Search

In an endeavor to invent new antimalarial and antimicrobial agents, a series of coumarin bound 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was synthesized through Cu(I)-promoted click reaction between coumarin bound terminal alkynes, that is, 4/7-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)-2H-chromen-2-one and 2-azido-N-arylpropanamides. The synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles were characterized by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR, and HRMS techniques and were assessed for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum as well as in vitro antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). Compound 7o [(N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed better activity against P. falciparum while compound 7y [(N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-(4-(((2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propanamide)] displayed excellent activity against all the tested bacterial and fungal strains, amongst the synthesized triazoles. Also, the molecular docking studies of the most potent compounds against DNA gyrase (S. aureus) were also performed to have an insight on binding interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global agriculture faces a tremendous problem in meeting the food demands of a fast growing population. According to estimates, current crop production will need to be increased by up to 70 per cent to meet future food demands. Intensive agricultural activities necessitate large amounts of fertilizers resulting in deterioration of soil health. As a result, there is an increasing awareness of the benefits of using environmentally friendly, long-term fertilizers that focus on soil health conservation. Nanofertilizers are nutrient transporters with nanoscale dimensions ranging from 30 to 40 nm that can retain a large number of nutrient ions due to their large surface area and release them continuously and slowly in proportion to the crop's needs. Because of their particular characteristics, they are employed in lesser doses and have been shown to boost crop output. They've also been shown to aid in the nitrogen cycle, enzymatic activity, and the induction of plant-beneficial microorganisms in soil. The prospective use of nanofertilizers will undoubtedly spark a revolt inside the fertilizer industry, addressing the issue of food insecurity in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the partial replacement of river sand in fly ash-based geopolymeric mortar with Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag fine aggregate. The research aimed to create eco-friendly geopolymeric mortar using fly ash, steel slag and an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Physical testing against flowability, bulk density and water absorption has been conducted, and mechanical behaviour against compressive and flexural strength has also been investigated. However, the raw material and developed mortar have been characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphological studies, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical studies. Geopolymer mortar with 30% steel slag replacing river sand (30SSM) showed the highest strength, reaching 35MPa in compression and 5.6MPa in flexure. This strength can be attributed to the strong and flexible (ductile) characteristics of steel slag when combined with the geopolymeric paste. Additionally, the angular and rough surface texture of steel slag enhances the physical bonding within the matrix. This high-volume fly ash (cement-free) based steel slag aggregate geopolymeric mortar offers a sustainable option for various building components like paver blocks, bricks etc. Article Highlights: Partial replacement of river sand with BOF steel slag reduces environmental impact and promotes resource utilisation. 30% steel slag replacement yields maximum compressive (35MPa) and flexural strength (5.6MPa). The angular and vesicular structure of steel slag provides better physical connections in the geopolymeric matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite sandwich structures are predominantly used in aerospace, civil engineering works, and automotive industries for load-bearing and lightweight structures. Recently, the core structures have been getting modified, due to the lack of strength, stiffness, and weight ratio. Very few past researches have shown research data on testing and mechanical properties of sandwich structures with commercial Kevlar honeycomb as a core. To overcome the above-said issues, an innovative composite sandwich structure is designed with carbon fibre resin-based sheets and a Kevlar honeycomb core. Carbon fibre face sheets with a thickness of 0.8 mm also an Aerospace Grade Kevlar honeycomb core with a cell size of 3.2 mm, a density of 48 kg/mm3 and a height of 12.7 mm are used to build the proposed sandwich structure. The fabricated sandwich plate was then subjected to various tests by American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards to determine the various mechanical properties, such as stiffness, pressure, and stresses. Also, water absorption and soil degradation experiments were conducted on a sandwich plate to describe the additional properties of this sandwich structure. As a result, the specimen produced by the proposed method has low weight with high load withstanding capability as the shear is restricted with the help of carbon fibre also it has low deflection at critical load and high strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study employs bibliometric analysis to conduct a comprehensive systematic review based on 395 articles published during 1994–2024 (31st March) to investigate critical publication trends and insights. Most publications have originated in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and China. The prominent themes in the field include Echoes of Sorrow:Lure and Legacy of Dark Tourism, Experiential Odyssey of Dark Tourism, Dark Tourism: Motivations and Perspectives, Dark tourism dynamics shaped by death and disaster, Ethical Dynamics in Dark Tourism, Methodology, Emotion, and Trends of Dark Tourism and Historical Reflections to adventures of dark tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last few decades have emerged as a remarkable era for exploring and employing electromyography (EMG) signals and their attributes in various applications such as clinical assessment and rehabilitation engineering. An EMG signal-based system encapsulates different domains of signal acquisition and processing, statistical analysis, and control systems in a single framework. This survey attempts to highlight and distinguish the time- and frequency-based signal processing according to the applications of EMG signals. When EMG signals are used for clinical assessment, time–frequency analysis involves transforming the signals in different domains and extracting useful physiological information. On the other hand, the concept of time and frequency deals with extracting time, frequency, or time–frequency-based features when EMG signals are used for pattern recognition-based control applications such as robotics and augmented reality. It is often very difficult and confusing to distinguish and establish a clear understanding between these domains reported in various literature. Hence, this study first presents different signal acquisition systems and pre-processing techniques, followed by comprehending the concepts in time, frequency, and time–frequency-based approaches based on the applications. Next, the review of various post-processing techniques, different feature extraction routines, and a survey of different classifiers used in the pattern recognition step is done. The work concludes with a study of innovative applications of EMG signals reported in recent years, provides an overview of EMG signal-based limb prosthetics, and suggests a few futuristic research ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding two different types of reinforcing particles, hard-ceramic zirconia (ZrO2p: 0, 2, and 4 wt.