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Can you visualize a dog? How about grief? The latter may be more difficult, as grief has no easily identifiable physical referent in the external world. Such an abstract concept is often seen as “disembodied” and represented linguistically. However, for embodied views, abstract concepts can be grounded in perceptual, motor, and introspective experiences. In two studies, participants memorized abstract words using linguistic (sentence-making) or imagery (visualizing situations) strategies. Imagery improved recall at medium (30 min) and long-term (24 h) intervals, but not immediately (30 s). Manipulation checks using interferences confirmed that imagery relied more on sensorimotor experiences. This suggests that the memory representation of abstract concepts is deeply rooted in experiences. Aligned with embodied accounts of conceptual processing, this means that orienting learning towards experiential aspects of concepts is more important than orienting towards the related linguistic information for long-term memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the relationship between repertoires of action and collective memory by exploring the re-emergence of feminist self-managed health centers in Italy. These were a key form of action of 1970s feminism in the country, which rapidly disappeared after the institution of state-based Family Health Centers. In the last decades, feminist and transfeminist self-managed health centers have resurfaced in several Italian cities. The present article investigates the mnemonic dynamics underpinning the re-adoption of a form of action from the past in subsequent cycles of mobilization. Social movement scholars have stressed the relatively stable and repetitive character of the repertoire of collective action over time, considering it as part of an implicit memory. The article examines a case in which the discontinuous adoption of a form of action makes its retrieval by subsequent activists the result of active memory work. While the study of social movements and collective memory has grown considerably in the last decades, the study of repertoires remains largely under-researched in this field. Filling this gap, this study shows how, by adopting a symbolically and historically meaningful repertoire, activists re-elaborate their collective identity in the present and establish a relationship with previous cycles. It suggests that further research should investigate the relationship between collective memory and repertoires of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social anxiety may disrupt the empathic process, and well-regulated empathy is critical for navigating the social world. Two studies aimed to further understand empathy in the context of social anxiety. Study 1 compared individuals with elevated or normative social anxiety on a measure assessing cognitive and affective empathy for positive and negative emotions conveyed by other people ("targets"), completed under social threat. Relative to individuals with normative social anxiety, individuals with elevated social anxiety had greater cognitive empathy and no differences in affective empathy, regardless of emotion type. As greater cognitive empathy can be maladaptive, Study 2 tested whether this could be down-regulated. Individuals with elevated social anxiety underwent emotional working memory training (eWMT) for negative emotional information, or control training (CT). Effects on an empathy measure completed under social threat were assessed. Cognitive empathy for negative emotions decreased following eWMT but not CT, and this was only evident for those with higher pre-training working memory capacity. Cognitive empathy for positive emotions and affective empathy were not affected. Overall, social anxiety is associated with aberrant elevated cognitive empathy for negative and positive emotions, and the deviation in cognitive empathy for negative emotions can be regulated with eWMT for certain individuals. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12618001196235.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated the use of the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) instructional approach to teach the TRAP mnemonic (Think before reading, Read a paragraph, Ask what is the main idea/important details, Paraphrase the paragraph) and its impact on youth reading comprehension performance. The TRAP mnemonic was taught to an adolescent female served in a residential treatment facility. An alternating treatment design was used to evaluate reading comprehension performance across oral retell, written retell, and written retell with word processor modalities. Social validity, treatment fidelity, and youth motivation scores are presented with limitations and areas for future research discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logical intuition hypothesis proposes a difference in the strength between logical and heuristic intuitions. The labels of logical and heuristic intuitions are exclusive to conventional reasoning research. This paper reports the result of testing intuition strength using the dot-probe methodology in a novel multiplication paradigm. Here, "logical intuition" and "heuristic intuition" were relabeled as "weaker intuition" (-1 × 5 = 5) and "stronger intuition" (1 × 5 = 5), respectively, to assess the assumptions about the difference in the strength of "Chinese multiplication mnemonics" intuitions. The dot-probe paradigm was utilized in the following experiments to measure attentional bias. This was assessed by calculating the difference in reaction time between incongruent (the target location is opposite to the probe location) and congruent (the target location is the same as the probe location) conditions. Experiment 1 found attentional bias directed attention to the correct answer for both weaker and stronger intuitions. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment 1 with a secondary task to manipulate high and low cognitive loads. Consequently, stronger intuitions were unaffected by cognitive load and participants were biased toward the correct answer, whereas attentional bias for weaker intuitions only occurred in low load conditions. These results revealed that although both intuitions can guide attention, stronger intuition may guide attention bias in a high-load situation due to its robust automation. Our findings extend the logical intuition hypothesis that proposes a difference in the automated strengths of intuitions to mathematical and analytic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian Aboriginal stories have thrived for thousands of years through oral tradition and Aboriginal author Alexis Wright invokes this tradition in the construction of her novel Carpentaria. This article investigates the orality of Carpentaria, which stages "oral" narrators who speak differently to Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal readerships. First, using Bakhtin's notion of "speech genre", the article explores why Wright creates these two narrative layers. Second, it investigates the language use and tone of voice in the framing narrative that addresses non-Indigenous readers. Third, it looks closely at Wright's linguistic experimentation in the embedded narrative, creating multiple oral effects through language and mobilising the storytelling dynamics of performance, spontaneity, rhythms and mnemonics. Finally, it discusses how her creative