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AbstractThe visible light absorption capabilities, along with its electrical characteristics, of a low-cost, plant-based, biopolymer, gum acacia, have been chemically modified by tailoring its defect concentrations via pH modification, where the acid solvent of fruit (peel) extracts of jamun was used to influence the chemical structure by reactive modification. Ultraviolet-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy of the gum acacia biopolymer treated with the extracted anthocyanin from jamun peel showed a prominent, characteristic red shift in the visible spectrum range. Impedance spectroscopy analysis showed the occurrence of localized ionic conduction. The bulk conductivity of the modified specimens increased due to the profound release of conducting ions in the water-swollen network. The reactively modified biopolymer could be used in multiple fields of material science, specifically in energy device applications, viz., photovoltaics (PV), by utilizing its cost effectiveness and photolytic effectiveness. 2nd, as a polymer electrolyte and dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) material by utilizing its capacity of gel formation. In our research described in this article, the underlying charge transfer mechanism for such responses was examined after crosslinking in the organic dyes extracted from the peel of jamun fruit with gum acacia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: As an inflammatory and autoimmune skin condition, psoriasis affects 2–3% of people worldwide. Psoriasis requires prolonged treatments with immunosuppressive medications which have severe adverse effects. Esculetin (Esc) is a natural medication that has been utilised to treat psoriasis. Objective: The goal of this work is to improve Esc's solubility by developing novel Esc nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for treating psoriasis and increasing the residence time on the skin which infers better skin absorption Methods: The particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE) of Esc NLCs were assessed. Incorporating NLCs into gum Arabic gel preparation enhances their industrial applicability, absorption and residence time on the skin. Esc NLC gels were evaluated by in vitro release and in vivo effectiveness on a rat model of UV-induced psoriasis. Results: Esc NLCs showed high EE reaching more than 95% and reasonable particle size ranging between (53.86 ± 0.38 to 236.3 ± 0.11 nm) and were spherical. The release study of Esc NLCs gel demonstrated a fast release of Esc denoting enhanced bioavailability. Compared to free Esc, Esc NLCs gel (F2) could considerably lower the level of CD34 and TNF-α in the skin. The results were validated through histopathological analysis. Conclusion: As Esc NLCs gel (F2) has strong anti-inflammatory properties, our results showed that it presented a significant potential for healing psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the chemical composition of cinnamon essential oil (EO) and the toxicity of both the EO and its most abundant component. Additionally, the research aimed to investigate the microencapsulation of EO and evaluate its impact on release profiles and sensory properties, such as aroma persistence and color, in corn flour treated with free and microencapsulated EO before and after thermal treatment. Trans-cinnamaldehyde constituted the primary compound (~86%). Both the EO and trans-cinnamaldehyde exhibited high toxicity against Artemia salina, with lethal doses of 11.05 and 7.21 μg/mL, respectively. The highest microencapsulation efficiency was observed for a solution containing 10% gum arabic, 10% maltodextrin, and 10% EO. Microencapsulation yielded stable particles for future applications. Aroma persistence analysis of free and microencapsulated EO in corn flour revealed a reduction in aroma detection after thermal treatment. Regarding the flour color, the effect of thermal treatment was less pronounced on microencapsulated EO compared to free EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-synthesis of biodegradable polymeric curcumin-nanoparticles using affordable biodegradable polymers to enhance curcumin's solubility and anti-oxidative potential. The curcumin-nanoparticle was prepared based on the ionic-interaction method without using any chemical surfactants, and the particle-size, zeta-potential, surface-morphology, entrapmentefficiency, and in-vitro drug release study were used to optimise the formulation. The antioxidant activity was investigated using H2DCFDA staining in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The mean-diameter of blank nanoparticles was 178.2 nm (±4.69), and that of curcuminnanoparticles was about 227.7 nm (±10.4), with a PDI value of 0.312 (±0.023) and 0.360 (±0.02). The encapsulation-efficacy was found to be 34% (±1.8), with significantly reduced oxidative-stress and toxicity (∼5 times) in the zebrafish model compared to standard curcumin. The results suggested that the current way of encapsulating curcumin using affordable, biodegradable, natural polymers could be a better approach to enhancing curcumin's water solubility and bioactivity, which could further be translated into potential therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To prepare sweet tea extract microcapsules (STEMs) via a spray-drying by applying different wall material formulations with maltodextrin (MD), inulin (IN), and gum arabic (GA). Methods: The microcapsules were characterised by yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, sensory evaluation, morphology, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and in vitro digestion studies. Results: The encapsulation improved the physicochemical properties and bioactivity stability of sweet tea extract (STE). MD5IN5 had the highest yield (56.33 ± 0.06% w/w) and the best