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A new polyacetylene-based polyelectrolyte with the ferrocene-containing pyridinium substituents was synthesized by the quaternization polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine using (6-bromo-1-oxohexyl)ferrocene. The analysis results on the chemical structure of the resulting polymer revealed that it contains the conjugated polymer backbone system with the bulky N-(6-ferrocenyl-6-oxohexyl)pyridinium bromide substituents. The absorption spectrum exhibited the maximum peak of 519 nm which comes from the π → π∗ transition of the conjugated polyene group. The overall redox current shape showed irreversible results and the related values were very stable in the range of −1.5 V to 1.5 V under up to 50 cycles. The oxidation peak value was 0.5 V and 1.25 V and the reduction peak value was −1.3 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyacetylene polyelectrolyte with bulky counter anions was synthesized via the ion-exchange reaction of poly(2-ethynyl-N-(furoyl)pyridinium chloride) using sodium tetraphenylborate in a polar methanol solvent (Scheme 1). The analytical data on polymer structure revealed that the resulting polymer have the conjugated backbone system with the designed N-(furoyl)pyridinium tetraphenylborate substituents. The optical absorption spectrum of polymer showed a characteristic absorption peak in the visible region (up to 800 nm), which is strong evidence for the presence of the conjugated polyene backbone system. The resulting polymer exhibits absorption maximum peaks at 332 nm, 413 nm, and 500 nm. The photoluminescence peak was observed at 575 nm, which is corresponding to the photon energy of 2.16 eV. The resulting polymer exhibited the irreversible electrochemical behaviors between the doping and undoping peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polyacetylene based polyelectrolyte, poly(N-3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl-2-ethynylpyridinium chloride), was synthesized by the direct polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride. The polymerization successfully proceeded without any additional catalyst or initiator to give a high yield of the product. The chemical structure of poly(N-3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl-2-ethynylpyridinium chloride) was confirmed using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, optical properties, electrochemical properties, and thermal stabilities were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, UV-Vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra, thermogravimetric analysis. Comparing UV-Visible absorption and photoluminescence spectrum, the polymer showed the band gap of 2.18 eV and photon energy of 2.58 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we synthesized a new conjugated polyelectrolyte with the N-(α-isobutyryl)pyridinium bromide as substituents via the spontaneous, catalyst-free polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine using α-bromoisobutyryl bromide. The polymerization proceeded well to give the resulting poly[2-ethynyl-N-(α-isobutyryl)pyridium bromide] in high yield. The polymer structure was characterized by means of such instrumental methods as IR, NMR, and UV-visible spectroscopies to have the conjugated backbone system with the N-(α-isobutyryl)pyridinium bromides. Absorption spectrum of polymer showed the maximum peaks of 334 and 411 nm. The electrochemical property of polymer was measured and discussed. Based on cyclic voltammetry data, this polymer had the HOMO value of 5.25 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connected vehicle (CV) technology has the potential to improve safety and mobility in local and wide-area traffic management. It is necessary to measure the effects of CV applications on large and realistic networks because most of the published research in this area focus on simple hypothetical networks. In contrast, this article measures the performance of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) applications and determines the required minimum level of deployment for V2V applications in a large urban network. The information propagation distance and the speed estimation error are used as bases for measuring the performance of an event-driven and periodic application of equipped vehicles with different market penetration rates and different wireless communication coverage. As the wireless communication coverage and market penetration rates of the equipped vehicles increase, the information propagation distance increases whereas the speed estimation error decreases in our study area. For event-driven applications, the major factor is wireless communication coverage because it has a greater impact on the distance of information propagation than market penetration of the equipped vehicles does. However, the market penetration rate has a greater impact on the performance of periodic applications than wireless communication coverage does. The performance of event-driven applications improves in peak traffic times, which have high traffic-density conditions; whereas the performance of periodic applications improves in non-peak times, which have low traffic-density conditions. The minimum level of deployment needed for each application to obtain reliable traffic management solutions is determined. These study findings will be useful in the deployment of CV applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]