesium sulfate. Results: Visual analogue scale measurement showed statistical significant decrease after 4 hours till 24 hours postoperatively in BM group more than in B group. Mean time to first rescue analgesia in BM group was 11.73 ± 1.91 hours versus 8.13 ± 1.38 hours in B group with P value < 0.001. The mean total dose of nalbuphine used was statistically significantly decreased in BM group, as it was 15.50 ± 3.89 mg in B group and 9.63 ± 4.44 mg in BM group with P value < 0.001. Occurrence of complications in both groups showed insignificant statistical difference. Conclusions: Magnesium sulfate with bupivacaine in serratus anterior plane block produced prolonged analgesia postoperatively without significant haemodynamic instability with significant decline in the total dose of rescue analgesic with minimal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pain that occurs after septorhinoplasty is an important factor affecting the comfort of the patient. To investigate the effect of perioperative intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion on postoperative pain and quality of recovery in patients underwent septorhinoplasty surgery. One hundred twenty patients who underwent septorhinoplasty were randomly divided into two groups. Magnesium group received intravenous magnesium after induction of anesthesia (30 mg/kg), then infused until the end of the surgical procedure (9 mg/kg). The placebo group received the same volume of saline infusion. The VAS score was used for postoperative pain assessment, and the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40) score was used for the assessment of recovery status. The postoperative 30 min, 1st, 2nd, 4th (p <.001) and 24th hour (p <.05) VAS scores of the patients in the magnesium infusion group were significantly lower compared to the placebo group. Also; in terms of physical comfort (p <.001), emotional state (p <.05), psychological support, pain and total score values (p <.001), patients in magnesium group had significantly higher QoR-40 scores than those in placebo group. Intraoperative magnesium infusion, which is widely used in many surgeries to provide controlled hypotension, also contributes significantly to patient comfort with its positive effect on postoperative pain and recovery scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomass of Lactobacillus strains depends on the culture media and culture conditions. The purpose of this study was to optimize the culture medium composition and culture conditions of Lactobacillus plantarum Y44 to improve its biomass. The utilization of different carbon sources and nitrogen sources by L. plantarum Y44 was assessed by single factor experiment to screen out the economical carbon and nitrogen sources for L. plantarum Y44 growth. Through optimization experiments, the optimized culture medium for L. plantarum Y44 growth consists of soybean peptone 44.1 g/L, yeast extract 22.1 g/L, sucrose 35.6 g/L, hydrogen diamine citrate 2 g/L, anhydrous sodium acetate 8.5 g/L, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 4 g/L, Tween-80 2 mL/L, manganese sulfate 0.25 g/L, and magnesium sulfate 0.58 g/L, and the initial pH 6.7. The concentration of viable bacteria cells of L. plantarum Y44 culturing in the optimized medium at 37 °C for 16 h was up to 3.363 × 1010 CFU/mL, as 6.11 times higher than that in the MRS medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse disease states. The present study was designed to examine the effects of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced behaviour impairment and oxidative damage in rats. Eighteen rats were equally divided into three groups. The first group was kept as a control. In the second group, H2O2 was given in drinking water at 3% during 5 days. In the third group, rats were subjected to daily administration of H2O2 and MgSO4 (100 mg/kg; b.w) for 5 days. Animals were subjected to behavioural tests (elevated plus maze and open field). At the end of experiment, brains were extracted for oxidative stress biomarkers assessment including levels of malondialdéhyde and hydrogen peroxide and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Our findings showed that H2O2 treated rat exhibited anxiogenic behaviour and the genesis of free radicals in the brain. Magnesium showed amelioration against oxidative stress and significant decrease in anxiety levels. Stress is a powerful process that disrupts brain homeostasis by inducing oxidative stress and its appear that magnesium may have potential therapeutic benefits by reducing oxidative stress and inducing anxiolytic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-Ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride ( B 1 b ) (EDC-HCl) (Figure 1) is a widely used reagent for such organic transformations as peptide coupling, amidation, esterification, protein modification and mild oxidation of primary alcohols.[1] The advantage of B 1 b over other potentially useful reagents is that the by-product ( B 2, b EDU) produced from the reaction is water soluble and therefore easily extracted at scale. 1-(3-Dimethylamino propyl)-3-ethylurea (EDU) (2) To a stirred solution of EDC-HCl B (1) b (50.0 g, 0.261 mol) in H SB 2 sb O (100 mL), aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (500 g, 10% w/w) was added. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mass was cooled to 20-30 °C. [Extracted from the article]

The need remains for veterinary multi-residue methods that reliably quantify and identify veterinary drugs in the various animal-based food matrices. Such a method should not only show good method performance parameters (e.g. recoveries of analytes) but must also be fast and cheap. The proposed method focused on the following points: acceptable analyte trueness (recovery) and precision for a large number (200) of diverse veterinary drugs in the relevant animal-based food matrices (egg, muscle, fatty fish, liver, kidney, and honey). The sample preparation method termed p-QuEChERS uses a salt mixture consisting of potassium phosphates to induce phase separation. The avoidance of conventional QuEChERS salts (e.g. magnesium sulphate) significantly improves recoveries of several critical analytes. Analyte recoveries were further improved by adding a centrifugation and a defatting step before initiating the salt-induced phase separation. This combined clean-up removes a large fraction of the potentially interfering matrix compounds. As a result, matrix effects in the electrospray interface were minimized. These factors were the basis for the obtained good validation data. Two types of high-resolution mass spectrometers coupled to liquid chromatography were compared for analysis. In comparison with conventional QuEChERS, the proposed p-QuEChERS concept improved the recovery of polar analytes such as penicillins, tetracyclines and quinolones. The simplicity of the procedure and the low consumable expenses make the method ideal for the routine control of veterinary drugs in all evaluated animal-based food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a standard regimen for bowel preparation. However, elderly patients suffered from adverse events. This study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral magnesium sulfate solution (MSS) vs standard PEG in elderly patients undergoing colonoscopy. Elderly patients aged 60–90 years, from two endoscopic centers, were enrolled in China. Patients were randomized to take a low dose of MSS or a standard PEG regime in a split-dose regime. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with adequate bowel preparation, which was defined as the total Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) ≥6 and each segmental BBPS was ≥2. Secondary outcomes included adenoma detection rate (ADR), safety, adverse events, cecal intubation rate, willingness to repeat BP, and so on. 1174 elderly patients were randomly allocated to the MSS group (n = 588) or the standard group (n = 586). Adequate BP was achieved in 94.0% of patients in the MSS group and 92.5% in the control (p =.287). ADR was also comparable between the two groups (43.0% and 39.9%, p =.282). Compared with the standard group, MSS group reported less abdominal discomfort (1.7% vs 6.0%), less nausea (13.6% vs 21.0%) and vomiting (1.2% vs 4.2%). The change in serum potassium levels after preparation in the standard group was significantly lower than that in the MSS group (−0.19 ± 0.08 vs −0.41 ± 0.11, p =.037). Low dose of MSS was not inferior to the standard PEG regime in terms of bowel preparation quality for elderly patients. Low-dose MSS offered fewer adverse events and better tolerability. It is a preferable choice for the elderly to undergo bowel preparation for colonoscopy. NCT 04948567 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kresoxim-methyl residue in green chilli and soil was estimated using gas chromatography equipped with microelectron capture detector (µECD, 63Ni) and analytical method was validated. The method showed good linearity with the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of kresoxim-methyl were 0.005 and 0.01 mg kg−1 respectively. The % recoveries ranged from 87.00 to 95.33. Kresoxim-methyl used to control powdery mildew, fruit rot and twig blight in chilli. Its residues may remain in the crops causing the health hazard. Thus, analysis of kresoxim-methyl residue, its dissipation rate and safety evaluations in green chilli were studied using the validated method. The dissipation of kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC @250 g a.i ha−1 for recommended dose (RD) and 500 g a.i ha−1 for double of the recommended dose (DD) were studied. Residues were extracted from green chilli fruit with ethyl acetate, and cleanup was given using primary secondary amine (PSA) and magnesium sulphate. This study revealed that the residues in green chilli were below the MRL (0.8 mg kg−1) after 2.33 days in the treatment of DD and in case of RD, pre-harvest intervals are not applicable as the residues at 0 days was below MRL. The half-life was 6.3 and 5.3 days for RD and DD, respectively. Dietary exposures of the residues were less than MPI of 6.4 mg person−1 day−1 on all the sampling days for both doses. Blanching could be used as the most potential decontamination process for kresoxim-methyl residue from green chilli. The terminal residue in soil was found below LOQ for both the doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021-updated guidelines of the Spanish Society of Neonatology Guidelines have moved the zone of parental discretion to 23 + 0–23 + 6 weeks. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in perinatal management at this gestational age along the last decade and to determine if a more active perinatal management has contributed to improved outcomes. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the 23-week infants included in the Spanish SEN 1500 neonatal network during the period 2010–2019. The main study outcomes were survival at discharge and survival without major morbidity of actively managed infants. Two periods were compared: 2010–2014 (Period 1) and 2015–2019 (Period 2). NICUs were classified into low activity NICUs (less than 50 admissions of very low birth weight infants per year) and high activity NICUs (50 or more admissions) A total of 381 infants were included, 182 in Period 1 and 199 in Period 2. In Period 2 an increase in the use of intrapartum magnesium sulfate (21.5% vs 39.9%, p.002), antenatal steroids (56.6% vs 69.3%, p.011) and active neonatal approach in delivery room (76.9% vs 86.9%, p.011) were observed. The clinical outcomes of the actively managed 313 infants were similar in both periods, except for less arterial hypotension in Period 2. Survival was 27.1% in Period 1 and 25% in Period 2 (p.068) and survival without major morbidity was 2.1% and 2.3% respectively (p.914). No difference was found between low and high activity NICUs. A change to a more active intention to treat infants born at 23 weeks is taking place in Spain. But the survival rate of the actively-managed infants has remained stable around 25–30% during the study period. A multidisciplinary effort is needed to improve outcomes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gold standard intrapartum treatment for preeclampsia with severe features is magnesium sulfate in order to provide prophylaxis against eclampsia. However, though magnesium sulfate is known to have a relaxant effect on uterine muscle, there have been variable reports in the literature in regard to the association between magnesium and obstetric hemorrhage (OBH). Objective: We aim to compare OBH incidence in patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) with or without exposure to intrapartum magnesium sulfate. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries at our institution associated with a diagnosis of hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) (e.g. chronic and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia with or without severe features, eclampsia, or HELLP) from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. The category of HDP diagnosis was determined by a detailed chart review by trained chart abstractors. The primary outcome was total quantitative blood loss (QBL) and the rate of obstetric hemorrhage. Secondary outcomes included a composite of obstetric hemorrhagerelated maternal morbidity outcomes (OBH-M), the individual composite components and the incidence of additional hemorrhage-related interventions (e.g. uterotonics and surgical interventions). We also examined the same primary and secondary outcomes in a stratified analysis based on delivery mode (i.e. vaginal deliveries only and cesarean deliveries only). Results: Of 791 patients with a diagnosis of HDP, 411 patients received magnesium sulfate for eclampsia prophylaxis and 380 patients did not receive magnesium sulfate. For all delivery modes, there was a significantly higher