use of orality plays off and with its Western literary conceptions and enacts cross-cultural communication between the two readerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autobiographical memory (AM) impairments influence both sense of identity and social functioning of patients with schizophrenia. However, cognitive remediation methods addressing these difficulties do not sufficiently consider the heterogeneity of this disorder and frequently face methodological limitations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a method using a wearable camera (NarrativeClip®), through an alternating treatments design across two types of AM training. In parallel, repeated measures were used to appreciate the efficacy, specificity, and generalizability of the programme's benefits. Three patients were invited to wear the camera during 24 personal events. Ten of these events memories were trained by visual cueing (wearable camera condition), 10 others by verbal cueing (written diary condition) and 4 were not trained (control condition). Using pictures collected by the wearable camera seemed particularly relevant, since it promoted more detailed recalls than the diary method, from the first training session and until the end of a one-year follow-up. In addition, the repeated measures performed revealed (1) the efficacy (improvement in AM capacities after participating in the programme), (2) specificity (persistence of working memory deficits), and (3) generalizability (improvement in measures of episodic memory) of our cognitive remediation programme's effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"A Cultural History of the Medieval Sword: Power, Piety and Play" by Robert W. Jones is a comprehensive exploration of the cultural significance of medieval swords. The book covers various aspects of swords, including their metaphysical qualities, inscriptions, and symbolism. It also delves into the power dynamics associated with swords, such as their use in rituals and inaugurations. The author examines the falchion, a type of sword that has been understudied, and discusses the non-noble ownership and use of swords in urban spaces. The book also explores the acquisition of martial skill through training and the practical use of swords, as well as their portrayal in modern recreations and popular culture. While the book has some flaws, it offers a valuable and well-rounded perspective on medieval swords as cultural artifacts. [Extracted from the article]

The article situates Mémoires d'outre-mer in current debates about lieux de mémoire, and in particular about the ways in which the concept elaborated by Pierre Nora is increasingly scrutinized in the light of its silences relating to colonial memory. Ferrier focuses on realms of memory such as the Mahajanga cemetery around which much of his text is constructed, but also engages directly with one of the subjects of Nora's collection, the school textbook Le Tour de la France par Deux Enfants, in order to open up a discussion of contemporary memory practices in contemporary France. He argues that French memory is often limited to national boundaries, and that any internal diversity is regulated, sanitized, hierarchized, with France's status as a transculturated, "travelling" culture denied in the process. The novel is a creative reaction to this mnemonic tendency, with the work situated at the intersection of the transnational and postcolonial, two concepts that are far from being synonymous but are nevertheless closely related throughout the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To conduct a pilot randomised controlled trial examining the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of MEmory Training for Recovery-Adolescent (METRA) in improving psychological symptoms among Afghan adolescent boys following a terrorist attack. Method: A pilot randomised controlled trial compared METRA to a Control Group, with a three-month follow-up. The study occurred in Kabul (June-November 2022). Fifty-eight boys aged 14–19 years (Mage = 16.70, SD = 1.26) with heightened posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were recruited through a local school that had recently experienced a terrorist attack. Participants were randomised 1:1 to receive METRA (n = 28) (10 session group-intervention) or Control (n = 30) (10 group-sessions of study skills). Primary outcomes were self-reported PTSD symptoms at post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included self-reported anxiety, depression, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms and psychiatric difficulties. Results: There were challenges in youth participation related to security and competing education demands. For those who did complete METRA, METRA was deemed feasible and acceptable. Following the intent-to-treat principle, linear mixed effects models found at posttreatment the METRA group had a 20.89-point (95%CI −30.66, −11.11) decrease in PTSD symptoms, while the Control Group had a 1.42-point (95%CI −8.11, 5.27) decrease, with the group over time interaction being significant (p <.001). METRA participants had significantly greater reductions in depression, anxiety, Afghan-cultural distress symptoms and psychiatric difficulties than did Controls. All gains were maintained at three-month follow-up. Conclusions: With some modifications, METRA appears a feasible intervention for adolescent boys in humanitarian contexts in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. Very few adolescents in Afghanistan receive evidence-based psychological interventions. MEmory Training for Recovery-Adolescents was associated with significant reductions in psychological symptoms. With some modifications, MEmory Training for Recovery-Adolescents appears a feasible intervention for adolescent boys in humanitarian contexts in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article by the owner of a private dance studio in the independent sector conceives of "studio owner" as a unique and pedagogically powerful role within dance education and beyond. In addition to often serving explicitly as an educator in the role of a classroom teacher, the studio owner also potentially serves as an implicit model—teaching by example, perhaps even unknowingly—for a wide audience of dance students, dance families, and the larger community. Viewing teaching as performance, the article argues that dance studio owners can use their positionality to exert positive influence, advocate for change, and empower others. Examples of such opportunities are provided in the form of autoethnographic narrative and reflection and a mnemonic device called "the Five Es." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning disabilities (LDs) and working memory problems (WM) are common brain-related comorbidities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Despite growing evidence on the efficacy of computerized WM training in children with LDs, research in DMD is lacking. This exploratory study assessed whether training (1) improves dystrophin-associated WM problems in DMD, (2) effects are present at post-intervention, 3 and 8 months follow-up, and (3) improves problems that arise from their LDs. A single case non-concurrent multiple baseline across patients design evaluated the target behaviour i.e. parental reports of WM problems of four DMD participants with LDs. Additionally, participants completed cognitive tests of verbal and visual WM, academics, attention, processing speed and fluid reasoning. Parents and teachers completed behavioural questionnaires. Testing and questionnaires were administered at baseline, post-intervention (T2), 3 (T3) and 8 (T4) months follow-up. Positive effects on target behaviour were found for three of four participants, but parental bias cannot be ruled out. Short and long-term, near-and far transfer effects were found for verbal and visual WM (T2:n = 2, T3&T4:n = 1), reading (T2:n = 4,T3:n = 3,T4:n = 2), arithmetic (all T:n = 1), processing speed (all T:n = 4) and fluid reasoning (T2:n = 1,T3&T4:n = 2). Behavioural questionnaires displayed minimal changes (T2:n = 1,T3&T4:n = 2). Promising WM training results are shown in DMD that merit further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with ADHD show impairments in set shifting task performance. However, the limited available evidence suggests that directly training shifting may not improve shifting performance in this population. We hypothesized that this incongruence may be because impairments exhibited by children with ADHD during shifting tasks are due to deficits in other executive functions, as shifting tasks also engage children's working memory and/or inhibitory control abilities. This randomized controlled trial examined the extent to which neurocognitive training of working memory vs. inhibitory control can produce downstream (far-transfer) improvements in set shifting task performance. Children with ADHD ages 8–12 (M = 10.41, SD = 1.46; 12 girls; 74% White/Non-Hispanic) were randomized to either central executive training (CET; n = 25) or inhibitory control training (ICT; n = 29), two next-generation digital therapeutics previously shown to improve their intended neurocognitive targets. Two criterion set shifting tests were administered at pre- and post-treatment. Results indicated that ICT was superior to CET for improving shifting accuracy (treatmentxtime: p =.03, BF10 = 3.01, η2 =.09, d = 0.63). ICT was also superior to CET for improving shifting speed, albeit on only one of the two outcome tasks (p =.02, BF10 = 4.53, η2 =.08, d = 0.59). CET did not produce improvements in shifting speed or accuracy on either task (p >.52, BF01 > 2.62), but showed evidence for more general (non-shifting-specific) improvement in response times on one of the outcome tasks (shift trials, d = 0.70; non-shift trials, d = 0.68). Taken together, these findings confirm that inhibitory control is important for successful performance on shifting tests, and suggest that training inhibitory control may reflect a method for improving set shifting difficulties in children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of an interactive mnemonic device called a "Map of Memories" to navigate the museum theater production Our Footprints, staged in 2017 in the Bergtheil Museum in Durban, South Africa. The Map is an interactive tool used by audience members to explore the exhibits and the performance through connecting their own memories and understandings to what is seen and experienced. The Map, along with the performance, encourages emotional and personal connections to the factual content of the museum exhibitions, with the aim of promoting stronger opportunities for remembering, learning, and new insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centering on a case of genocide that occurred on Jeju Island, 1947–onward, and the resulting memory politics that unfolded alongside the Jeju Truth and Reconciliation (TR) process in the 2000s, this article provides a novel critique of state-sanctioned reparatory processes in response to state violence. Adopting and revising the subimperialism framework, I challenge the prevalent teleological grammar in representing South Korean history. Rather than assuming a remedial function of the TR, I approach the TR as an epitome of subimperial and necropolitical interplay of power. Subimperialism is primary and perpetual, based upon foundational violence and is concomitant with perpetual death, physical and spiritual in form. I show, drawing from Mbembe, the perpetual operations of necropower (i.e. the destruction of the other's humanity and simultaneous construction of the imperial selfhood), killing the other physically in 1947–1954 and then killing the other in themselves in collective memory in the 2000s. In the first body section, I delineate how foundational the Jeju Genocide was for South Korean subimperialism. I illustrate the way in which necropolitical self-making (of "South" Korean peoplehood) sustained concatenated developments of disciplinary, biopolitical, and sovereign power. The right-wing faction's necropolitics was the centerpiece of the formation of "South" Korean peoplehood, preceding the state's exercise of the aforementioned forms of power. In the second body section, I show how the necropower was embodied by genocide survivors committing mnemonic self-killing in rendering their own history. Under the perpetual necropower, many of the survivors refrained from archiving their own history, despite the Jeju TR programme intended to include the Jeju Islanders' voice. Moreover, even those testifying for the TR reproduced a formulaic anticommunist taxonomy ("communist anti-nationals" versus "anticommunist patriots") that has long excruciated the Jeju Islanders themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the limited generalisation ability issue of physics-informed neural networks, we propose a multi viscosity physics-informed neural networks (μ-PINNs), along with two tailored training strategies. By using μ-PINNs, we train the model once for a specific scenario and obtain flow field data with varying fluid viscosity (μ). To validate μ-PINNs, we conduct experiments on three 2D fluid flow scenarios, comparing the results to those computed by OpenFOAM and providing their relative $ \mathbb {L}_2 $ L 2 error. The experiments demonstrate that μ-PINNs possess the capability of capturing the influence of viscosity on the output flow field data. Additionally, we compare the traditional scheme with the mixed-variable scheme. The memory usage and training time in mixed-variable scheme are 52.5% and 53.6% of that in traditional scheme, at the expense of lower accuracy. This comparison offers guidance for researchers in selecting an appropriate scheme. All code and data-sets are available on GitHub at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on ethnographic fieldwork and interdisciplinary theoretical approaches, this article historicizes poor urban settlements in Nairobi as ruins – the product of systemic ruination from the colonial period to the present. In so doing, it offers the provocation to think 'slum' dwellers as relics: remains of past/present conterminous ruins who are treated as subhuman hauntings of a foregone time and understood to be constituted by the decayed and unwanted material of city margins. In these embodiments they are perceived as ruining the city, even when they have been produced by longue durée political processes of ruination, captured by vernacular identities such as Matigari. Yet, as I show here, like unexpected relics, the inhabitants of poor urban settlements continue to insert vital bids for survival in city landscapes. And, in these layered movements, they act as mnemonic devices that bridge the oppressions of what are seen as separate times, while shedding light on often normalized colonial city and national governance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how local inhabitants living near the Katimok Forest in Baringo County, Kenya, engage with the traces of their past embedded in the landscape, and refigure them into politically powerful ruins. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research, the study examines the traces left behind by former forest dwellers before they were relocated by colonial and post-colonial governments, and analyses the current residents' interactions with these traces. The article shows that traces are mnemonic and affective devices that remind the local inhabitants of emotional stories of a lost past and foster a sense of belonging. In addition, former forest dwellers and their descendants use these traces as evidence and symbols of their belonging and suffering to demand recognition of their historical loss from current national authorities. By performing the traces as ruins of a lost past, claimants harness their political power. This study highlights the importance of considering forest politics in relation to affective and political engagements with the material landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers Batavia's first Chinese captain, Souw Beng Kong (1580–1644) as an example of the memory politics of urban Chinese Indonesians in Jakarta. It explores how and why he has been remembered in the contemporary era. While the stereotype of Chinese Indonesians has its roots in the Dutch colonial period, this study takes the Dutch institution of the captain as a framework to examine what is remembered as a way to bind group members together in a shared community of memory. This study argues that remembering Souw represents an implicit but defiant response to a long-standing negative stereotype that the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia are perennially alien outsiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scotland's corpus of Early Medieval carved stone monuments is a rich dataset for explorations of cultural connections, power and ideology. This article explores how meaning and significance might be interpreted from the reuse of prehistoric stone monuments in the Pictish period via close examination of the materiality, landscape and transformation processes of one case study from Nether Corskie, Aberdeenshire. Technologies of transformation of the existing stone are considered and contextualized as evidence of contemporary concerns and manipulations of concepts and memories of genealogy, ancestry and place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By detaching the Interregnum from both the wars of the 1640s and the restored monarchy, Peck argues that the 1650s "possessed its own distinct memorial culture" (p. 4) in which "memory was a multifaceted, flexible, and dynamic resource" (p. 2). Recollection in the Republics: Memories of the British Civil Wars in England, 1649-1659: by Imogen Peck, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021, xiv + 232 pp.,£60 (hardback), ISBN 9780198845584 Historians of the British civil wars of the 1640s and 1650s have recently taken the memory turn, producing a series of significant studies, often by early-career researchers, on the memory and commemoration of the civil wars including important books by Matthew Neufeld, Ed Legon, and Erin Peters. [Extracted from the article]

In their discussion paper Steinkrauss and Slotnick argue against a role for the hippocampus in unconscious memory formation and retrieval. Unfortunately, they omitted highly relevant evidence that supports a role for the hippocampus in unconscious memory. They criticize four articles, two from our laboratory, pointing out long-known confounds like residual consciousness. We uncover these reproaches as untrue allegations. In our own interest, we prevented conscious mnemonic processing because reliable unconscious memory effects manifest only if consciousness is completely excluded, and because we always knew that residual consciousness would be our Achilles heel for the proponents of the 'explicit memory dogma.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive difficulties are common following stroke and can have widespread impacts on everyday functioning. Technological advances offer the possibility of individualized cognitive training for patients at home, potentially providing a low-cost, low-intensity adjunct to rehabilitation services. Using this approach, we have previously demonstrated post-training improvements in attention and everyday functioning in fronto-parietal stroke patients. Here we examine whether these benefits are observed more broadly in a community stroke sample. Eighty patients were randomized to either 4 weeks of online adaptive attention training (SAT), working memory training (WMT) or waitlist (WL). Cognitive and everyday function measures were collected before and after the intervention, and after 3 months. During training, weekly measures of patients' subjective functioning were collected. The training was well received and compliance good. No differences in our primary end-point, spatial bias, or other cognitive functions were observed. However, on patient-reported outcomes, SAT participants showed greater levels of improvement in everyday functioning than WMT or WL participants. In line with our previous work, everyday functioning improvements were greatest for patients with spatial impairments and those who received SAT training. Whether attention training can be recommended for stroke survivors depends on whether cognitive test performance or everyday functioning is considered more relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quadrupling the number of unreliable narrators employed in her worldwide bestseller The Girl on the Train (2015), Paula Hawkins's second novel titled Into the Water (2017) continues her exploration of the convoluted geographies of memory associated with women's mystery-shrouded deaths. A Slow Fire Burning (2021) extends this domestic-noir theme while connecting it intratextually to an experimental crime novel written by one of the male characters. In both of these recent works employing narratological montage, Hawkins cunningly draws attention to what might be called the mnemonics of fiction—that is, of the stories we tell ourselves and others. Her post-postmodernist tales, however, take the idea of truth seriously, even if it is one shorn of the premise of logocentrism and ultimacy. In the process she seems devoted to plumbing the intricacies of William Faulkner's conundrum in Light in August (1932): "Memory believes before knowing remembers". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this respect, illustrations constitute a testing ground for meanings, especially if the reuse of an illustration from an existing source and a process of appropriation have affected the ways in which the illustrations can signify. Once the illustration becomes part of the codex, the intentionality underpinning the iconic metatext is recoverable only through readerly engagement, I the reader turning critic i not only of the complicated relationship between engraved illustration and typographical text but also of the meaning of the illustration as critical text itself. But even authors themselves rarely succeeded in achieving the kind of harmonious relationship between text and image that traditional illustration scholarship had advocated as ideal.[8] In fact, very few authors illustrated their own works in the eighteenth century, the Swiss Salomon Gessner, one of the most original book illustrators of the century,[9] being a notable exception. In addition to the centrality of putti in the illustrations he produced in the 1750s and 1760s, Gessner was guided by widely held notions of whether illustrations should invoke classical iconographic traditions or not. [Extracted from the article]