%) and solid-lubricant graphite (Grp: 0, and 3 wt.%), on the sliding wear and frictional properties of stir-squeeze cast aluminum composites. For this purpose, wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disk wear tester, with emphasis on parameters such as wear rate, seizure resistance, temperature, coefficient of friction, and wear coefficient at varying sliding distances (0-5000 m at an interval of 1000 m) and under different applied pressures (0.5-2.0 MPa). Microstructural analysis showed that the particles were evenly dispersed in the aluminum matrix alloy. The addition of either particles or a combination of both reduced the wear rate significantly compared to the monolithic alloy. The seizure resistance and temperature rise were also improved, from 1.5 MPa to 2.0 MPa and 78 °C to 123 °C, respectively, with the addition of 4% ZrO2 and 3% Gr particles to the aluminum matrix alloy. The friction coefficient increased with the addition of reinforcing particles and was more noteworthy at higher pressures. The wear mechanism observed during wear surface and subsurface analysis was the creation and disintegration of a mechanically mixed layer (MML). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop productivity, soil quality and fertility have been degraded due to intensive conventional tillage and poor crop management practices. Conservation tillage along with proper crop establishment methods (including seed priming, integrated nutrient management) helps in sustaining the productivity of crops, especially under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed priming, tillage and nutrient management practices on nutrient balance; chemical and microbial properties of soil; and productivity of maize-wheat cropping system in rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three factors (tillage, seed priming and nutrient management) and control as independent treatment for general comparison of results. The findings showed that chemical and microbial properties of soil were enhanced under zero tillage+ mulch as compared to other tillage practices. However, crop productivity was higher in conventional tillage+ mulch (70.28 q/ha (maize), 35.27 q/ha (wheat)). Under nutrient management practices, integrated nutrient management proved to be better as compared to recommended dose of fertilizers. Highest production efficiency (32.8 kg ha−1 day−1) was found under CT+M,Hydro,Int. Nutrient balance (N, P, K) was found higher in treatments with integrated nutrient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports a comparative analysis of different cavity positions in Charge Plasma-based Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (CP TFET) for Biosensor Application. In CP TFET, we have created a nanogap cavity at three different positions i.e. the Source, Gate, and Drain. The nanogap cavity formed at Source, Gate, and Drain is called Source Cavity, Gate Cavity, and Drain Cavity, respectively. The intrinsic properties of biomolecules, such as dielectric constant (K) and charge density (o̧), have been utilized to detect the biomolecules in the cavity. The source and drain region are formed by appropriate metal work functions using the charge plasma concept. The presence of biomolecules in the cavity increases the effective capacitance of the device. As a result, a high electric field generates under the cavity region. Consequently, due to large band bending, thinning of tunneling width occurred. Therefore, the increase in tunneling rate enhances the drive current of the device. The device physics has been analyzed using energy band variation, surface potential, electron tunneling rate, electric field, and transfer characteristics for different biomolecules. In addition, the Sensitivity of the device at different cavity positions has been investigated and compared in terms of ION, ION/IOFF, Vth, and SS. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed device is compared with the existing literature and the possible fabrication process flow of the device has also been presented in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable environmental cleanup has become a widespread concept in the era of industrialization and the ever-increasing population. Due to anthropogenic activities, textile industries release a large amount of wastewater into the surrounding water bodies. In this study, a highly efficient bacterial isolate, Bacillus sp. AS2 was isolated from textile dye-contaminated soil. Different growth parameters were studied to enhance the degradation activity of the isolate. Maximum dye degradation achieved was 97.01 ± 0.36%, 92.49 ± 0.21%, and 94.23 ± 0.47% for methylene blue (MB), Congo red (CR), and malachite green (MG), respectively. The isolated bacteria were also capable of degrading (77.76 ± 0.15%) mixed dyes. Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the degradation of the textile dyes. The maximum bacterial growth rate was 0.425, 0.578, and 0.512 g d−1 in the presence of MB, CR, and MG dye, respectively. The value of µmax/Ks was 0.0154, 0.0167, and 0.0137 L mg−1 d−1 for MB, CR, and MG dye. Further, the phytotoxicity assay substantiates the eco-friendly nature of isolate Bacillus sp. AS2. Biodegradation through the selected bacterial strain can be considered the best alternative to control environmental pollution in a comparatively short time interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raised Intra-Cranial Pressure causes hypertension. We report a 75 years old lady with large Middle Cerebral Artery bifurcation aneurysm that was operated on. Post-operatively she had a progressive hypotension that was refractory to inotropes and became life threatening. There was subgaleal, extradural and subdural collection of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid. Drainage of this collection led to immediate complete recovery from hypotension, normalization of tachycardia and improvement in sensorium within 4 hours. Raised Intra-Cranial Pressure can manifest with hypotension and tachycardia if the right insula has been exposed. Removal of the irritant can lead to rapid and complete recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One simple technique to improve the heat transfer rate is to roughen a square duct's heated plate. This work is concerned with the heat transfer ( N u) and friction factor ( f) of ZnO / H 2 O /ethylene glycol nanofluid flowing in ribbed square duct were optimized, and correlations have been developed. Design parameters include nanoparticle concentration (φ) 1–4%, relative angled rib pitch (P R / e R) 2.18–3.25, relative angled rib height (e R / D h) 0.10–0.25, flow attack angle of inclination rib (α inc) 40 – 70 0 , and Reynolds number (Re) 4000–19,000. The response surface method (RSM) was utilized for