QBL (p < .01), increased rate of OBH (p = .04) and increased OBH-M (p < .01) in deliveries associated with intrapartum exposure to magnesium compared to those without. However, our stratified analysis by delivery mode demonstrated that magnesium-related hemorrhage risk only persisted for vaginal deliveries (QBL p < .01; OBH aOR 1.47, 95% CI: 0.75–2.85; OBH-M aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.00–7.55) with no significant hemorrhage-related differences among cesareans with or without magnesium exposure (QBL p = .51; OBH aOR 1.45, 95% CI: 0.85–2.47; OBH-M 1.50 95% CI: 0.70–3.23). Conclusion: Intrapartum exposure to magnesium sulfate use was associated with an increase in QBL and risk of OBH-M in vaginal deliveries, but not associated with any hemorrhage-related outcome differences in cesarean deliveries. More research is needed to explore the effects of hypertensive disease, magnesium exposure, and delivery mode on obstetric hemorrhage risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia are at increased risk of eclampsia. Magnesium sulfate is the standard of care for maternal seizure prophylaxis. Traditional regimens of magnesium sulfate have continued infusions for 24 h postpartum. More recent evidence suggests shortened courses of postpartum magnesium sulfate. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate whether the duration of postpartum magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis in women with preeclampsia affects the incidence of seizures postpartum. Data source MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were reviewed from inception until 1 May 2020. Methods of study selection Two hundred and fifty-three studies were reviewed by three individual authors. Inclusion criteria were as follows: published, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia who received a maintenance infusion of magnesium sulfate in the postpartum period. Studies were excluded if either arm did not provide maintenance dosing of magnesium sulfate in the postpartum period. We also excluded ongoing, unpublished, and non-randomized trials. Results Nine RCTs (n = 1369) were included in the systematic review. Data were abstracted and reviewed by three authors, then entered into Review Manager data software. The primary outcome of eclampsia was reported in all nine studies. An eclamptic event occurred in 2/696 women who received <24 h of postpartum magnesium compared to 0/673 events in women who received ≥24 h of postpartum magnesium (RD 0.00, 95% CI −0.01, 0.01; p=.71). Women who received <24 h of postpartum magnesium sulfate had a significantly faster time to ambulation postpartum (MD −10.57, 95% CI −17.43, −3.71; p=.003) and shorter durations of indwelling urinary catheter placement (MD −18.97, 95% CI −34.64, −3.29; p=.02). Conclusions As eclampsia is a rare occurrence, this review was not powered to show a difference in the rate of eclampsia. However, the two cases of eclampsia that were reported occurred in the group of women who received <24 h of postpartum magnesium sulfate. Therefore, the results of this systematic review support continued use of 24 h of postpartum magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Magnesium sulfate decreases the risk of eclampsia in patients with severe preeclampsia. There is a theoretical risk that magnesium sulfate increases the risk of intrapartum hemorrhage. We evaluated whether there was a quantitative difference in blood loss in patients receiving magnesium sulfate at the time of cesarean delivery (CD) compared to those who were not. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using a database of patients with preeclampsia with severe features or eclampsia. The primary outcome was calculated estimated blood loss (cEBL) compared between patients who received magnesium sulfate during CD and those who did not. cEBL was derived through a validated equation by multiplying the patient’s blood volume by percent of blood volume loss. Secondary outcomes were hematocrit change, visual EBL (vEBL), hemorrhage, cEBL >1500mL, Apgar <7 at 5 min, and NICU admission. Exclusion criteria were incomplete records or negative cEBL, as well as blood transfusion prior to collection of a postpartum hematocrit. Results We identified 124 patients with preeclampsia with severe features or eclampsia at time of CD. There were 57 (46%) that received magnesium sulfate during CD and 67 (54%) in which magnesium was stopped during the CD. The mean differences for hematocrit value (0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.3 to 1.8) and cEBL (108, 95% CI −102 to 318) were not significantly different after adjusting for obesity and history of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium oxysulfate cements are modern green air-hardening magnesia-based cementitious materials that were produced using the chemical reaction of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), magnesium oxide (MgO), distilled water and a small number of additive materials. In this paper, the influences of thawing and freezing cycles on the chemical-mechanical and microstructural properties of stabilised sulphate-rich clay with MOSC using a triaxial cell set-up, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were investigated. The sulphate-rich clay specimens with various dosages of Magnesium Oxysulfate Cement (MOSC) and different curing times were exposed to one, two and three thawing and freezing cycles in soaked and un-soaked conditions. The consequences showed that the compression strength and behaviour of the stress and strain samples significantly depend on the amount of MOSC. The durability index which was described as the ratio of the resistance before and after stabilising revealed that the durability augments by the increase of MOSC. In addition, increasing curing times in the MOSC stabilised specimens leads to an increase in their compression resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been studied extensively. However, the effect of different sources of magnesium ions on calcium carbonate biomineralization has rarely been examined. In this study, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus DB1-12 bacteria isolated from petroleum samples were used to biomineralize calcium ions under the action of different sources of magnesium (magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate). The results show that calcium ion precipitation ratios were much higher in MgSO4 group experiments than in the MgCl2 group (p < 0.01). The mineral phases in the MgCl2 group experiments were the same as those in MgSO4 group at each Mg/Ca ratio. Minerals with a 'twisted' shape were much more common in the MgSO4 group; the protein secondary structures hidden in minerals were much more abundant in the MgCl2 group, and the activation energy of biotic monohydrocalcite at a Mg/Ca ratio of 11 was also much higher in the MgCl2 group than in the MgSO4 group. The main reasons for these differences are closely related to the lower magnesium content and the more common protein secondary structures in the monohydrocalcite in the MgCl2 group. The shift of Mg1s XPS spectra suggests that the chemical interactions occurring on the monohydrocalcite surfaces in the MgCl2 group were different from those in the MgSO4 group. The δ13CPDB values of the biominerals in the MgSO4 group are in the range of −16.93 to −18.87‰, lower than those in the MgCl2 group (-15.77 to −18.69‰). The morphology of L. xylanilyticus DB1-12 became deformed and some rod-shaped protrusions developed on the cell surface during the process of biomineralization. This study not only contributes to the understanding of biomineralization mechanisms generally, but is also helpful in the interpretations of paleo-environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium sulfate is standard of care for prevention of eclampsia in women with preeclampsia with severe features. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology endorses its use throughout labor, delivery and the immediate postpartum period. Some providers pause magnesium sulfate infusion preoperatively due to concern for increased risk of uterine atony and postpartum hemorrhage. Using a non-inferiority analysis, we investigated the effect of interrupted versus continuous infusion of magnesium sulfate on postpartum hemorrhage in women with preeclampsia with severe features undergoing cesarean delivery. Retrospective non-inferiority cohort study of women with preeclampsia with severe features treated with magnesium sulfate undergoing cesarean delivery with singleton pregnancies at tertiary care hospital from 2013 to 2018. The primary outcome was postpartum hemorrhage. Secondary outcomes included estimated blood loss, change in hematocrit and a composite of postpartum hemorrhage severity, including transfusion of blood products, use of more than one uterotonic and additional surgical interventions. Of 249 women, magnesium sulfate infusion was interrupted in 171 (69%) and continued in 78 (31%). Women with interrupted magnesium sulfate infusion were more likely to be Caucasian (73% vs 67%, p =.024), have chronic hypertension (23% vs 1%, p <.001), labor prior to cesarean delivery (84% vs 55%, p <.001), undergo primary cesarean delivery (86% vs 67%, p =.005), and experience shorter surgical time (50 vs 55 min, p =.026). The rate of postpartum hemorrhage for those receiving interrupted magnesium sulfate infusion (9.9%) and continuous magnesium sulfate infusion (10.2%) was similar, falling within the non-inferiority margin (absolute difference 0.3%, 95% CI -7.8 to 8.4%, p =.88). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes. Interrupted magnesium sulfate infusion is non-inferior to continued magnesium sulfate infusion for rates of postpartum hemorrhage in women with preeclampsia with severe features undergoing cesarean delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain an overview of the current management of patients with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) in Swiss maternity hospitals. We conducted a survey among all maternity hospitals in Switzerland from January to December 2018, irrespective of their annual birth rate and level of complexity. The survey consisted of an 11-item questionnaire, which was developed to retrieve information relevant to different areas of PPROM management. Of 64 questionnaires distributed by email, 36 (56.3%) centers responded to the survey. Up to 12 different antibiotic regimens were reported. Among these, 91.7% included a beta-lactam, with amoxicillin as the preferred agent (55.6%). Combined antibiotic schemes were used in 30.6% of hospitals. All centers considered the use of corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity if PPROM occurred before 34 weeks, although 36.1% would consider their use until 37 weeks' gestation in the presence of an increased risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Maternity hospitals who accept deliveries at any gestational age usually used magnesium sulfate as fetal neuroprotection when delivering babies <32 weeks, with the exception of two hospitals where it was either not used or only indicated if maternal preeclampsia was present. Concerning the time to delivery, 58.3% centers tended to wait until 37 weeks' gestation, while the others considered that it was not necessary to go beyond 34 weeks. Our survey shows that the current management of PPROM in Switzerland appears to be mostly in line with international recommendations. However, some heterogeneity exists, thus reflecting a lack of international consensus across guidelines, together with the absence of national Swiss guidelines, and this needs to be addressed to ensure high quality care for all patients and neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiarrheal effect of methanolic extract of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae) was studied at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg in different animal models of diarrhea including castor oil (6 mL/kg), magnesium sulfate (2 gm/kg), sodium picosulfate (2 mL/kg) and lactitol (0.25 mL/kg). The antispasmodic effect of T. govanianum was studied on isolated rabbit's jejunum, using acetylcholine as tissue stabiliser and verapamil as calcium channel blocker. T. govanianum attenuated the diarrhea by producing a significant decrease in the number and weight of stool, and an increase in stool latency time. T. govanianum completely inhibited both spontaneous as well as high potassium induced contractions of isolated rabbit's jejunum, which was analogous to verapamil. Moreover, T. govanianum produced a right shift in calcium concentration response curve, confirming its calcium channel blocking activity. These findings provide scientific ground to its medicinal use in diarrhea and gut spasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We compared the neuroprotective effects of Fingolimod (fng), a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory drug, with that of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), alone and in combination, in fetal rat whose mothers were exposed to endotoxin. Method Seven groups of pregnant rats (28 total) were evaluated at 0.8 gestation – Group1 – saline only; 2 – endotoxin only; 3 – endotoxin + MgSO4; 4 – endotoxin + fng; 5 – endotoxin + MgSO4 + fng; 6 – saline + fng; 7 – saline + MgSO4 + fng. Preterm labor was induced 4 h after intraperitoneal endotoxin administration. Fetal brain samples were examined immunohistochemically using S100β, IL-6, and IL-10. Results Endotoxin caused increased expression of S100β, IL-6, and IL-10. Compared with MgSO4 alone, combined treatment was associated with lower expression of IL-10, IL-6 and S100 β. Conclusion Fng decreases inflammatory markers after in-utero exposure to endotoxin, has a synergistic effect combined with MgSO4, and may be a candidate neuroprotective drug for inflammation-induced preterm brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water