Search

In research using close-ended measures, people evaluate individuals labeled as having low self-esteem (LSE) more negatively than those with high self-esteem (HSE). The present research found participants’ open-ended descriptions of LSE and HSE were just as polarized. Although participants saw a negative side to HSE (self-absorption; Studies 1 and 2) and when directly prompted saw a positive side to LSE (humble; Study 2), they did not consistently apply these complementary perspectives when forming impressions of targets (Study 3). Instead, participants viewed HSE targets more positively across almost all traits. Although people can list a dark side to HSE and a bright side to LSE, when asked to form an impression, people see a halo on the heads of HSE targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly being used as teammates, not just as tools, across many domains, and teammates’ moral behaviour can alter impressions of themselves and the team. How good, powerful, and active is an AI versus human team member engaging in an ethical or unethical behaviour? How good, powerful, and active is their team? To address these questions, we conduct four studies across three domains (chess, esports, and poetry composition) where participants rate their impressions of team members and teams presented in a scenario. In the scenario, a member of a hybrid team of 2 humans and 2 AIs is presented with an opportunity to cheat, and either does or does not. We manipulate which team member (AI vs human) is acting and the morality of that action (non-cheating vs cheating). Across the studies, results show that ethical behaviour significantly increases the goodness of the human more than the AI, and unethical behaviour significantly increases the power of the AI more than the human. However, there were no systematic human versus AI differences on team impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote appearances for courtroom proceedings have become common practice in recent years. When a court participant appears remotely, they introduce new and often tangential cues as part of their video background. We have seen varying (and at times, controversial) background cues across virtual court members, with scholars and legal professionals noting the potential effects these cues may have on decisions and impressions (e.g. Bandes & Feigenson, 2020). Advice is often provided for how people should appear to virtual court, but this is often made with no direct link to empirical evidence. In this piece, we review psychological literature exploring how and why background cues may influence impressions and decision-making. In particular, we examine the role of cognitive factors such as schema activation and consequences for memory and truth assessment. We further consider social factors such as the connection between physical spaces and personality in shaping impression formation and decision-making. Finally, we highlight future research opportunities to target unanswered questions and ongoing innovations in virtual courts, in addition to considering policies and procedures that can be implemented to avoid background cue effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological discoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum—those long-buried sites of distant antiquity—inspired historical reconstitution, both material and imaginary, in a variety of print forms. Some of these acted as paper museums, gathering and presenting objects, while others engaged with the site in imaginative terms, giving rise to a body of work (text, image, spectacle) that attempted to recover the contours of the ancient world in and for the present. This essay focuses on Pompeii in particular, as a site fixed in time, both destroyed and preserved by the eruption of Vesuvius, and examines how the poetics of the imprint and of the cast—most notably in relation to human remains—animates a variety of nineteenth-century texts. The preserved impressions of bodies, footprints, and cart-tracks offer suggestive points of contact, both literal and metaphorical, with things irrevocably past and lost. I argue that the imprint of Pompeii encourages a richly self-reflexive exploration of the possibilities and the fragility of print, in our efforts to re-mediate the materiality of the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With healthcare infrastructure and health services remaining inadequate in many countries, numerous mobile health (mHealth) development studies have been reported, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects a broad recognition that mobile technologies can play an important role in the provision of healthcare services at the regional, community and individual levels. However, implementing large-scale mHealth programmes has proven difficult; hence the use of mHealth pilots or feasibility studies as precursors to full rollouts. Existing literature reports that social, cultural, economic, political, technological and institutional factors influence the successful implementation of mHealth artefacts, yet there remains a dearth of research investigating individuals’ intention to participate in mHealth feasibility projects. Typically, mHealth projects involve a number of key stakeholders, ranging from direct stakeholders (such as healthcare workers who use the applications) to indirect stakeholders (such as the patients themselves who are not direct users of the technologies). Through the lens of impression management and self-determination theories, this study examines the extent to which an indirect user’s first impression, i.e. their initial encounter with the project and the project team on the ground, influences their decision to engage with an mHealth pilot project. Findings indicate that initial impressions formulated by indirect users impact their intention to participate in larger scale mHealth implementations. Through these early impressions participants formulate their perceptions about the project, and this directly influences their decision to engage. Furthermore, an individual’s first impressions can influence other potential participants’ decision to participate, especially in the context of the healthcare worker–patient relationship. The paper concludes that understanding indirect users’ expectations regarding the role of mHealth in addressing societal problems is essential to the success of wider mHealth projects in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two experiments examined the inferential consequences of perceived intentionality in self-enhancement (enhancing self-presentation). Participants evaluated a fictitious target who self-enhanced either intentionally or unintentionally. They perceived the target as more immoral and unintelligent, but as equally unfriendly, when the target self-enhanced intentionally (vs. unintentionally). They also perceived the target as more immoral, unintelligent, and unfriendly when the target self-enhanced (either intentionally or unintentionally) rather than self-presented accurately. Intentionality of self-enhancement elicits negative interpersonal evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the use of repetition, both in narrative and visual forms, in social and environmental reports. It