optimization. Varying the roughness parameters improves the heat transfer performance of inclined ribbed, but it increases the pumping power of the square duct. RSM results indicated that the maximum heat transfer enhancement belongs to φ of 4%, P R / e R of 2.50, e R / D h of 0.20, and α inc of 60°. In addition, a generalized quadratic correlation for Nu and f is constructed based on the analysis of variance, with percentage deviations of ± 12.4 % and ± 9.3 % , respectively, in contrast to empirically obtained values of Nusselt number and friction factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of biocontrol agents in farm operations for pest control programs is gaining priority and preference globally. Effective delivery, infectivity of the biocontrol agents, and quality shelf-life products containing these bioagents are vital parameters responsible for the success of biopesticides under field conditions. In the present study, moisture-retaining bio-insecticidal dustable powder formulation (SaP) of Steinernema abbasi (Sa) infective juveniles (IJs) was developed and assessed for its shelf life, physicochemical profile, and bio-efficacy against subterranean termite under field conditions. Formulation exhibited free-flowing character, with pH of 6.50–7.50, and apparent density in the range 0.50–0.70 g cm−3. The bioefficacy study for two rabi seasons (2020–2021, and 2021–2022) in wheat and chickpea grown in an experimental farm heavily infested with subterranean termites (Odontotermes obesus) revealed a significant reduction in plant damage due to pest attack in formulation-treated plots, monitored in terms of relative number of infested tillers in wheat and infested plants in chickpea fields. The reduced damage to the crop caused by termite was reflected in the relative differences in the growth and yield attributes as well. The study establishes the potential of the developed product as a biopesticide suitable for organic farming and integrated pest management operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the effect of geometrical parameters of the twisted tape insert on heat transfer and flow characteristics of S i O 2 / H 2 O nanofluid flow heat exchanger tube has been investigated experimentally and numerically using CFD (ANSYS 19.3). The investigation encompassed the nanofluid and geometrical parameters namely twisted-tape-width-to-tube-diameter ratio W T / D T ranging from 0.6–0.8, twisted-tape-length-to-twisted-tape-width ratio L T / D T ranging from 1.56–2.23 and particle concentration ϕ ranging from 0.50 vol%-1.25 vol% and the average size of nanoparticle diameter d n p is 30 nm. The analysis of twisted tape parameters and S i O 2 / H 2 O nanofluid as the medium has been carried out for Reynolds number in the range of 5000–17,000. The maximum Nusselt number N u T T and friction factor f T T enhancement are found to be 2.03 and 2.41 times, respectively. The maximum values of thermohydraulic performance parameter occur at a W T / D T of 0.8, L T / D T of 1.74, ϕ of 1.25 vol%, d n p of 30 nm and Reynolds number R e n of 11,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parametric optimization of thermal collector having hemispherical protrusion with air jet impingement is carried on effective efficiency criterion. The parameters selected for the investigation are the relative spanwise pitch ( Y / D h ), relative streamwise pitch ( X / D h ), and ratio of the relative protrusion diameter to height ( d p r / e p r ). A MATLAB program is executed to collect the data, and the optimization plots and table are prepared to determine the optimized parameter. For a wide range of operating parameter, the optimized values are relative streamwise pitch of 1.304, relative spanwise pitch of 0.434, and relative protrusion diameter to protrusion height ratio of 1.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and sustainability are recent buzzwords in manufacturing environments. However, the connection between these two concepts is less explored in the literature. In the current business context, the future generation of manufacturing systems is greatly influenced by the rapid advancement of information technology. Therefore, this study aims to examine the drivers of I4.0 to diffuse sustainability in Supply Chains (SCs). This research identifies the most relevant drivers through the literature and discusses them with area experts. Afterwards, an empirical analysis is conducted to validate the key drivers. Finally, the Grey based DEMATEL method is employed to examine the influential strength of the identified drivers and to build an interrelationship diagram. 'Government supportive policies' and 'Collaboration and transparency among supply chain members' were reported as highly significant drivers of I4.0. This study is an initial effort that investigates the key drivers of I4.0 to achieve high triple bottom line (ecological-economic-social) gains in SCs by taking an example from an emerging economy, i.e. India. This study may help managers, practitioners and policy makers interested in I4.0 applications to diffuse sustainability in SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytases are the most widely used food and feed enzymes, which aid in nutritional improvement by reducing anti-nutritional factor. Despite the benefits, enzymes usage in the industry is restricted by several factors such as their short life-span and poor reusability, which result in high costs for large-scale utilization at commercial scale. Furthermore, under pelleting conditions such as high temperatures, pH, and other factors, the enzyme becomes inactive due to lesser stability. Immobilization of phytases has been suggested as a way to overcome these limitations with improved performance. Matrices used to immobilize phytases include inorganic (Hydroxypatite, zeolite, and silica), organic (Polyacrylamide, epoxy resins, alginate, chitosan, and starch agar), soluble matrix (Polyvinyl alcohol), and nanomaterials including nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes. Several surface analysis methods, including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and FTIR analysis, have been used to characterize immobilized phytase. Immobilized phytases have been used in a broad range of biotechnological applications such as animal feed, biodegradation of food phytates, preparations of myo-inositol phosphates, and sulfoxidation by vanadate-substituted peroxidase. This article provides information on different matrices used for phytase immobilization from the last two decades, including the process of immobilization and support material, surface analysis techniques, and multifarious biotechnological applications of the immobilized phytases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-component domino approaches are attracting significant interest due to their wide application in various fields and have become one of the most efficient tools for the design and development of a wide range of synthetically, medically and industrially important molecules. b-Oxodithioesters have been widely applied in various organic transformations for the synthesis of functionalized heterocycles and biologically relevant molecules. This review highlights multicomponent domino strategies involving b-oxodithioesters, a key component in the context of the preparation of a range of functionalized heterocyclic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South