chemistry and the utilization of brewing salts such as gypsum, magnesium sulfate and bicarbonates, have been well documented for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, there has been limited published research on the impact bicarbonates have on Brettanomyces, especially in a brewing application. The objective of this project was to look at varying levels of added bicarbonates (0, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L) to identify correlations between bicarbonate content and the fermentation activity of Brettanomyces bruxellensis within beer. Two, 58.7 L brews with a target OG of 1.040 were brewed using a recirculating infusion mash system and mixed-together using a mash mixer to create one, 117.4 L batch to reduce variability. The batch was split into three, 37.9 L allotments and treated as triplicates. The beer was hopped to 20 IBUs using Bravo hops. Brettanomyces bruxellensis was propagated prior to being pitched at 1.2 million cells per degree Plato. After inoculation, the triplicates were stored at 21 °C until fermentation was completed. The reduction in gravity caused by the Brettanomyces was followed using a digital airlock and a benchtop densitometer. GC-MS was used for the analysis of the volatile compounds within the experimental beers. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) showed that there were significant differences between the fermentation activity, including flavor compound production, of the different batches brewed at different bicarbonate levels. The total concentration of volatiles ranged from 69.76 to 83.4 mg/L within the different beers. It was concluded that the varying levels of bicarbonates had an impact not only on the fermentation, but also on the volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The gold standard intrapartum treatment for preeclampsia with severe features is magnesium sulfate in order to provide prophylaxis against eclampsia. However, though magnesium sulfate is known to have a relaxant effect on uterine muscle, there have been variable reports in the literature in regard to the association between magnesium and obstetric hemorrhage (OBH).Objective: We aim to compare OBH incidence in patients with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) with or without exposure to intrapartum magnesium sulfate.Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries at our institution associated with a diagnosis of hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) (e.g. chronic and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia with or without severe features, eclampsia, or HELLP) from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. The category of HDP diagnosis was determined by a detailed chart review by trained chart abstractors. The primary outcome was total quantitative blood loss (QBL) and the rate of obstetric hemorrhage. Secondary outcomes included a composite of obstetric hemorrhage-related maternal morbidity outcomes (OBH-M), the individual composite components and the incidence of additional hemorrhage-related interventions (e.g. uterotonics and surgical interventions). We also examined the same primary and secondary outcomes in a stratified analysis based on delivery mode (i.e. vaginal deliveries only and cesarean deliveries only).Results: Of 791 patients with a diagnosis of HDP, 411 patients received magnesium sulfate for eclampsia prophylaxis and 380 patients did not receive magnesium sulfate. For all delivery modes, there was a significantly higher QBL (p < .01), increased rate of OBH (p = .04) and increased OBH-M (p < .01) in deliveries associated with intrapartum exposure to magnesium compared to those without. However, our stratified analysis by delivery mode demonstrated that magnesium-related hemorrhage risk only persisted for vaginal deliveries (QBL p < .01; OBH aOR 1.47, 95% CI: 0.75-2.85; OBH-M aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.00-7.55) with no significant hemorrhage-related differences among cesareans with or without magnesium exposure (QBL p = .51; OBH aOR 1.45, 95% CI: 0.85-2.47; OBH-M 1.50 95% CI: 0.70-3.23).Conclusion: Intrapartum exposure to magnesium sulfate use was associated with an increase in QBL and risk of OBH-M in vaginal deliveries, but not associated with any hemorrhage-related outcome differences in cesarean deliveries. More research is needed to explore the effects of hypertensive disease, magnesium exposure, and delivery mode on obstetric hemorrhage risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is one of the most complex and unpleasant sensory and emotional human experiences. Pain relief continues to be a major medical challenge. The application of systemic opioid and regional analgesia techniques has facilitated a decrease in the occurrence and gravity of pain. Magnesium has an evolving role in pain management. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), the pharmacological form of magnesium, is a physiological voltage-dependent blocker of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-coupled channels. In terms of its antinociceptive role, magnesium blocks calcium influx, which inhibits central sensitization and decreases preexisting pain hypersensitivity. These properties have encouraged the research of magnesium as an adjuvant agent for intra- and post-operative analgesia. Moreover, the mentioned magnesium impacts are also detected in patients with neuropathic pain. Intravenous magnesium sulfate, followed by a balanced analgesia, decreases opioid consumption. This review has focussed on the existing evidence concerning the role of magnesium sulfate in pain management in situations including neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, migraine, and post-operative pain. Additional studies are required to improve the use of magnesium sulfate for pain to increase the quality of life of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Status epilepticus (SE) in pregnancy represents a life-threatening medical emergency for both mother and fetus. Pregnancy-related pharmacokinetic modifications and the risks for fetus associated with the use of antiseizure medications (ASMs) and anesthetic drugs complicate SE management. No standardized treatment protocol for SE in pregnancy is available to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on the management of SE in pregnancy and we propose a multidisciplinary-based protocol approach. Literature data are scarce (mainly anecdotal case reports or small case series). Prompt treatment of SE during pregnancy is paramount and a multidisciplinary team is needed. Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice for SE in pregnancy. Levetiracetam and phenytoin represent the most suitable second-line agents. Valproic acid should be administered only if other ASMs failed and preferably avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy. For refractory SE, anesthetic drugs are needed, with propofol and midazolam as preferred drugs. Magnesium sulfate is the first-line treatment for SE in eclampsia. Termination of pregnancy, via delivery or abortion, is recommended in case of failure of general anesthetics. Further studies are needed to identify the safest and most effective treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which magnesium sulfate regulates the miR-218-5p/HMGB-pathway-mediated apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in rats with preeclampsia (PE). Twenty pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal, PE, MgSO4, and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)-agomir groups. On the 14th day of each rat's pregnancy, endotoxin was used to establish a PE model in the PE, MgSO4, and HMGB1-agomir groups. Then, the MgSO4 and HMGB1-agomir groups were treated with magnesium sulfate. Finally, HMGB1 overexpression was performed only in the HMGB1-agomir group. The rats' urinary protein content and systolic blood pressure at 24 h were detected on the 11th, 13th, 15th, 17th, and 19th day of pregnancy. Compared with the PE group, 24-h urinary protein content, blood pressure, VEC apoptosis rate, apoptosis marker levels, and HMGB1 expression decreased while miR-218-5p levels increased in the MgSO4 group. The dual-luciferase assay revealed that HMGB1 can be targeted and regulated by miR-218-5p. Compared with the MgSO4 group, 24-h urinary protein content, blood pressure, VEC apoptosis rate, apoptosis marker levels, and HMGB1 expression increased while miR-218-5p levels decreased in the HMGB1-agomir group. MgSO4 reduces VEC apoptosis in PE rats via the miR-218-5p/HMGB1 pathway and thus plays a role in treating PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aynak is the largest known copper deposit in Afghanistan, with indicated resources of 240 Mt grading 2.3% Cu placing it in the 'giant' category. Host rocks are Neoproterozoic metasediments comprising dolomitic marble, carbonaceous quartz schist and quartz-biotite-dolomite schist containing garnet, scapolite and apatite. Chalcopyrite and bornite dominate the hypogene ore with lesser pyrite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite and chalcocite, and rare sphalerite, molybdenite, uraninite and barite. Sulphides occur as bedding-parallel laminae, disseminations, metamorphic segregations and crosscutting veins. Sulphide δ34S ratios range –14.5 to +17.3‰ in bedded and disseminated sulphides (n = 34). This broad range favours biogenic reduction of seawater sulphate as a major source of sulphur, although thermochemical reduction processes are not precluded. The narrower δ34S range of –6 to +12.2‰ in vein and segregation sulphides (n = 21) suggests localized redistribution and partial homogenization during metamorphism. Geochemical associations suggest that Al, P, Ca, Ti and Fe were primary sedimentary constituents whereas Cu, Mg, S, Se, As, Co and Bi were introduced subsequently. We infer that Aynak originated as a shale- and carbonate-hosted stratabound replacement deposit, resembling orebodies of the Central African Copperbelt, although underlying red-beds are absent at Aynak and mafic volcanics were the probable copper source. These giant deposits formed worldwide in the Cryogenian probably due to marine enrichment in copper, magnesium and sulphate coincident with profuse basaltic volcanism and ocean oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch guidelines recommend to consider intravenous magnesium sulfate (iv MgSO4) as a treatment option in case of failure of first line treatment in both children with exacerbations of acute episodic viral wheeze (AEVW) and acute asthma (AA). The implications on the actual use of iv MgSO4 iv in daily practice in both groups are unknown. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional nationwide survey to evaluate the use of iv MgSO4 in children with AEVW and AA. A questionnaire was handed out to pediatricians and pediatric residents in one academic and six community teaching hospitals. In 111 respondents, 76% reported regular use of iv MgSO4 in children with AEVW and 96% in children with AA. In total 89% and 93% of users were convinced iv MgSO4 was effective in children with AEVW and AA, respectively. Adverse effects, mainly hypotension, were identified by 23% and 17% of users in AEVW and AA, respectively. Most common reasons not to give MgSO4 were lack of evidence and small amount of studies. IV MgSO4 is reported to be widely used in Dutch practice in both young children with AEVW and older children with AA by respondents, while the national guidelines advise only to consider this treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt was made to simultaneously partitioning Anthocyanins (ACN), Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), Garcinol (GL), and Isogarcinol (IGL) from fruit rinds of Garcinia indica using the 1-propanol and magnesium sulfate system. The influences of 1-propanol and magnesium sulfate concentration and Tie line Length (TLL) were investigated to obtain the optimal partitioning and recovery of GL and IGL into the top-phase and ACN and HCA to the bottom phase. The 25% w/w 1-propanol and 12% w/w magnesium sulfate system showed the maximum extraction efficiency for all the compounds. The purity and recovery were further improved by employing the second stage ATPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Ammonium sulfate (AS) is generally the dominant form of sulfate aerosols in urban air, whereas potassium sulfate (PS), sodium sulfate (SS), magnesium sulfate (MS), and calcium sulfate (CS) may be large contributors in remote areas. Currently available methods for online measurements of sulfate aerosols, which are based on ion-chromatography or thermal desorption aerosol mass spectrometry, cannot separately quantify non-refractory and refractory sulfate compounds. We have developed a new particle mass spectrometer to measure non-refractory and refractory sulfate compounds: a refractory aerosol thermal desorption mass spectrometer (rTDMS). Aerosol particles are introduced into a vacuum chamber via an aerodynamic lens unit, and are collected on a cup-shaped graphite target (graphite collector). A focused CO2 laser coupled with the graphite collector enables a high desorption temperature (blackbody equivalent temperature of ∼1200 K) for detecting AS, PS, SS, and MS aerosols. The gas molecules evolved from these compounds are detected by using an electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. The temporal profiles of ion signals associated with increases in the temperature of the graphite collector are analyzed. The rTDMS sensitivities to various types of sulfate particles have been tested in the laboratory. The temporal profiles of ion signals at m/z 48 and 64 originating from multi-component sulfate particles exhibited bimodal peaks, which can be attributed to non-refractory and refractory sulfate particles. Preliminary data suggested that the ion signals for multi-component sulfate particles could be approximated as the linear combination of ion signals originating from single-component sulfate particles. Copyright © 2021 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention of neurologic disability associated with preterm birth is one of the major challenges in current perinatal medicine. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), the focus of this review has been proposed as major step forward for that matter. MgSO4 is easily accessible, cheap, and has been proposed as a mandatory part of the management of inevitable preterm birth. The results of the various RCT's on the use of MgSO4 for neuroprotection has been the subject of many systematic reviews, other studies focused on dosing schedules, side effects and only a few focused on exploring magnesium's mechanism of action. Meanwhile, many guidelines worldwide have plugged MgSO4 as an essential ingredient of daily best practice when managing inevitable preterm birth because it has been shown to reduce the risk of severe neurologic deficit, in particular, cerebral palsy in appropriately selected patients. The more premature, the greater benefit associated with the use of antenatal MgSO4. The dose of 4 g given intravenously 15 min continued by 1 g/h until maximum 24 h and minimum for 4 h is the standard regiment proposed in most guidelines. It should be noted, however, that a recent study found that a total dose of 64 g was associated with the maximum protective effect. Only the protocol used by the largest RCT, the BEAM trial, with a loading dose of 6 g initially followed by a 2-g/h maintenance dose, if continued for 24 h would give a total dose over 50 g. Other studies report on an increased risk of neonatal death with these high doses. Several studies expressed concerns about the risk of serious side effects for both mother and neonate. The results from the systematic review showed that the most commonly used dosage, 4 g bolus continued by 1 g/h maintenance, did not increase neonatal mortality and other suspected neonatal complication such as neonatal asphyxia, spontaneous intestinal perforation, necrotizing enterocolitis, and feeding intolerance. Giving a single bolus injection of 4 g MgSO4 for stimulating BDNF production in highly "suspicious" preterm labor, and 4 g again when preterm birth become inevitable may be best from a safety perspective and also appears to have a stronger rationale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected data from all the women with singleton pregnancies complicated by early-onset severe preeclampsia between 2008 and 2018 to identify the factor(s) that contributed to favourable neonatal outcome. Thirty women delivered the neonates with favourable outcome and the remaining 21 women delivered those with unfavourable outcome. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that gestational age at diagnosis ≥28 weeks (crude odds ratio [OR], 6.00), protocol-based management (crude OR 5.83), use of magnesium sulphate (crude OR, 6.00), gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks (crude OR, 31.90), and birthweight ≥1000 g (crude OR, 10.36) were significantly associated with favourable neonatal outcome. Among these five factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis extracted gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks (adjusted OR, 17.62) as an only independent factor contributing to favourable neonatal outcome. These data suggest that prolongation of pregnancy up to 32 weeks of gestation is a key factor to improve neonatal outcome in the expectant management of early-onset severe preeclampsia. This study was approved by the ethics committee of Otsu Red Cross Hospital (reference number: 363, date of approval: April 28th, 2016). What is already known on this subject? It has been demonstrated that expectant management for the women with early-onset severe preeclampsia is associated with decreased neonatal morbidity as compared to the aggressive management, suggesting that prolongation of the pregnancy period contributes to improved neonatal outcomes. What do the results of this study add? Among multiple elements composing expectant management for the women with early-onset severe preeclampsia, 'gestational age at delivery ≥32 weeks' was extracted as an only independent factor that significantly contributes to favourable neonatal outcomes. Importantly, small for gestational age was not significantly associated with poor neonatal outcomes. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The obstetrician should aim to prolong the pregnancies complicated by early-onset severe preeclampsia up to 32 gestational weeks even in the presence of foetal growth restriction, as far as maternal conditions allow. Such management policy could contribute to improvement of the neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of different magnesium (Mg) sources of fertilizers like magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), magnesium oxide (MgO), and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (nMgO) on cotton growth and development, a pot culture experiment was carried out at different concentrations viz., 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). From the pot culture studies, 60 ppm of nMgO was found as the optimal dose for improvement in SPAD chlorophyll value, boll weight, and seed cotton yield. Consequently, field experiment was carried out in randomized block design (RBD) with optimized dose of 60 ppm (from pot culture study) of Mg fertilizers like MgSO4, MgO, and nMgO to elucidate their effect on growth, physiological, yield, fiber quality parameters, and nutrient element concentrations in cotton. The treatments were foliar sprayed at vegetative and boll formation stages of cotton similar to pot culture studies. It is confirmed that foliar application of 60 ppm of 50 nm of MgO nanoparticles significantly increased the number of opened bolls per plant (20.6), single plant yield (58 g/plant) and seed cotton yield (1729 kg/ha). The increased seed cotton yield of 42.2, 39.9, and 24.8% was recorded by nMgO, MgO, and MgSO4 over control. Besides, fiber quality parameters like fiber length and fiber strength of cotton were improved by MgO nanoparticles than sulfate form of Mg fertilizers. Moreover, significant and positive influence was achieved by foliar nutrition of MgO nanoparticles on macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and Mg concentration in cotton plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different agents have been used to control postoperative sore throat after general anesthesia with variable success. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of preoperative-nebulized magnesium sulfate versus lidocaine on the prevention of post-intubation sore throat. Methods: A prospective double-blind randomized controlled study. Seventy-eight8 patients were divided randomly into three equal groups: Group (M) (n = 26): received nebulized magnesium sulfate 250 mg (2.5 ml) plus 2.5 ml normal saline. Group (L) (n = 26): received nebulized lidocaine 2% 100 mg (5 ml). Group (C) (n = 26): received nebulized normal saline 5 ml. So total volume (5 ml). Patients nebulized by compressor nebulizing for 15 min before the induction of anesthesia. Results: At 0 and 2 h postoperative, the severity and incidence of sore throat were statistically significantly lower in group M and L compared to the C group (P < 0.001). However, at the same time interval, both groups M and L were comparable (P > 0.05). At 4, 8, 12, 24 h postoperative, the severity and incidence of sore throat were statistically significantly lower in group M compared to L and C groups (P < 0.001). However, at the same time interval, both groups L and C were comparable (P > 0.05). The hemodynamics was statistically significantly reduced in group L compared to M and C groups. However, group M showed statistically insignificant changes in hemodynamics compared to groups L and C. Conclusions: Preoperative 250 mg nebulized magnesium sulfate has more protection against post-intubation sore throat than 100 mg nebulized lidocaine lasting up to 24 h after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodology: Forty patients were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups based on LA mixture used for scalp block: Group I:received 1.5 mg/kg bupivacaine 0.25% + 5 mg/kg lidocaine 1% with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Group II:same as Group I + 8 mg dexamethasone. Group III:same as Group I + 500 mgMgSO4. Group IV:same as Group I + 8 mgdexamethasone + 500 mgMgSO4. Dexmedetomidine was used for intraoperative sedation and paracetamol for postoperative analgesia. Results: Total intra-operative consumption of dexmedetomidine was highly significantly less in Group II (232 ± 21 µg) and Group III (241 ± 18 µg) compared to Group I (286 ± 27 µg). Group IV (162 ± 25 µg) was highly significantly less than other groups. Time to first paracetamol requirement was highly significantly longer in Group II (245 ± 32 min) and Group III (236 ± 28 min) compared to Group I (187 ± 17 min). Group IV (388 ± 14 min) showed a highly significant longer time than other groups. Group IV consumed highly significant less doses of paracetamol in the first postoperative day (POD1) (2.2 ± 0.1 g) than Group I (2.9 ± 0.4 g), Group II (2.7 ± 0.3 g) and Group III (2.8 ± 0.5 g).Pain in POD1 was significantly higher in Group I at after 3 h of surgery compared to other groups. VAS was comparable during the rest of the times of the study among the four groups. All patients were hemodynamically stable during times of the study. Blood glucose levels were within normal levels with no significant differences between the groups within 6 hof scalp block. Conclusion: Adding either 8 mg©dexamethasone or 500 mg©MgSO4 or both to bupivacaine-lidocaine for scalp block before awake craniotomy improves performance of the block with the best results when combined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal administration of magnesium sulfate (Mg) is used in humans to protect the fetal brain during preterm delivery. We sought to determine the neuroprotective mechanism of Mg in a rat model of late gestation maternal inflammation.Methods: Pregnant rats at 20 d of gestation (20 total, four groups, N = 5 in each group) received i.p. LPS or saline. Dams were randomized for s.c. saline or Mg supplementation 2 h prior and following the LPS/saline injections. Dams were sacrificed 4 h following the last treatment. Fetal brains were collected from the four treatment groups. Fetal brain caspase 3 active form, NF-kB p65, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (phospho-nNos), and proinflammatory cytokines levels were determined by western blot.Results: Maternal LPS at e20 significantly (p < .01) increased fetal brain caspase 3 active form (af) (0.27 ± 0.02 versus 0.15 ± 0.06u), NFkB (0.23 ± 0.01 versus 0.13 ± 0.01u), and phospho-nNOS (0.22 ± 0.01 versus 0.12 ± 0.01u) and fetal brain proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 0.21 ± 0.01 versus 0.11 ± 0.01 u; TNFα 0.29 ± 0.01 versus 0.15 ± 0.01u), compared with control fetuses. Mg treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced fetal brain caspase 3 af (0.16 ± 0.01u), NFkB p65 (0.11 ± 0.01u), phospho-nNOS (0.1 ± 0.01u), as well as brain proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 0.07 ± 0.01u; TNFα 0.15 ± 0.01u) to levels similar to controls.Conclusion: Maternal inflammation-induced fetal brain injury at late gestation may be mediated by the activation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Maternal Mg may attenuate the injury by inhibition of these putative pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preeclampsia affects over 4% of pregnancies in the United States. Management of preeclampsia is dependent on the severity of the condition and can range from expectant management to early delivery and inpatient observation. After publication of the hypertension in Pregnancy Task Force guidelines in 2013, little is known about their implementation and acceptance by practicing obstetricians and maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) specialists.Objective: To evaluate Obstetricians' knowledge and practices regarding the management of preeclampsia.Methods: A prospective survey was administered to ob-gyns at three different hospital systems in the Northeastern United States to assess practices regarding preeclampsia management and prevention.Results: A total of 87 out of 130 providers completed and returned a questionnaire (66.9% response rate). Providers with a subspecialty in MFM made up 44.3% of the sample. 90.7% of respondents agreed that preeclampsia is a common diagnosis in their practice, while 85% agreed that aspirin is useful for reducing a patient's risk of preeclampsia. 68.8% of providers reported not administering magnesium sulfate in labor to reduce seizure risk in patients with preeclampsia without severe features. Only 5.8% of providers reported using a preeclampsia prediction algorithm, all of whom were MFMs. Providers who specialized in MFM were more likely to prescribe aspirin for preeclampsia prevention in patients with chronic hypertension (26, 74.3% vs. 17, 39.5%, p = .002). MFM specialists were also more likely to counsel patients with abnormal biomarkers on the risk of preeclampsia (23, 69.7% vs. 15, 35.7%, p = .005).Conclusion: Efforts to inform practicing ob-gyns about the best practices for preeclampsia management and prevention have been largely successful, though there are still discrepancies between current recommendations and practice. Differences between general OBGYNs and MFM specialists were also significant with regards to practice. Given the acknowledgement of how common diagnoses of preeclampsia are in respondents' practices, better education and distribution of guidelines on management of preeclampsia is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]