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The two recently collected mammalian dentary fragments from the Eocene Youganwo Formation of Guangdong Province, southern China, are referred to the anthracotheriid species Anthracokeryx naduongensis based on phylogenetic analysis and size comparison. One of these specimens (SYSU-M-1) is the first mammal fossil described from the Youganwo Formation. It was attributed previously to the perissodactyl genus Lunania. Anthracokeryx naduongensis was described originally from the lower upper Eocene Na Duong Formation in Northern Vietnam. The second record of this species supports a basal upper Eocene correlation for the Youganwo Formation, which was estimated previously as middle or late Eocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Canarium contains approximately 78 species distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics. Canarium is characterized by a distinctive drupaceous fruit with a trilocular endocarp derived from three fused pyrenes. Here, we describe new Canarium fossil fruits from the late Oligocene of the Yongning Formation, the Miocene of the Erzitang Formation, and the late Miocene of the Foluo Formation in Guangxi Province, South China, providing the first confirmed fossil occurrences of Canarium in eastern Asia. The fruits of Canarium guangxiensis Han & Manchester sp. nov. are ovoidal to spindle shaped, 22.8-34.3 mm long, and 10.7-14.6 mm wide. Computed tomography (CT) scan was used to study the morphological and anatomical characters of fossil and modern Canarium, facilitating identification of the fossil fruits. This new occurrence supplements other megafossil records of Canarium fruits from the Eocene in North America, the Eocene to Oligocene in Europe, the Oligocene in Africa, the Oligocene to Miocene in Asia and from the Pleistocene in Australia and the Pacific islands. The fossil record indicates a wide dispersal of Canarium over the Northern Hemisphere during the Eocene and Oligocene, followed by a geographical contraction during the Miocene as the result of its extinction from North America and Europe. The origin and migratory routes of this genus are not clearly resolved, but based on the fossils known so far, we hypothesize that Canarium may have had a North American Eocene origin, with subsequent spread to Eurasia and Africa, followed by dispersal to the Southern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadurcodon maomingensissp. nov. is described based on a partial skull and associated vertebrae from the middle–upper Eocene Youganwo Formation in the Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, China. The taxonomy ofCadurcodonKretzoi, 1942 ( =SianodonXu, 1965, syn. nov.; =ParacadurcodonXu, 1966, syn. nov.) is revised, and a new diagnosis of the genus is provided. It includes six species:C. ardynensis(Osborn, 1923),C. kazakademiusBiryukov, 1961,C. bahoensis(Xu, 1965) comb. nov.,C. suhaituensis(Xu, 1966) comb. nov.,C. houldjinensisB.-Y. Wang, Qiu, Zhang, Wu, & Ning, 2009 andC. maomingensissp. nov. A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Amynodontidae is based on the cladistic analysis of the distribution of 48 characters in 16 amynodontid taxa. The family is divided into two sister taxa, Metamynodontini (Paramynodon,MegalamynodonandMetamynodon) and Cadurcodontini (Procadurcodon,Zaisanamynodon,CadurcodonandCadurcotherium). The remaining amynodontid genera are consideredincertae sedis. The evolution of amynodontids was confined mainly to Central and East Asia, with four dispersal events to North America (Amynodon,Amynodontopsis, Metamynodontini andProcadurcodon), and one to Europe and South Asia (Cadurcotherium). The holotype ofC. maomingensissp. nov. is an adult male with body mass estimated as 1.4 tons. Amynodontids show considerable increase in size during evolution, with the largest species weighing over two tons (C. kazakademius,Zaisanamynodon borisoviandProcadurcodon orientalis). http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FD6EEE3E-AE06-4DA2-AFFD-39362724C1C2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Both nitrogen deposition and low-temperature stress (LTS) affect the secondary metabolism of plants, but few were known about the responses of secondary metabolism to combined LTS and nitrogen supply, especially for mosses. Aims:To investigate the effects of LTS on secondary metabolism in two mosses,Pogonatum cirratumsubsp.fuscatumandHypnum plumaeforme, under varied nitrate or ammonium supply rates. Methods:Indices of oxidative stress and secondary metabolism in two mosses that were subjected to different N application and LTS treatment were measured both before and after a period of 10-day recovery. Results:LTS-induced oxidative stress was exacerbated by combined N application. LTS inhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity inP. cirratumsubsp.fuscatum, but inH. plumaeformeSOD activity it was insensitive. N application induced increases in L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in both mosses, but the consequent changes in phenylpropanoid profiles in the mosses differed. LTS only changed the phenylpropanoid profiles. Levels of triterpenes were also affected by both N supply and LTS. In addition, levels of some secondary metabolites remained relatively high after 10-day recovery from LTS. Conclusions:N supply altered the responses of secondary metabolism to LTS. Some secondary metabolites may be stress memory substances associated with LTS of the mosses, with between-species differences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free atwww.tandfonline.com/UJVP [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes a new species of the genusAdocus(A. inexpectatus, sp. nov.), based on an almost complete shell from the upper Eocene Youganwo (= Youkanwo) Formation of the Maoming Basin, China. The inclusion ofA. inexpectatusin a phylogenetic analysis of Adocusia resulted in a polytomy withAdocus aksaryandA. amtgai(both from the Upper Cretaceous of Asia). This clade formed a polytomy with the North American species ofAdocus. Like other ‘true’Adocus,A. inexpectatushas overlapping of the marginals onto the costals in the middle and posterior parts of the carapace and sculpturing of the shell surface with small grooves and pits. Thus,A. inexpectatusrepresents the first ‘true’Adocusfrom the Paleogene of Asia. Other specimens from the Paleogene of Asia that have been referred toAdocus, characterized by shell sculpturing with small dots and unknown condition of the marginal/costal overlapping, are distinct from ‘true’Adocusand herein referred to as ‘Adocus’ spp. Here we also report the presence of ‘Adocus’ from the Paleocene of North America. Our study indicates that the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the Adocidae was more complicated than considered previously, including previously unrecognized dispersal events between Asia and North America. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free atwww.tandfonline.com/UJVP [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]