China Sea disputes pose huge energy insecurity to China and Southeast Asian nations, threatening their vital Sea Lines of Communication. This study explores the ongoing conflicts in the South China Sea through Womack's Asymmetry theory of international relations. It contributes to the theory by suggesting ways to improve regional cooperation by adapting to new and renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind. The disparity of capacity among littorals in the South China Sea has created systemic misperception. How China can make amends with these countries by aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and bridging the asymmetry in the region becomes the key research question. This study analyses the existing international environmental agreements applicable in the South China Sea based on the issuing agency, China as a signatory, legality, and the nature of the agreement. It has been observed that the existing international agreements are ineffective in creating geopolitical symmetry. Our proposal of using offshore wind energy as a cooperative sustainable development tool to bridge the asymmetry can encourage cooperation for knowledge, technology, and practice sharing ensuring peace and cooperation in South China Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many threats, such as scarcity of sources and climate change, are forcing the business community to examine their commitment towards the environment and society. Because of this pressure, companies have started to implement long term sustainable practices into their operations. An example of this is the adoption of circular supply chain (CSC), Industry 4.0. How the integration of Industry 4.0 and CSC can be implemented to achieve sustainable supply chain operations is an important question for research. Very little discussion is available in current literature in this regard. This study objective is to analyze the critical success factors (CSFs) for this integration. A three-phase study framework has been utilized to achieve the objective. In the first phase, CSFs are identified through literature review and experts' inputs; in the second phase, an empirical research is conducted for finalization of CSFs and in the last phase, influencing and influenced factors are identified by using Hesitant based Fuzzy DEMATEL. The analysis shows that in the adoption of CSC integrated with Industry 4.0 to achieve sustainability in supply chain operations, 'knowledge of CSC and Industry 4.0' is the most important factor followed by 'top management commitment'. With the help of this research study's findings, both theoretical and practical contributions are provided which further help the operation. This will assist supply chain managers in achieving sustainability in supply chain operations through an effective adoption of the integration of CSC and Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the effects of soil-applied different molybdenum concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 or 62.5 mg kg−1) in the form of sodium molybdate on growth performance, seed production, biochemical parameters, and uptake of Mo in wheat were investigated. Results indicate that Mo doses higher than 2.5 mg kg−1 of soil were observed to be toxic to wheat and retarded the growth as well as seed production. The change in biochemical constituents were correlated with soil Mo concentrations. Chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents increased under lower concentrations of Mo applied. In turn, Mo concentrations beyond 2.5 mg kg−1 significantly increased soluble proteins, total phenolic compounds, and free proline contents. The contents of Mo in root and shoot of wheat plants increased with increased Mo concentrations in the soil. Among the various concentrations of Mo studied, 2.5 mg kg−1 was moderately toxic while 12.5 and 62.5 mg kg−1 were highly toxic and induced stress responses to confer tolerance in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an efficient and practicable synthesis of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrazoles with an acyl functionality attached on the 4-position of the pyrazole scaffolds is reported. The precursor 4-cyanopyrazoles used for the fabrication of target compounds were synthesized from 4-formylpyrazoles via oxime formation followed by reaction with Vilsmeier–Haack reagent. The reaction of 4-cyanopyrazoles with various Grignard reagents afforded the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrazoles in 71–88% yield. The operational simplicity, economical starting materials, and high efficiency compared to reported methods are the advantages of this approach. All the pyrazole derivatives have been screened for antimicrobial activity and some of the derivatives exhibit significant activity against bacterial and fungal isolates. Further, time resolved photoluminescence studies for 5d, 5h, & 5o were carried out using pulsed nitrogen laser as the source with a pulse width of few nanoseconds and wavelength of 337 nm. The spectrum was observed in microsecond time domain in all the cases, however, fluorescent lifetime is found to higher in 5d & 5h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the question of whether real estate development (RED) projects systematically present positive net present value (NPV) and therefore, provide super-normal profit. Such projects are the products of a business operation that governs the exercise of the real call option on development that is represented by developable land. We present a framework for considering super-normal profit in the RED industry, and then in light of that framework we examine RED projects produced by publicly-traded equity real estate investment trusts (REITs). We find strong evidence of positive correlation between REITs' Tobin-Q ratios, indicative of positive NPV, and the ratio of development assets to total assets in the firm, controlling for other factors. The nature of the firm's Tobin's-Q metric is such that the implied added firm value is net of land cost and net of overhead and search costs associated with the RED business operation. While our findings do not prove a direction of causality between REITs' RED activity and positive NPV, the robust positive correlation controlling for other factors raises interesting implications which are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat pipes are a popular choice for many industries and research applications to extract heat effectively by maintaining desired device/location at almost isothermal conditions. Pulsating heat pipes, also known as wickless heat pipes, transfers the heat mainly by pumping phenomenon caused by the phase change which set the pulsating vapor-fluid motion. The evaluation of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the pulsating heat pipe is complex and challenging due to the oscillating two-phase flow between the heat source and heat sink sections. In this paper, a numerical investigation of the closed-loop pulsating heat pipe is performed to study the fluid flow dynamics and evaluate its thermal characteristics. The volume of fluid method is employed to numerically simulate the two-phase unsteady incompressible flow inside the pulsating heat pipe. The heat pipe tube has a 2 mm inside diameter filled with methanol as a working fluid at a preset pressure. The thermal performance of pulsating heat pipe is evaluated for various heat pipe filling ratios (50%, 65%, and 75%) where heat input loads of 5 − 15 W are supplied at the evaporator end for each filling ratio case. The thermal characteristics of the pulsating heat pipe are presented in terms of the thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient, and effective thermal conductivity, whereas fluid flow dynamics are presented as flow patterns produced inside pulsating heat pipe. The numerical simulations are compared and validated with experimental results. From the present numerical and experimental study, a filling ratio of 65% is an optimized charge quality for the current configuration of the pulsating heat pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmaceutical industry is very important in delivering life-saving products/services to society. There are many ways for materials/products/services concerned with pharmaceuticals to influence the environment; these include improper disposal of pills/tablets by patients, expired and unused medications, improper release of drugs by pharmacies or household sewage mixed with surplus drugs. In view of this, the present work seeks to integrate green supply chain (GSC) concepts in the pharmaceutical sector in a developing economy Indian context. In so doing, managers need to determine the potential risks in adopting GSC initiatives to achieve sustainability in operational perspectives. In this sense, this work seeks to distinguish the potential risks in adopting GSC initiatives within the pharmaceutical industry. This work uses a literature review and fuzzy Delphi approach in finalising the risks. This research also uses fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for prioritisation of the risks under vague and unclear surroundings. According to the findings, cold chain technology and supply risks categories are highly prioritised. This work can assist practising managers and government authorities in effectively developing and managing GSC initiatives in line with sustainable development goals in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, a sensitivity test is applied to evaluate the stability of ranking of risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gliomas are the most aggressive form of brain tumors responsible for the majority of brain cancer related deaths. Interleukin (IL)-6, 10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α are tumor specific proteins that are expressed in gliomas. This study aims to estimate the pre- and postoperative levels of serum markers of these cytokines to evaluate any bearing with its grade and volume. Prospective analysis of 80 patients of newly-diagnosed gliomas of any grade was carried out. Pre- and postoperative blood samples day one, one month and at 3rd month of surgery was taken and levels of IL-6, 10 and TNF- α measured and matched with 20 healthy controls. Of the 80 patients, 3 patients had pilocytic astrocytoma, 4 had ganglioglioma, 9 had oligodendroglioma, 17 had diffuse astrocytoma, 5 had anaplastic astrocytoma while 43 had glioblastoma. Preoperative levels of IL-6 and TNF- α was found to be markedly raised in high grade gliomas. Positive correlation was seen between IL-6 with the grade of tumor and high-grade tumors were seen to be more significantly correlated with IL-6. However, preoperative IL-10 in both low and high grade of gliomas did not show any correlation with the volume and grade of tumor. High level of IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral blood in patients of high-grade gliomas provides clue to the invasiveness of the disease which can be useful for understanding the premorbid development of tumor and perhaps extrapolating to ongoing tumor response to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean energy production has become flagship program of all countries as per the agenda of UNFCCC COP-27. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has become popular candidate for Green energy. This paper reviews the principle of thermoelectricity, developmental history of solar and waste heat-based thermoelectric power generation, thermoelectric hybrid systems, thermoelectric materials (silicon, ceramics and polymers) with conventional, segmented and cascaded arrangement, operating temperature range, figure of merit, popular modeling and simulation tools, environmental impact, future improvements, exploitation of TEGs in various fields starting from low-power applications (wearable devices) to high-power applications (automotive engines and aerospace). This paper also handles performance of various solar concentrators (parabolic dish, Fresnel lens, solar furnace, etc.) with their optical concentration, heat recovery TEG systems and potential of TEG to generate electricity from human body. This review helps the academia, researchers, and industrialist with deep insights into customization of TEG projects in qualitative and quantitative ways before actual realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the exergetic efficiency η e x g of a solar heat collector with air jet impingement on an internal conical ring-roughened absorber plate has been analytically determined. The motivation behind the present investigation is to determine the performance of the selected heat transfer enhancement technique in order to bring out the feasibility of the investigation. The geometric parameters of the absorber plate and the jet plate that have been examined are derived from the internal conical ring height ( H R ) , inlet flow diameter ( D I R ) , internal print diameter of ring ( D B R ) , streamwise pitch ( X S ) , and spanwise pitch ( Y S ). The optimum values of the roughness parameters have been determined. The optimal values of geometric parameters that fetch the highest η e x g for R e in the analyzed range between 4000 and 12,900 are a relative roughness height of H R / D H = 0.110 , a ratio of internal flow diameter to internal print diameter of ring of D I R / D B R = 1.7 , a ratio of ring diameter to ring height of D O / H R = 2.33 , a relative streamwise pitch of X S / D O = 5.28 , and a relative spanwise pitch of Y S / D O = 3.42. As compared with smooth duct, the η e x g value of the solar heat collector investigated was found to be enhanced 2.2 times higher under similar analytical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S. sesban is mainly used as economical purpose and S. grandiflora is known for medicinal as well as economical. Chemical characterization and antidiabetic activity of seed extracts were not explored yet. Seeds of S. sesban and S. grandiflora were separated in seed coat, germ, and endosperm by domestic grinder mixer. Successive soxhlet extraction of separated parts of Sesbania seed were carried out. Chemical profiling of methanolic extract was carried out by GC-MS, HPLC, and in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay. D-pinitol was found to be maximum (48.39%) in seed coat and minimum in seed (8.35%) of methanolic extracts of Sesbania seed. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of methanolic extracts of different parts were also studied in which DSSh, DSSp, & DSSe showed similar IC50 to acarbose, antidiabetic drugs. The result showed that S. sesban and S. grandiflora seed and endosperm is rich in health promoting mineral like Na (241 mg/100 gm and 238 mg/100 gm), K (103.1 mg/100 gm) and (60.2 mg/100 gm), Ca (525 mg/100 gm) and (500 mg/100 gm) and Fe (67.5 and 91.9 mg/100 gm). Hence, it is similar to some edible legumes which possess bioactive compound with therapeutic value and can be efficiently explored for the development of new functional or nutraceutically valued food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of tomato waste hot air drying (HAD) were conducted for drying temperatures of 50 and 60°C, and air velocities of 1 and 2 m s−1. Kinetics, mathematical modeling, and optimization of biological properties using response surface methodology (RSM) were investigated. Increasing the drying temperature from 50 to 60°C shortened the drying time by 5 and 20 min, respectively, for 1 and 2 m s−1 air velocities. The proposed mathematical model with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9997 well described the moisture variation of tomato waste. Significantly high diffusivity was observed with values of 1.24 × 10−6 and 1.67 × 10−6 m2 s−1. Obtained analysis showed an increase in polyphenol (PPT) and flavonoids (TFC) and a decrease in lycopene content (LYC) and ascorbic acid (AA). Phenomenological modeling and RSM methodology indicated that both drying temperature and air velocity affected the content of TFC, LYC, and AA, whereas, for PPT, the temperature has a positive effect in contrast with negative of air velocity. Optimum drying time, PPT, TFC, LYC, and AA are 44.6 min, 227 mg GAE/g, 32.2 mg GAE/g, 517.92 mg/100 g, and 1.91 mg AAE/100 g, respectively. Optimal drying temperature and velocity were, respectively, 56.7°C and 1 m s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one of the most effective and environmentally beneficial forms. Numerous advancements, like solar collectors, have been created to harness sun-powered energy; however, the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) is the best collector because of its wide variety of commercial uses and thermal necessities at moderate and high temperatures. However, extracting the maximum thermal energy from PTSC remains one of the most challenging tasks. Thus, various methodologies such as using nanofluids (NFs) as working fluids (WFs), receiver tube material, and turbulent promotors in receiver tubes of PTSC are being investigated to boost its proficiency. This article's goal is to analyze the role of mono and hybrid NF flowing with different turbulent promotors in rising PTSC performance and compares the Nusselt number (Nu) and thermal efficiency ( η t h ) of various PTSC with varying performance parameters like Reynolds number ( R e), mass flow rate, and inlet temperature ( T i n ) of working fluid that has significant consequences on the outcome of PTSC. Among different NFs and turbulence promotors, the A l 2 O 3 /MWCNT hybrid NF and converging-diverging receiver tube inside PTSC provide the best thermal improvement of 69% and 79%, respectively. Among the various receiver tube materials, Pyrex glass has the highest, η t h of 197.1%. Similarly, the combination of inserts and NFs provides the best thermal performance in terms of their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OPC-VH reagent was first prepared from phthaloyl dichloride (OPC) and dimethylformamide (DMF) using Kimura's procedures.[21],[22] The reagent was obtained in pure form, obviating the use of toxic POCl SB 3 sb . Microwave synthesis of pyrazolylthiadiazoles 8a-e using Vilsmeier-Haack reagent (OPC-VH). Microwave irradiation, operating at a frequency of 2.455 GHz with continuous irradiation power of 0 to 850 W, was next studied, varying the solvent, temperature, and the amount of OPC-VH reagent. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an enhanced convolutional neural network model, AgriFloodNet, to map flood-affected agricultural lands on remote sensing images. It consists of a dual patch convolutional neural network to effectively learn the permanent and flood water features from the bi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of Sentinel-1 and the agricultural land features from the pre-flood cloud-free multispectral images (MS) of Sentinel-2. A decision-level fusion of the processing results of multisensory images is applied to create a change map to depict flooding in agricultural lands. The proposed AgriFloodNet shows superior performance in flood mapping on the images of agricultural lands from the SEN12-FLOOD dataset with an accuracy of 98.75%. In comparison, the single-sensor solutions give accuracies of 96.88% and 91.11% for SAR and MS images, respectively. Additionally, the model has been evaluated for a new flood event in Patna, India. It is estimated that 75% of the test site was covered with agricultural lands when the flood occurred, of which 61% was affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall, Figure 5(d) has a minimum wear rate as compared to Figure 5(a), Figure 5(b), and Figure 5(c) due to fewer cavities and better interlocking of fiber with polyester resin form in HA15/15 fabricated composite in comparison to untreated polyester resin (PC) and other alkali-treated agave fiber composites. Keywords: Natural fiber; composite; fly-ash; agave fiber; physical and mechanical properties; abrasive wear; Taguchi analysis; ; ; ; ; ; ; EN Natural fiber composite fly-ash agave fiber physical and mechanical properties abrasive wear Taguchi analysis ZH 9269 9282 14 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Nowadays, natural fiber (NF) extracted from the lignocellulosic plant along with surface modification or without surface modification as reinforced in the polymer-based composite are used frequently in many engineering applications like automotive and aerospace industries, gears, braking systems, naval architecture, low-level transportation, rollers, and other automatic office machinery (Acharya and Mishra [1]; Kumar et al. [16]). Usually, the alkali-treated fiber with the composition of FA and fiber content enhanced the fabricated composite modulus to improve the hardness of the composite (Goriparthi, Suman, and Mohan Rao [7]). [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims to solve the state's hydropower dependence, build energy security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions through a hybrid renewable energy system and its implementation in Willingdon Island. Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) is used to find the optimal solution for two grid-connected and off-grid scenarios. Of the 19 solutions, an optimal off-grid, an optimal grid-connected, a 100% variable renewable energy, and a diversified energy portfolio option are selected, analyzed, and ranked based on their techno-economic and emissions characteristics. The results suggest the combination of PV/Wind/Grid with a cost of energy of $0.044 as an optimal solution for the Island. The diversified energy solution takes the second position, having 51.4% and 38.8% solar and wind, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental investigation incorporates the winglet twisted tapes as an insert to determine the thermal and hydraulic performance of a heat exchanger tube. The purpose of connecting the winglet to the twisted tape is to improve the heat transmission while minimizing the pressure loss by not disrupting the flow at the core portion. The thermal performance of a heat exchanger with turbulent promoters is assessed by varying geometric factors, such as the size of the promoters, Twist ratio ( y / W), Winglet pitch ratio ( P w / L T ), and Winglet height ratio ( h w / b w ). Experiments were carried out