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This study investigates the mechanical properties of Polyurethane Bark Gum (PBG) reinforced with Solid Glass Beads (SGBs) of varying diameters and content. The tensile analysis demonstrates that a 1% SGB volume fraction maximizes tensile stress and fracture elongation due to synergic composite effects, with smaller SGBs enhancing interfacial adhesion and reducing microcrack formation. The impact analysis revealed that the addition of SGB reduced the impact strength due to interface delamination and energy dissipation mechanisms, with optimal impact resistance observed at a particle size of 0.4–0.6 mm and a content of 5%. Morphological characterization was conducted using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron radiation CT scanning techniques, highlighting the role of SGB in toughening, crack bridging, and stress shielding. This study provides insights into the performance of PBG/SGB composite materials and guides the material design for specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]