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Many studies on the use of functional neuromuscular stimulation for stabilizing the standing posture of paraplegic patients are conducted in computer simulations to minimize possible risks. Here, a five degrees of freedom skeletal–musculotendon muscle activation model of human body dynamics is formulated for the purpose of control effectiveness evaluation. By including the effect of arm rotation about the shoulder plus foot tipping about toe or heel in dynamics models, a more realistic response prediction capability can be achieved compared with previous models. A closed loop control simulation example is presented to demonstrate the significance of adding these features to the human body dynamics model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the equations of motion for a general multi-link inverted pendulum system are derived. Assumptions previously employed to simplify such formulation are removed. The pendulum system is more general and includes nonlinear friction terms to suit various engineering applications. The generalized equations are first developed in the absolute coordinate system using Lagrange's technique, then a simple linear transformation is proposed to obtain the set of nonlinear equations in the DevanitHartenberg coordinate system. The equations of motion for double and triple link inverted pendulum systems are given as examples for such dynamics equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]