for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 3,000 to 21,000. For a set of geometric parameters, the greatest thermohydraulic performance achieved was 1.58. Regression analysis is used to build a statistical association for Nusselt number N u and friction factor f , and the anticipated data obtained is of acceptable accuracy. The entropy generation is expressed in the form of entropy generation number and the Bejan number to fetch the dominance of thermal or friction entropy using winglet twisted tape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian textile industry is lacking in an entrepreneurial inclination of a skilled young generation; because of this, the industry is facing a challenge to achieve sustainable development and growth. To overcome this problem, the goal of this work is to build an entrepreneurial inclination model in the context of the textile industry. For achieving this goal, a combined approach of an extensive literature review and experts mining has been used to establish the entrepreneurial inclination factors in phased of the study. In the second phase, an Interpretive Structural Modelling with Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un Classement (MICMAC) has been applied to build a structural model and to find the driving force factors and dependence power. The results show that effective entrepreneurship courses, institutional policy, training and internship, institutional corporation and the involvement of institutional heads play a very significant role in encouraging youth towards entrepreneurship. The outcomes of the study can help both the government and academic institutes to draw up effective policy and develop an entrepreneurial culture which can help to create more entrepreneurs in the textile field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In summary, this study presents a microwave-assisted iodotrimethylsilane-promoted synthesis of novel pyrazolyl chalcones. Microwave assisted synthesis of Pyrazole based Chalcones ( B 5 b ) SP a sp . The presence of heterocyclic units as central structural features in both natural products and synthetic molecules has been long recognized in preparative organic chemistry.[1] Among heterocycles, some pyrazoles have been successfully commercialized as medicines or pesticides,[[2], [4]] and, as a class, pyrazoles exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties. Finally, the reaction of B 3a b and propiophenone with 3 equivalents of Me SB 3 sb SiI in DMF for 10 min at 100 °C using microwave irradiation gave 88% of the pyrazolyl chalcone B 5a b (Entry 13). [Extracted from the article]

Recently security plays a crucial part throughout the communication framework. In the most recent decade, organizations have endeavored to move from a paper-concentrated environment to a sans paper environment where data security is one of the essential issues, and any weakness in this respect can have crushing impacts. Security implies the assurance of the data from any unauthorized access or manipulation through spying or scientific or probabilistic calculations and different strategies. For the security of information, researchers are doing more work on ID-based Cryptography (IDC). However, it has two limitations: one suffers from an inherent key escrow problem, and the second is how to revoke the misbehavior/compromised user. Tseng and Tsai have proposed a novel Revocable ID-Based Encryption (RIBE). Yet, they have not considered the key escrow problem. This paper proposed an approach in which secure key issuance is done only for non-revocable ID. This will reduce the key escrow problem as multiple entities rather than one Private Key Generator (PKG) issue the key. It will reduce the possibility of compromised PKG as the private key is cooperatively issued by PKG and multiple Key Privacy Authorities (KPAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is concerned with the investigation of the transient responses of a half-space medium with the variable material properties in the context of dual phase lag thermo-elasticity. The boundary of the medium is subjected to thermal shock. Further, the bounding surface is considered to be heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam. Kirchhoff transformation and the Laplace transform technique have been adopted to obtain the analytical solutions. Graphical results of the field components such as non-dimensional conductive temperature, non-dimensional displacement as well as non-dimensional stress have been achieved and illustrated for the different values of time and variable thermal conductivity. Significant results are obtained and it is believed that these results may support in designing the structures heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focusses on exploring the real-time application of meta-benziporphodimethene (m-BPDM) embedded polyacrylamide/carboxymethylguargum (PAM/CMG) hydrogel. The hydrogel-based sensor is highly selective for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ with no significant response to other competitive cations including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ in aqueous medium. Initially, the stability of the hydrogel has been examined at different pH conditions. The sensitivity of the hydrogel was found to be 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm in 1, 2 and 3 h for Hg2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+, respectively, at pH 6. The sensor exhibits colour change from red to bluish-green with Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in water over other ions. The modified hydrogel matrix displayed a unique naked eye turn-on colorimetric sensor selectivity for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions in the aqueous solutions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial cells and industrial effluents. During the detection process, the zinc metal ions released because of cell lysis bind with hydrogel, in the former. The binding of Zn2+ causes the change in the colour of hydrogel from red to bluish-green, which was visually detected. The m-BPDM does not leach out and is stable in the hydrogel matrix. The sensing of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ was achieved by directly adding hydrogel into industrial effluent without any pretreatment of effluent. The quantitative determination of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ in industrial effluent was performed by the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique just to confirm the results obtained with the hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are important constituents of Indian agriculture and nutritional security of the people. India no doubt has diverse agro-climatic conditions with distinct seasons that are supportive for growing a wide range of vegetables and offers a lot of potential to enhance their production by adopting innovative technologies. Despite largest irrigation network in India, irrigation efficiency is merely 40% and water and nutrient use efficiencies are very low. Also bringing more area under irrigation will largely depend upon the efficient use of water and other resources. In this context, micro irrigation with fertigation especially in vegetable crops has proven a win-win technology in enhancing water and nutrient use efficiencies and in turn higher yield potential thereby achieving the prime objective of 'more crop per