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The article discusses the significance of students' activeness with regard to participating in physical exercises provided by the physical education lessons. It relates the qualifications of effective teaching namely suitable progressive activities that are paralleled with National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) criterion, knowledge for students to become permanent motivators, and an eminent relative amount of overall Academic Learning Time-Physical Education (ALT-PE).

We studied perceptions of Oklahoma public school students (n = 7,848) regarding bullying. Specifically, we asked for their thoughts about the seriousness of bullying, the hurtfulness of bullying, their involvement in bullying (as victim or perpetrator), their responses to being bullied or seeing someone else being bullied, and what they wanted adults to do to make the situation better. Children who were bullied frequently worried more about bullying, thought bullying was more serious and hurtful, and wanted adults to do more to fix the situation. To improve the situation, children wanted adults to provide better supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review the available evidence on the psychological effects of perinatal death on fathers.Method: Electronic search of CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from 1966-2005.Inclusion Criteria: papers describing at least one psychological outcome for fathers who had experienced stillbirth or neonatal death.Exclusion Criteria: papers not in English, dissertations, reviews, books without original data, intervention studies, studies of parents without separate results for fathers, studies where perinatal loss was not distinguished from other losses, first person accounts of a single experience, studies reporting on fewer than five fathers. Seventy-seven potential papers were obtained and screened by two authors. Seventeen studies were included. Study quality was rated using a checklist and main findings were summarized.Results: Quality of methodology varied. Qualitative studies described classical grief responses, but less guilt than mothers. Fathers described experiences related to their social role and potential conflict between grieving couples. Quantitative research reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, but at a lower level than mothers. Fathers may develop post-traumatic stress disorder following stillbirth.Discussion: Case prevalence of psychological disorders is unknown. More good quality research is needed. The social role of fathers as carers for their partners needs recognition when planning care for bereaved families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrophilic trisubstituted ethylene monomers, ring-substituted methyl 2-cyano-3-phenyl2-propenoates, RC6H4CH=C(CN)CO2 CH3 (where R = H, 2-CH3, 3-CH3, 4-CH3, 2-C2H5, 4-C2H5, 4-iC3H7, 4-C4H9 and 2,4,6-(CH3)3), were synthesized by the piperidine-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation of ring-substituted benzaldehydes and methyl cyanoacetate, and characterized by CHN elemental analysis, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Co-polymerization of the propenoates and vinyl acetate in solution with radical initiation (AIBN) at 70°C yielded equimolar alternating co-polymers. The composition of the co-polymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, GPC, DSC and TGA. The high Tg of the co-polymers in comparison with that of polyvinyl acetate indicates a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the co-polymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. The gravimetric analysis indicated that the co-polymers decompose in the 214–400°C range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that the characteristic lapses in thinking and reasoning of the unresolved/disorganized (U) state of mind following traumatic loss involve psychological mechanisms similar to those found in PTSD and that a fuller understanding of these mechanisms may help explain the disruptions in parental caretaking behaviour that lead to disorganized infant attachment. This paper investigates whether PTSD, assessed in 60 mothers in the pregnancy after stillbirth, predicts infant disorganized (D) attachment in next-born children, and whether there was any association between U and PTSD. We report that in this population there was no significant correspondence between U and PTSD scores or caseness and no association between maternal PTSD and infant D. We discuss possible interpretations of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a brief overview of attachment theory in order to describe the genesis of attachment disorganization. All infants develop an attachment style as an adaptive response to their caregiver's behaviour, and the overall pattern may be secure or insecure. However, the coherence of any of these infant attachment patterns can break down resulting in attachment disorganization. This paper describes the characteristic behaviour of the disorganized infant and discusses the validity of the concept in terms of the ability of the disorganized classification to predict future infant behaviour. We explain how parental state of mind may lead to infant disorganization and describe the parental behaviours that are thought to be associated with this adverse infant development. Finally, we discuss the observable developmental phenomena of attachment disorganization in terms of psychoanalytic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martial arts and self-defense programs train fearful people, especially women, to be more competent and confident to defend themselves in dangerous situations. However, there are no validated instruments to evaluate the effectiveness of programs purporting to teach self-protection. The Perceptions of Dangerous Situations Scale (PDSS), composed of fear, likelihood, and confidence subscales, was developed and validated for university women. Participants were 368 university women, ages 17 to 45 years (M age = 20.7 years). Content validity of the PDSS was established through an expert panel, and construct validity was established through principal components analysis and determination of instructional sensitivity. Reliability was established through alpha coefficients. The PDSS, when used with university women, offers promising measurement opportunities in self-defense and martial arts settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staff in the department were dissatisfied with the standard of their teaching and determined that psychotherapy should become an interesting subject for their students. Evaluation of the teaching showed that there was no stated syllabus to guide either teachers or students, and definition of the syllabus was the first task in reorganising the teaching. Effective reorganisation needed consideration of the nature and needs of the medical students, and some thought about what is relevant for them as future doctors. Teachers had to think from the students' position and define a syllabus which is understandable to the students, and not assume that what is clear to the teacher is necessarily so to the students. The undergraduate medical curriculum is currently changing, and all subjects are subject to rigorous scrutiny to determine whether or not they will continue to have a place in the new curriculum. If psychotherapists believe that their subject should be taught to medical students they must present a coherent syllabus which is demonstrably relevant to medical undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Psychiatric nurses are subjected to considerable stress in working with highly disturbed patients. Both nurses and patients will benefit if nurses have a better understanding of the psychodynamics of the interaction. Managers in the Mental Health Unit at St George's Hospital were aware of low morale and high levels of stress among nurses and invited a psychotherapeutic input for nurses. A one-year course was set up to introduce nurses to psychodynamic principles. This paper includes a description of the course and an evaluation of the effect of the experience on the nurses' work with patients in general psychiatry. Results show that the amount of individual and group work done with psychiatric patients does not change. There are significant changes in the nurses' confidence, competence, and understanding of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Argues that Bertha Antoinetta Mason, the wife of Edward Rochester in "Jane Eyre" which was written by Charlotte Brontë, was not of African extraction. Information on Jean Rhys's novel "The Wide Sargasso Sea"; Physical description of Mason; Love affairs of Anne Lister.

The article offers tips for pre-service/student teachers in preparing for their student teaching experience. First,teachers need to dress professionally and appropriately. To demonstrate their professionalism, teachers need to be on time always. They can also ask their mentor teachers for tips and advice. It is also suggested to meet with other faculty and staff at the school.

The article reviews the web site Teacher's Tool Box (TTB), from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE).

A letter to the editor is presented regarding the association of fathers and perinatal death.