Memory champions remember vast amounts of information in order and at first encounter by associating each study item to an anchor within a scaffold – a pre-learned, structured memory. The scaffold provides direct-access retrieval cues. Dominated by the familiar-route scaffold (Method of Loci), researchers have little insight into what characteristics of scaffolds make them effective, nor whether individual differences might play a role. We compared participant-generated mnemonic scaffolds: (a) familiar routes (Loci), (b) autobiographical stories (Story), (c) parts of the human body (Body), and (d) routine activities (Routine Activity). Loci, Body, and Story Scaffolds benefited serial recall over Control (no scaffold). The Body and Loci Scaffold were equally superior to the other scaffolds. Measures of visual imagery aptitude and vividness and body responsiveness did not predict accuracy. A second experiment tested whether embodiment could be responsible for the high level of effectiveness of the Body Scaffold; this was not supported. In short, mnemonic scaffolds are not equally effective and embodied cognition may not directly contribute to memory success. The Body Scaffold may be a strong alternative to the Method of Loci and may enhance learning for most learners, including those who do not find the Method of Loci useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pattern separation and pattern completion are generally studied in humans using mnemonic discrimination tasks such as the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) where participants identify similar lures and repeated items from a series of images. Failures to correctly discriminate lures are thought to reflect a failure of pattern separation and a propensity toward pattern completion. Recent research has challenged this perspective, suggesting that poor encoding rather than pattern completion accounts for the occurrence of false alarm responses to similar lures. In two experiments, participants completed a continuous recognition task version of the MST while eye movement (Experiments 1 and 2) and fMRI data (Experiment 2) were collected. In Experiment 1, we replicated the result that fixation counts at study predicted accuracy on lure trials (consistent with poor encoding predicting mnemonic discrimination performance), but this effect was not observed in our fMRI task. In both experiments, we found that target-lure similarity was a strong predictor of accuracy on lure trials. Further, we found that fMRI activation changes in the hippocampus were significantly correlated with the number of fixations at study for correct but not incorrect mnemonic discrimination judgments when controlling for target-lure similarity. Our findings indicate that while eye movements during encoding predict subsequent hippocampal activation changes for correct mnemonic discriminations, the predictive power of eye movements for activation changes for incorrect mnemonic discrimination trials was modest at best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to reveal the effect of using mnemonic strategies on student success in the teaching of history components in social studies, the permanence of their knowledge, and the students'opinions about this practice. The nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group model based on the quasi-experimental method was used in the study. After the experimental process, focus group interviews were conducted with two groups selected from the experimental group. It can be said that mnemonic devices contribute to the students' academic success and make the students' knowledge more retentive in the teaching of history components in social studies. Furthermore, in the students' views, it was seen that the course activities carried out with these strategies were especially fun and retentive, contributing to both increasing interest and better understanding of the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Bowie's "'Heroes'" (1977) is typically considered to be a song about Cold War Berlin. This paper provides a detailed discussion and textual interpretation of the song's musical actualization and its lyrics and shows that it does not explicitly reference the city. It also examines Bowie's idealized time in the divided city to illustrate that, instead, the close association of song and city derives from the contexts of the song's production and the subsequent discourses around it, so that, in terms of cultural memory studies, "'Heroes'" can be seen as mnemonic product that contributes to the collective memory of 1970s Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges that students face is how to remember and preserve information from their teachers accurately over an extended period. Shedding a light on memory retention – both accuracy and longevity – is the Old Testament, which emphasizes the effectiveness of repetition as a learning process. This approach to learning by repetition involves both teachers and parents working together (who), both at home and in public (where) with spaced repetition (when), and the use of mnemonic devices (how). The purpose of this research is to describe the usefulness of the educational principles in the Old Testament to the field of Christian education, with support by cognitive psychology to validate this effectiveness of this learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Description Songs, also called waṣfs, form an important part of the Song of Songs. They show the structure of a two-tiered list, one column of which comprises body parts, while the other column consists of metaphors taken from different domains. This paper explores eight dimensions of the functioning of the waṣfs that depend on this structure, for example the two-tiered lists as secret codes, or as a case of mnemonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media has become one of the most powerful and ubiquitous means by which individuals curate and share their life stories with the world at large. Not surprisingly then, researchers have started to examine the reasons why individuals post personal memories on social media and said individuals' characteristics. Across two studies, we extended this line of research by further testing the Purposes of Online Memory Sharing Scale (POMSS) and its subscales: self, social, therapeutic and directive. Additionally, we examined which of these motives led college students (Study 1) and adults of a community sample (Study 2) to post personal memories on social media and whether said motives were associated with the individuals' psychological characteristics. Overall, the results revealed that emerging adults and older adults posted personal experiences on social media primarily for social reasons. We also found that extraversion, disclosure and social media usage predicted each of the motives for posting personal experiences on social media. In addition, individuals who were more lonely and who had lower self-esteem were more likely to post personal experiences on social media for therapeutic reasons. We discuss these results in terms of their implications towards understanding the mnemonic