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Mental contrasting is a motivational behavior change strategy necessary for strong goal commitment. Meanwhile, general causality orientations are motivational patterns that represent individuals' motivation for behavior change and the reason for their goal commitment. The current study explored whether causality orientations predict spontaneous mental contrasting in Chinese university students. Study 1 investigated whether academic autonomy, control, and amotivated orientations correlate with spontaneous mental contrasting about an important academic goal. The findings of Study 1 reveal that autonomy orientation did not correlate with mental contrasting, whereas control and amotivated orientations were negatively correlated with mental contrasting. Study 2 investigated whether priming autonomy and control orientations, in addition to the neutral condition, would induce spontaneous mental contrasting about an academic goal related to the students' research topic. The results of Study 2 revealed that the autonomy condition orientation did not differ significantly from the controlled orientation condition. However, when compared to the neutral condition, the autonomy condition significantly predicted mental contrasting, whereas the controlled orientation condition did not show any significant difference. In Study 2, the autonomy-oriented participants generated more spontaneous mental contrast than the control orientation and neutral conditions. The findings show that controlled and amotivated orientations predicted negative mental contrasting. As a result, controlled and amotivated students must learn how to use mental contrasting to achieve high levels of goal commitment and achievement. Lastly, the study discussed its implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantacyanin (PLC) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and responses to metal cation stress. However, the function of PLC in tea remains unclear. In this study, three PLC genes were identified from the tea plant. Protein sequences and structure analyses indicated that the CsPLCs contained four conserved sites, and furthermore, promoter analysis showed that the genes were involved in growth and development, signal transduction, and stress responses of the tea plant. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that the CsPLCs exhibited organ-specific expression. CsPLC-1 was highly expressed in roots and stems, CsPLC-2 was highest expressed in stems, and CsPLC-3 in leaves. Additionally, Cu2+, Al3+, and NaCl stress strongly influence the expression of CsPLC-3. Subcellular localisation assays revealed that CsPLC-3 was the plasma membrane and nuclear localised protein. Moreover, the CsPLC-3 gene enhanced Cu2+, Al3+, and NaCl tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was significantly affected by pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]