investigates the forms of repetition as a rhetorical device adopted by the preparer of a social and environmental report in helping the process of knowledge acquisition, as outlined by Hume [1739. A Treatise of Human Nature. Available from:http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4705/4705-h/4705-h.htm#link2H_4_0006]. Drawing from Hume's (1739) philosophical idea of an ‘impression’, and the work of Davison [2014a. Visual rhetoric and the case of intellectual capital.Accounting Organization and Society, 39 (1), 20–37], we classify repetitions into ‘identical’, ‘similar', and ‘accumulated’ forms. It is argued that the rationale for distinguishing between the different forms of repetition can be linked to their different potential or intensity in acting on different stimuli with a view to enhance learning. The empirical element of this study is based on the stand-alone social and environmental reports of a sample of 86 cooperative banks (CBs) in Northern Italy; the analysis of these reports indicates that repetition is widespread and that CBs use all forms of repetition, albeit to a varying extent within the different reported themes. The paper contributes to the literature by offering an alternative interpretation of repetition using an interdisciplinary perspective and by providing new insights on social and environmental reporting practices in the cooperative banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We examined the influence of order effects on assessments of sporting ability. Club-standard ultimate frisbee players (n = 240) viewed footage of a target player performing a series of ultimate frisbee skills. Participants viewed either a declining (successful to unsuccessful) pattern of performance or an ascending (unsuccessful to successful) pattern. Ratings were made on three descriptors of ultimate frisbee ability. One group of participants made ratings at the end of the sequence of clips, one group updated their ratings after each clip in a step-by-step manner, and one group used an extended step-by-step processing strategy. Finally, a fourth group made end-of-sequence ratings, but a delay condition was used to control for the time taken to make step-by-step ratings. Analyses of covariance (order vs. judgement condition) were conducted on the ratings. Results revealed primacy effects for the ratings of the target player in the end-of-sequence and delay conditions, and in the first step-by-step condition, but no order effects in the second step-by-step condition. Findings indicate order effects can be reduced by using a more thorough step-by-step processing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managers, marketers, and employees in the hotel and restaurant industry that are aware of the needs of people from different cultures will be able to better direct their efforts at product development, provide better guest services, and thereby offer a means of developing competitive advantage. This study determined cross-cultural differences in customer perceptions of employee behavior, intentions to return, and tipping between Americans and Asians living in the United States. The study was based on several impression management dimensions (ingratiation, intimidation, self-promotion, exemplification, supplication, and non-verbal behaviors). The results suggest that behaviors associated with ingratiation and exemplification techniques were perceived as being more satisfying for American than Asian respondents. Behaviors demonstrative of intimidation and supplication techniques were perceived as very dissatisfying for Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current statement of affect control theory is provided with attention to the qualitative framework for analyses and the quantitative variables and processes involved in affective dynamics. The theory is discussed with regard to emotions, event likelihoods, labeling and attribution, and deviance and social control. The mathematical model is presented including event-construction equations derived from event-reaction equations, and attribution equations derived from equations for amalgamating identities with person modifiers. A brief overview of empirical research concerning the theory concludes the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large study of event stimuli developed new equations for describing how people react to events. Exploratory work found several new interaction terms affecting the impression formation process. To demonstrate the generality of the impression formation process across subject populations and study procedures, the results from the current study were compared to four others: two earlier studies on U.S. college undergraduates, a study of Belfast, Northern Ireland, high school students, and an Arabic study of well-educated Egyptians and Lebanese. Striking similarities in evaluation dynamics appeared in all studies. All English-speakers had similar potency and activity dynamics, while the Arabic study showed subtantial differences in the processing of these dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Role identities may be modified by supplementary statuses, personality traits, and mood descriptions to define particularized identities for people in social interaction. This paper reports empirical development of equations for combining sentiments attached to a role identity and a modifier in order to yield an amalgamate sentiment for the particularized identity. Amalgamate sentiments are shown to operate in event processing like sentiments for simple identities. The amalgamation equations are solved mathematically to define the modifier that an identity requires in order to generate a given particularization, and it is proposed that these equations define attribution processes, including the attribution of emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an affect control model of how behavior changes as actors move from setting to setting. After a review of Other theoretical approaches to the problem, the affective meanings of settings are examined. Then, impression change equations are developed to assess how sentiments toward actors, behaviors and object-persons are affected by the setting in which interaction occurs. The tempo or characteristic activity level of a behavior setting appears to have the most impact on impression formation. Settings that are lively and fast-paced lead social actors and behaviors to be evaluated more favorably and make them seem more expressive. Actors also seem more admirable when they match their activity level to that of the setting. The current data provide the first effort to understand changes in impressions about settings themselves. Generally, the most important factor influencing how people feel about a setting after an event is the act that is committed there. Places are defiled by violent, aggressive behaviors, but seem nicer when conciliatory, inquisitive acts have occurred. Finally, the usual affect control theory assumption — that people act to minimize affective deflections — is employed along with the new impression-change formulas to analyze some interactions in which people might alter their behavior because of their location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]