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For evaluating the effectiveness of intrauterine ultrasonic cavitational irrigation to restore the endometrium in women after pregnancy regression in the first trimester, 70 patients were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 – 38 patients, who received in combination therapy the intrauterine ultrasonic cavitation irrigation, and group 2 – 32 patients, in which treatment is not carried out by intrauterine irrigation. Intrauterine cavitation irrigation was carried out on the third day after regressing pregnancy interruption by unit “Fotek АК100” (five treatments for 3–5 min each). Immunohistochemical study of the endometrium, taken by pipelle-biopsy, was carried out at 7–10 d of the next menstrual cycle. ERα expression in endometrial glands in the group 1 was 188.54 ± 1.97, and group 2 was 177.01 ± 5.29 (p < 0.05). Stromal ERα demonstrated no significant differences in observation group, but they were below the reference values. Stromal PR expression in group 1 was 159.09 ± 4.82, whereas group 2 showed 143.01 ± 8.19 (p < 0.05); in the glands 196.18 ± 1.94 in the group 1, 181.66 ± 3.18 in the group 2 (p < 0.01). Ki67 expression in the glands was 145.63 ± 5.43 in group 1, 168.33 ± 14.59 in group 2; the control values 132.51 ± 4.25 (p < 0.01). Intrauterine ultrasonic cavitational irrigation after pregnancy regression is an effective rehabilitation technology of endometrial receptive area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is essential for economic yields of modern field crops, whether rainfed or irrigated, the underlying concern is to maximize nutrient-use efficiency and avoid excessive N use that results in deterioration of water quality from the environmental standpoint as well in the interest as human and animal health. Soil testing for N forms and total plant N analysis can contribute to the efficient use of N, but both strategies have limitations. Accordingly, tissue testing of the growing crop has been promoted as an alternative approach. Although such tests have been widely used in the West to monitor the N status of crops, they are rarely used in developing countries. A 2-year field trial examined the potential of tissue testing of rainfed wheat in a typical Mediterranean environment in the Cukurova region of southern Turkey, because observations from wells in the region had suggested increasing and excessive nitrate levels, most probably from fertilizer N use. The trial, in essence, compared different levels of N fertilizer application based on farmers' traditional application in addition to considering soil mineral N with tissue N based on a color index to refine N application recommendations. The measurements were taken in conjunction with observations on wheat yields. The study showed that using the combined approach of soil and tissue nitrate resulted in lowering the N fertilizer recommendations without any lowering of crop yields, clear evidence that farmers had been using excessive amounts of fertilizer N in the absence of limited or no official guidelines. Thus, such tests should be promoted to replace traditional fertilizer application practices as a simple and easily used tool to improve N-use efficiency for the farmer, in addition to reducing negative environmental impacts of such use. The quick tests can help promote the awareness of the potential negative effects of overuse of N fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of soil phosphorus (P) status is not possible without considering the various forms of P present and distribution of these forms in the soil fractions. Distribution of organic and total P on the whole soil and soil separates were examined in the selected three soil profiles representative to three great soil groups found in Izmir province in the Aegean region of Turkey. The results obtained indicated that total and organic P decrease, to a certain depth, as the depths of the soil profile increases. However, there is an increase in total P content in the lower parts of the B or in the upper parts of the C horizons in Profile I. In all the profiles other than Profile I, two‐thirds or more of the total and organic P contents of the whole soil were concentrated in the clay plus silt fractions. The total P contents of the silt and sand fractions in Profile I were much more higher than the clay fraction throughout the profile. In all the profiles, aluminum‐(Al), iron‐(Fe), and reductant‐(Red) phosphate contents of the three fractions, namely clay, silt, and sand, were highest in the surface and subsurface horizons, but tends to decrease at the expense of calcium (Ca)‐P as the depths of the profiles increase. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A substantial amount of soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) (NO3N + NH4N) exists in the effective rooting depth of most profiles. However, soil Nmin is usually not taken into account in fertilizer recommendations for crop production. The level of preplant-soil Nmin in the Cukurova region of Turkey is considerably high based on the high level of N application to many field and greenhouse crops. Therefore, soil Nmin was determined in the profiles of the wheat-field experiments, which were conducted at eight different locations. Nitrogen was applied in six rates as 1/2 at planting, 1/4 at tillering and 1/4 at booting stages. Wheat-grain yield was determined following harvest. Even though the yield was increased by the added rates of N, it was greater where the preplant soil Nmin values were measured as relatively high. Two years of results show that there are substantial amounts of soil Nmin in the profile, and it needs to be taken into account in fertilizer N recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]