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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subpopulation of cells found within tumors that exhibit properties of self-renewal, like normal stem cells. CSCs have been defined as a crucial factor involved in driving cancer relapse, chemoresistance and metastasis. Prominin-1 (CD133) is one of the most well-characterized markers of CSCs in various tumor types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CD133+ cells have been demonstrated to be involved in metastasis, tumorigenesis, tumor recurrence, and resistance to treatment in HCC. CD133-related clinical prognosis prediction, and targeted therapy have highlighted the clinical significance of CD133 in HCC. However, there remains controversy over the role of CD133 in experimental and clinical research involving HCC. In this article, we summarize the fundamental cell biology of CD133 in HCC cells and discuss the important characteristics of CD133+ in HCC cells. Furthermore, the prognostic value of CD133, and therapeutic strategies for its targeting in HCC, is also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many inter-organisational networks exhibit a community structure. However, the level of understanding of the effect of firms' embeddedness in a network community on their innovation performance is limited. This study attempts to fill this gap by investigating the impact of intra- and inter-community collaboration strength on firms' innovation performance, with patent data pertaining to the new-energy vehicle industry during the period from 2000 to 2017. The results show that, first, firms with moderate levels of intra-community collaboration strength achieve the greatest innovation performance, as these firms obtain rapid and efficient access to knowledge within their community. Second, firms with moderate levels of inter-community collaboration strength achieve the greatest innovation performance, as they acquire heterogeneous knowledge from outside the community. Third, the interaction of intra- and inter-community collaboration strength has a significant negative effect on firms' innovation performance. This finding suggests that simultaneously building collaborations inside and outside the community is not an ideal network strategy for firms to employ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombination innovation is a process of creatively combining different knowledge domains in an invention. Recombination innovation in R&D collaboration - joint recombination process, which is integration of the organisation’s internal knowledge with the partner’s new knowledge, serves as the stepping stone of the knowledge search in the technological space. This paper tries to illuminate how different dimensions of proximity of the collaborating partners affect the probability of the collaborative innovation to be recombination innovation. Our result shows that technological proximity has a negative effect on joint recombination innovation. Geographical proximity has an inverted U-shaped effect on joint recombination innovation. The positive effect of organisational proximity on joint recombination innovation is not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]