drop'. The technology provides precise water control, dissolved fertilizers, application facilities and thus more resilient and cost effective. Moreover, mulching along with drip irrigation and fertigation add feather to this technology by controlling weed population and increasing overall efficiency of the system. Mulching insulates the soil, provides a buffer from cold and hot temperature, reduce deterioration and erosion of soil and also checks water evaporation. This review presents the finding of various researchers involving the influence of drip irrigation, fertigation and mulching on different vegetable crops. It is evident from the studies that drip fertigation practice alone or in combination with mulching offer a huge potential in enhancing crop yields, quality, growth, water and nutrient saving in comparison with other conventional tools of irrigation and fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reported in this research article concerns titanium oxide film obtained on Ti6Al4V alloy by an anodic oxidation method within the sulfuric acid electrolyte to achieve an optimized value of the process parameters. Anodization was carried out at room temperature under various concentration ranges of the electrolyte and commercial pure aluminum as a counter electrode. Phase analysis revealed that 0.5M H2SO4 leads anatase to rutile transformation. Various exercise sets were prepared to determine the effects of various process parameters e.g. anodic voltage, the concentration of the electrolyte and current density. It was observed that anodic current density increases by increasing applied voltage and the temperature of the electrolyte. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis revealed that incremental change in the anodizing voltage leads to deposition rate of the oxide layer or say thickness and also increases in pore diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present-day agriculture is challenged to fulfill with twin objectives of achieving food, fodder, fiber and fuel security as well as restoring soil resources for long-term use. Efficient use of crop residues and other farm wastes by converting them to a useful source of soil amendment is a beneficial way to improve soil fertility. The biochar amendment improves soil moisture retention, aggregate stability, pH, cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), nutrient retention, microbial growth and enzymatic activities.It has been observed in several studies that biochar application improves soil fertility and thus increases crop yields on agricultural lands. Therefore, the use of biochar produced from different organic residues is an effective approach for long-term improvement of soil fertility and crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, countries are struggling to fulfil customer demands due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on perishable food supply chains (PFSCs). This study aims to analyse the factors influencing PFSCs during the pandemic and improve their resiliency. This is essential as some factors discourage the productive execution of PFSCs and decrease organisational performance, thus lowering stakeholder satisfaction. This study has been conducted in two phases. The first phase, through extensive review and discussion with experts, identifies the influencing factors related to supply chain (SC) disturbances in PFSCs. In the second phase, a hybrid method i.e. g-DANP, a combination of grey-decision making trial and evaluation laboratory and analytic network process, is employed to develop a hierarchical structure to measure their influence. The proposed framework is validated with a case of the current COVID-19 outbreak. The study revealed that factors, restriction on import-export and fear of violation of social distancing guidelines, are the primary 'cause' group factors; whereas, price variation of perishable products and panic buying and stockpiling are the crucial 'effect' group factors affecting the PFSCs. The findings also enrich existing literature by providing analytical support to relationships between various factors affecting PFSCs during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, experiments were carried out on circular model bridge piers individually as well as with two-piers-in-tandem arrangement under clear water scour conditions predominantly caused by formation of horseshoe vortex. Independent collar plates around bridge piers and a continuous collar plate covering both the piers were installed as countermeasures against scouring. In case of two piers, efficacy of scour-protection devices for front and rear piers was checked for the overall stability. Performance potential was noted to be about 67% and 100% for continuous collar plates of sizes 2.5D and 3.0D around two piers at average bed level with spacing of 2.0D; where D is the diameter of the pier. During degradation of general bed level, a group of three continuous collar plates was employed around both the piers to ensure considerable reduction of scour. A group of three collar plates of sizes 2.5D and 3.0D having an inter-plate spacing Cs equal to D/4 with the middle plate placed at the average bed level reduced scour by 79 and 82%, respectively, in comparison to the scour depth for an unprotected pier. A mathematical model was developed by multivariate regression analysis to prediction the scour depth for both the pier arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of potassium fertigation on the productivity of Kinnow were investigated in potassium rich soils of South-Western Punjab, India during 2018–2020. Three application rates of potassium i.e. 1000, 750 and 500 g Muriate of Potash (MoP; 60% K as K2O) per tree were applied at fortnightly intervals in two, three and four splits during February, May, July and September. The results were compared with standard recommendation for the region (three foliar sprays of 1% potassium nitrate) and no K application (control). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, replicated thrice. The data showed that K fertigation significantly (p <.05) improved the growth, yield and quality of fruits over both standard recommendation and control. A comparison among different K split applications (fertigation) revealed higher growth, yield and quality of fruits in trees which received MoP in four splits. However, the differences among 1000 g, 750 g and 500 g K application rates were statistically comparable especially in terms of tree vigor, yield, percent juice, TSS–acid ratio and ascorbic acid content of fruits. These results suggest the fertigation of 500 g MoP per tree in four split applications to achieve higher growth and productivity of Kinnow in K rich soils of South-Western Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experimental analysis of partially condensed refrigerant R-32 in an adiabatic straight capillary tube. The capillary test section is tested for variation of the mass flow rate for different inlet conditions. The capillary tube test section is selected for a diameter of 1.12 mm, 1.27 mm, and 1.52 mm, and for length 1000 mm, 1500 mm, and 2000 mm. The capillary inlet pressures are 15.85 bar, 16.55 bar, and 17.24 bar. All the data is taken for the steady-state and choked flow conditions. The Buckingham π theorem is applied to find out the correlation for the mass flow rate for nondimensional analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]