consequences associated with social media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effectiveness of the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) instructional approach with middle school youth with behavior challenges served in a residential treatment facility. Youth were taught the TRAP (Think before reading, Read a paragraph, Ask what is the main idea/important details, Paraphrase the paragraph; Mason et al.) mnemonic as a means of increasing reading comprehension as measured through oral retell. Using a multiple-probe across participant single case design, a functional relation between the TRAP mnemonic and oral retell scores was observed. Treatment fidelity, social validity, and academic engagement are presented. Implications for practitioners, limitations, and areas for future directions are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mnemonic couplet to help students learn the names of the cranial nerves has been in use in the United States since the mid-nineteenthth century. The original in iambic tetrameter is attributed to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Using a systematic search, more than 40 variants have been identified and, where possible, ordered in time. Variations depended in part on evolving preferred names for individual cranial nerves, regional geographic features, and idiosyncratic choices. Some inferior variants ignored critical features of the original (e.g., meter, number of poetic feet, or even the rhyme). Others strove to have a memorable couplet with the basic features of the original but without resorting to disparaging phrases. However, with the modern names for the cranial nerves, few of the extant versions of the mnemonic make sense, or preserve iambic tetrameter and rhyme, while avoiding derogatory or lewd expressions. Two new versions are suggested that meet these constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From writing to-do lists to creating mnemonic devices in school, people frequently generate cues to help them remember information. Creating memory cues is a vital aspect of metacognition and allows learners to somewhat control their retrieval circumstances. Across three experiments, we tested the extent to which self-generated memory cues fail at long retention intervals because they are based in fleeting mental states. Participants studied target words and generated mnemonic cues for themselves or for others. Cues intended for others showed greater cue-to-target associative strength, were less distinctive, and were less idiosyncratic (more common) than cues intended for oneself. However, the effectiveness of the cues in supporting recall did not differ by intended recipient at medium (∼3 days) or long (∼1 year) retention intervals. In the third experiment, we directly tested the stability of self-generated cues for oneself (compared to cues for others, descriptions of the target, and focused descriptions) by asking participants to generate cues twice for the same targets across a delay of 3 weeks. Cues intended for others were more stable than all other cues, but the stability of the cues did not affect long term retention. Implications for effective cue generation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beebe and Duffy (2020) offer another addition to a growing body of theoretical and empirical work that questions the explanatory power of so-called minimal counterintuitiveness (MCI). On the basis of three memory experiments and one survey, Beebe and Duffy argue that 1) MCI concepts are at a mnemonic disadvantage relative to both concepts with moral valence as well as concepts that elicit existential anxiety; and 2) these results cannot be explained by the degree of visualizability in the test items. In this commentary, we reflect on the future of MCI theory and situate Beebe and Duffy's study in an integrative cultural evolutionary framework. We argue that future studies in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion should not only focus on the content that makes some religious beliefs cognitively and culturally attractive but also on how different cultural evolutionary forces – including social and ecological contexts – compete and interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. National Library of Medicine and Department of Homeland Security assembled subject matter experts (SMEs) for the Toxic Chemical Syndrome Definitions and Nomenclature Workshop. The SMEs at this meeting identified a lack of research evaluating the effectiveness of field recognition of toxidromes to guide treatment. They suggested that mnemonics may be helpful for remembering and recognizing toxidromes and further, that rapid toxidrome recognition, through use of a mnemonic or otherwise, leads to rapid action and urgent intervention. (1) Determine if published studies demonstrate HPs can learn and recall hazardous materials (hazmat) toxidromes. (2) Determine if Healthcare Professionals (HPs) can learn mnemonics for muscarinic and nicotinic toxidromes during the Advanced Hazmat Life Support (AHLS) Provider Course (PC) and recall these cholinergic mnemonics when retested years later. Our hypothesis is HPs can learn these mnemonics and recall them up to four years later. We analyzed results of HPs who completed AHLS PC pre-tests and post-tests during their initial AHLS PC between March 1, 2007 and March 1, 2010, and then, within four years, took either an online retest or a pre-test for a second AHLS PC. We compared pre- and post-test answers for questions regarding muscarinic and nicotinic mnemonics to assess if HPs can learn these mnemonics during an initial AHLS PC and then recall these mnemonics later, during retesting. We compared the percentage of HPs who correctly identified each cholinergic mnemonic on the pre-test, post-test, and retest using McNemar's test for paired, nominal data. We searched six literature databases to see if there were any previous similar studies. Our literature search found no similar published studies. The mean time to re-testing was 3.6 years (SD 0.8 year). The percentage of respondents correctly answering the question for the muscarinic toxidrome was 53% on the pre-test, 100% on the post-test, and 75% on the retest. The percentage of respondents correctly answering the nicotinic toxidrome question was 52% on the pre-test, 100% on the post-test, and 77% on the retest. All studied healthcare professionals learned the cholinergic toxidrome mnemonics during their initial AHLS PC. Mnemonic recall declined somewhat on retesting; however, recall was evident in 75–77% of retest takers compared to their pre-test results up to four years earlier, a statistically significant difference (p <.001) for both mnemonics. This supports our study hypothesis that HPs can learn these mnemonics and recall them up to 4 years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the transnational impact of mediated memory of Korean forced labour through a case study of the South Korean blockbuster Battleship Island (2017)—a historical action film about the mass escape of Korean coalminers from forced labour on Hashima Island. Rather than focusing on the content of the reconstructed past in the film and its historical (in)accuracies, we explore the film's entanglement with a wider mnemonic landscape and political intent in and beyond South Korea. We argue that the film became an effective cultural memory through a dynamic network of media and social practices that developed around it. By thus treating the film as a material object in the broader media environment and examining its transnational social performance, we highlight Battleship Island's role in turning Hashima into a new symbolic focal point of South Korea–Japan memory conflict and a transnationally available icon of Korean suffering. Further, we suggest that the film stimulated the production and circulation of alternative memory narratives of Hashima by Japanese rightist memory activists. While recent works on transnational memory in the European context tend to focus on cosmopolitan memory that promotes cross-border identification with victims, this study provides insight on how transnational memory dynamics can develop towards a different direction of reinforcing nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The argument that Working Memory (WM) is especially important for reading comprehension has been supported in previous research. The aim of this study was to test a non-computerized WM training method to improve children's reading comprehension in a longitudinal design. 