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Enzymatic-time-temperature indicators (ETTIs) present a discoloration with time and temperature based on an enzymatically decomposed reaction between starch, iodine and α-amylase. Although the ETTIs are highly eye-catchable and biocompatible, most of ETTIs have been demonstrated in a form of liquid phase, limiting the application in cold chain system due to the packaging issue. In this work, first we investigate the discoloration of ETTI in liquid phase and then we fabricate solidified ETTI using a gelatin. The discoloration of our ETTI is investigated at different temperatures room temperature, 4 °C and −24 °C for ambient, cold, frozen storages, respectively. As a result, the ETTI presents different rate of discoloration at different temperatures, showing the capability of TTI system. Since Our ETTI is able to indicate the wide range of time and temperatures through the discoloration and also it is solid and fully biocompatible, the ETTI can be potentially applied to cold chain system or storage indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explores Korean transnational families, known as gireogi gah-jok. In this type of family, the mother and her children move to an English-speaking country for the children's education while the father stays and supports his family financially from the country of origin. We conducted interviews with thirteen mothers who resided with at least one adolescent child in the northwest area of the USA. Guided by symbolic interactionism, we examined how women perceived the gireogi family situation separated in the two countries and how their perception influenced their maternal roles as gireogi mothers. Findings indicate that these women reshaped their maternal self and renegotiated gendered roles in response to their residence in the foreign country and physical separation from their husbands. The findings also suggest that participants made an effort to maintain family cohesion by frequent communication using technology and sporadic reunions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the influence of ethnicity and immigration on the likelihood of young adults' co-residence with parents and other relatives using the 2006 Canadian census. It shows that both ethnicity and immigration affect co-residence with parents as well as with other relatives. The highest levels of co-residence are found among Southern Europeans, Asians and Latinos and among the second generation. However, South Asians exhibit the highest percentage of young adults who have already started their own family but still live with parents or relatives. Our analysis further shows that despite the importance of ethnicity as a predictor of living arrangements, its effect declines the longer the youth's family has been living in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drawing on the National Educational Longitudinal Survey 1988 (NELS:88), this study identified (1) the growth pattern of academic achievement of adolescent children from Mexican and East Asian immigrant families; (2) investigated to what extent ethnicity and family capital influenced the trajectories in the academic achievement of children from Mexican and East Asian immigrant families in the United States. The growth curve model analysis showed that ethnicity had a significant main effect on academic trajectories. Taking into account various forms of family capital, however, there was no significant ethnicity effect on the rate of change. In addition, compared to parents with a lower level of family capital, those whose families had higher levels of capital generally did better at eighth grade and these students’ achievement accelerated over time. Implications and limitations are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]