38 Danish children in 3rd and 4th grade (M = 112.9 months, SD = 7.90 months) were divided into a training group (N = 18) and a control group (N = 20). Assessments of sentence reading comprehension and WM were administered at pre- and post-test, half-year and one-year follow-up. Verbal WM and reading comprehension were not improved following training. Visuo-spatial WM improved at post-training, but the effect did not last into the one-year follow up. The role of WM in reading comprehension and the pedagogical implications for teaching are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to generate déjà vu experimentally have largely focused on engineering partial familiarity for stimuli, relying on an ensuing, but unprompted evaluation of conflict to generate the experience. Without verification that experimentally-generated familiarity is accompanied by the awareness of stimulus novelty, these experimental procedures potentially provide an incomplete déjà vu analogue. We used a modified version of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory procedure to generate both familiarity and novelty within a déjà vu analogue – we coupled experimentally-generated familiarity with cues indicating that the familiarity was erroneous, using this additional source of mnemonic information to generate cognitive conflict in our participants. We collected fMRI and behavioural data from 21 participants, 16 of whom reported déjà vu. Using univariate contrasts we identified brain regions associated with mnemonic conflict, including the anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. This is the first experiment to image an analogue of the déjà vu experience in healthy volunteers. The increased likelihood of déjà vu reports to DRM critical lures correctly identified as "new", and the activation of neural substrates supporting the experience of cognitive conflict during déjà vu, suggest that the resolution of memory conflict may play an integral role in déjà vu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual working memory (VWM) relies on a distributed cortical network. Yet, the extent to which individual cortical areas, like early visual cortex and intraparietal sulcus, are essential to VWM storage remains debated. Here, we reanalyze key datasets from two independent labs to address three topics at the forefront of current-day VWM research: Resiliency of mnemonic representations against visual distraction, the role of attentional priority in memory, and brain–behavior relationships. By utilizing different analysis approaches, each designed to test different aspects of mnemonic coding, our results provide a comprehensive perspective on the role of early visual and intraparietal areas. We emphasize the importance of analysis choices, and how a thorough understanding of the principles they test is crucial for unraveling the distributed mechanisms of VWM. Consequently, we caution against the idea of a singular essential storage area, which could limit our comprehension of the VWM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a detailed study of a unique vernacular Lord's Prayer from a thirteenth-century manuscript from Pavia, Bibliotheca Universitaria MS Aldini 69. The text is an interesting marginal addition in early Middle English by one scribe, modified by another scribe to create a verse mnemonic. The paper also introduces another marginal, hitherto unnoticed, Latin Pater Noster from the same codex in the form of a diagrammatic representation. It is argued that both these additions complement the conceptual framework of the entire volume and are representative of the state-of-the-art practical theology promulgated by William de Montibus and his students in the theological and intellectual circle of thirteenth-century Lincoln in the wake of the Fourth Lateral Council. The reanalysis of the vernacular translation of the Lord's Prayer vis-à-vis other materials from the manuscript confirms this geographical location and it further bears witness to the exchange of materials in the thirteenth century between pastorally minded clerics in England and Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights memory activists have explicit demands: truth, justice, and memory. PHOTO (COLOR): A mural of the word "Memory" painted by elementary school students adorns El Olimpo, a former detention and torture center, in Buenos Aires, 2011. In trying to understand how young people make sense of that historical period, I look at official memory policies, activists' campaigns, and the points of encounter between activists and non-activists. Landscape One: Human Rights Memory Activism Two distinctive features characterize Argentina's memory landscape: a commitment to accountability and over four decades of unyielding human rights memory activism - meaning an activism committed to remembering human rights violations with a focus on justice. [Extracted from the article]

Research has demonstrated that people remember emotional information better than neutral information. However, such research has almost exclusively defined emotion in terms of valence and arousal. Discrete emotions may affect memory above and beyond such dimensions, with recent research indicating that disgusting information is better remembered than frightening information. We initially sought to determine whether participants are sensitive to the effects of discrete emotions when predicting their future memory performance. Participants in Experiment 1 were more confident in their memory for emotional (both frightening and disgusting) images relative to neutral images, but confidence did not differ between frightening and disgusting images. However, because we did not replicate the mnemonic advantage of disgust, subsequent experiments were concerned with testing the replicability of this effect. Because metamemorial judgments sometimes eliminate memory effects, participants in Experiment 2 did not make such judgments. Even so, the effect did not replicate. The disgust advantage was ultimately replicated in Experiment 3, where participants completed a secondary task at encoding. The disgust advantage is replicable but appears less robust than previously recognised. A single-paper meta-analysis indicated that the effect is more likely under divided attention, perhaps because the mechanisms which mediate disgust-memory are relatively automatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of apps in preschool has increased considerably during the last few years. Studies have shown that digital technologies are sometimes used to replace analogue artefacts in educational settings. This calls for studies on how the use of apps transforms preschool activities. This study empirically investigates how preschool children play Memory games in both digital and analogue form and how the artefacts mediate and re-mediate the children's engagement. The findings show that two types of Memory games evolved into distinctively different kinds of activities. Our results indicate that it is a complex matter to predict learning outcomes from specific games and calls for a more nuanced discussion on how digital artefacts can mediate and re-mediate activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I observe the role of collective singing and listening in recalling, reconfiguring, and repurposing the memory of antifascism in the current practices of activism and social engagement in the post-Yugoslav space. The crisis of global neoliberalism, which has its specific regional features in the area of former Yugoslavia, has fostered the (re)appropriation, reinterpretation, and repurposing of the historical legacy of Yugoslav antifascism and its meanings and values. I examine the new pan-leftist sensibilities and transnational networks that have been formed after 2008 and the new musical employments of the memory of antifascism by the post-Yugoslav activist choirs. By concentrating on their revitalization of partisan songs, I address the dynamic practices of recalling antifascism and its revolutionary legacy in the search for new radical political potential of this past in the region of former Yugoslavia. I theorize this practice within the framework of singing memory activism, which employs aural experience as a powerful mnemonic tool in the revitalization of the antifascist past and in fostering struggles for the recreation of its meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research has focused on how inconsistencies in alibi statements are perceived by law enforcement and legal decision-makers, less attention has been paid to the cognitive factors that may mitigate such inconsistencies. Using a novel, ecologically-valid paradigm, across two experiments (507 events for N=134), we examined the accuracy, level of detail, and memory characteristics of participant-generated alibis for schema-consistent and – inconsistent events, and whether mental reinstatement of context (MRC) led to improved alibis compared to time-cueing. Participants reported their typical weekly activities, provided real-time reports of their activities during a two-week period, and reported participant-specific schema-consistent and -inconsistent events using time-cues and MRC. Our results suggest schema-consistent events are reported more accurately than inconsistent events, and that MRC does not improve alibi accuracy over time-cueing. When reporting atypical events, participants provided alibis by reporting what they thought they would normally be doing during that time. Together, these findings quantify how difficult remembering an alibi can be, reinforce that people often rely on schemas, and that mnemonic strategies to increase alibi accuracy are likely to fail, even if they work in other domains. We discuss how the current research adds to recent work on boundary conditions for the efficacy of MRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New learning and memory (NLM) impairments are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), negatively impacting daily life. Few studies seek to remediate these deficits to improve everyday functioning. Self-generation, spaced learning and retrieval practice have been shown to improve NLM in healthy persons and have been incorporated into an 8-session treatment protocol, Strategy-based Training to Enhance Memory (STEM). STEM teaches participants about each of the techniques, how to apply them in daily life and provides practice. Participants are taught to restructure a memory-demanding situation to optimize self-generation, spaced learning and retrieval practice. This pilot double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (RCT) tested the efficacy of STEM in 20 learning-impaired participants with clinically definite MS (9 treatment, 11 control). Significant treatment effects were noted on self-report measures of daily functioning (primary outcome). Objective neuropsychological testing approached significance, showing a medium-large effect on verbal NLM. Results suggest that STEM may improve everyday functioning in individuals with MS. A full-scale RCT is warranted to validate findings in a larger sample so that findings may be generalized to the broader MS community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the Buddhist threefold model of wisdom which, on the basis of ethics, progresses from 'study,' to 'reflection,' to 'cultivation,' and argues that mindfulness plays a critical role at each of these steps, forming the common thread joining them together. Beyond opposing statically the mnemonic, conceptual, and attentional dimensions of mindfulness, this threefold paradigm of 'mindful wisdom' can serve to articulate them dynamically within the context of the path. The model is first examined with special consideration of Mahāyāna sources and its relation to the epistemic foundations of tradition, reason, and direct experience. Then, in reference to living Tibetan and Himalayan traditions, each step of wisdom is shown to rely upon a distinct aspect of mindfulness or presence: keeping in mind the teachings present, forming adequate re-present-ations, and cultivating a presence of mind. Ultimately, the paper inquires into the emergence of self-knowledge and the integration of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments, we examined younger and older participants' appraisals of memory failures in fictitious characters portrayed as younger (in their 20's to 30's) or older (in their 60's to 70's) adults. Participants read vignettes where forgetful behavior had minor or more severe consequences for the target character (Experiment 1) or for the character and others in the social environment (Experiment 2). Participants rated potential causes of the forgetfulness and opinions concerning the target character's cognitive health. In Experiment 1, an age-based double standard was observed, where both age groups rated ability as a cause of forgetting more often for older than younger characters. Ratings of forgetfulness as a sign of mental difficulty, need for memory training, and professional evaluation were also higher for older compared to younger characters. In Experiment 2, the Attribution Type by Target Age interaction effect was replicated. Ability and effort contributed to the significance of the interaction, confirming the reliability and generalizability of the age-based double standard. Forgetfulness was rated as a sign of mental difficulty more often for the older than younger characters, replicating Experiment 1. In both experiments, the consequences of the forgetting had a large impact on the attribution and opinion ratings for younger and older forgetful characters. These data suggest that people of all ages evaluate forgetful characters in light of situational outcomes as well as ageist presumptions of cognitive frailty in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]