EE (e.g. 88.84 ± 0.36% w/w of total flavonoids). MD9GA1 obtained the smallest particle size (642.13 ± 4.12 nm). MD9GA1 exhibited the highest retention of bioactive components, inhibition of α-glucosidase (96.85 ± 0.55%), α-amylase (57.58 ± 0.99%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (56.88 ± 2.20%), and the best antioxidant activity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Conclusion: The encapsulation of STE can be an appropriate way for the valorisation of STE with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to understand the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) and ionic strength on the electrostatic interactions between β-lactoglobulin(β-lg) and gum Arabic (GA). Therefore, different EMF intensities (5.2, 6.4, 7.6, 8.8, and 10 mT) and NaCl concentrations (30, 35, and 40 mM) were used. The turbidimetric results showed that an increase in the EMF intensity shifted the curves to more acidic regions in comparison to the control sample. In other words, more interactions occurred in the EMF-treated samples while addition of salt distinctly decreased the turbidity and inhibited the interaction. The particle size observations were evaluated by static light scattering machine (SLS). The results showed that the particle size significantly increased (up to 0.753 ± 0.01 μm) by raising the EMF intensities to 10 mT. The addition of NaCl at a concentration of 30 mM showed a slight increase in the particle size diameter. By increasing the salt concentration to 35 and 40 mM, a decrease in the particle diameter was observed which could be due to the reduction in protein/polysaccharide reaction as a result of the prohibiting effect of salts. SEM micrographs revealed almost the same structures in the EMF-treated and untreated samples. However, more aggregation was observed in EMF-treated samples. The presence of salt also established small aggregations. This study showed that EMF can have interesting effects on protein/polysaccharide interactions and formation of particles used as delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasmine rice leaves extract contains a high number of beneficial flavonoids that have antioxidative, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The extract has a short shelf-life due to high water activity. The powder form of the extract is convenient to handle and has a longer shelf-life. This study demonstrates an optimization of the microencapsulation process for protecting flavonoids from jasmine rice leaves extract by varying coating materials (maltodextrin, gum Arabic and chitosan) and spray drying conditions that are resulting in high yield and bioactivity. Physical and bio-chemical properties of jasmine rice extract microcapsules from different drying conditions (150–190 °C) also examined and compared to lead to the selection of a suitable coating material and spray drying condition. The results revealed the high potential of using gum Arabic to coat rice leaves extract at a 1:7.5 ratio under spray drying at 190 °C for the best retaining of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper oleoresin was processed to powder for handling convenience in logistics and applications. Various wall materials (gum Arabic, modified starch, maltodextrins, or blends of them) and drying techniques (spray drying or freeze drying) were applied. The main objective was to determine the proper method for producing black pepper oleoresin microcapsules. The results demonstrated that the suitable oleoresin concentration for feed emulsion formulation was 15% (w/w) concerning the wall material weight, while gum Arabic was deemed as the most suitable wall material of those investigated, based on feed emulsion stability and encapsulation efficiency. Freeze-drying had greater values for powder recovery and total piperine content; nonetheless, spray-drying was recommended, based on its higher encapsulation efficiency, product solubility, product stability during storage, and lower costs. Encapsulated oleoresin powders had a slower piperine retention percentage reduction than raw black pepper powder and free oleoresin during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A collaborative research project between the Getty Conservation Institute and the Walt Disney Animation Research Library investigated storage and conservation treatment strategies for animation cels. Animation cels are transparent plastic sheets inked on the front and painted on the reverse. Common damage observed on aged cels is cracking, loss of adhesion, dislocations, and losses of the paint. In practice, flaking paint of animation cels is often removed and repainted rather than consolidated. Being reverse painted, paint consolidation of animation cels adds another layer of complexity to established approaches to paint consolidation. One important component of this study has involved developing minimally invasive treatments for reattaching delaminating paints, which involved studying paint condition, characteristics, and properties. This paper presents recent innovations in paint reattachment that rely on the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of the cel paint formulations. The new treatment is a multi-step approach that manipulates paint properties by using precise levels of relative humidity, established within a humidity chamber, in order to reactivate the paint and reattach it. A major advantage of this method is that a consolidant is not necessary. Method development and a case study procedure are presented in depth. The method developed is effective for cel paints with the same or similar formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flake silver powder was prepared by liquid phase reduction method with silver nitrate as silver source, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate as reducing agent, citric acid and gum acacia as surfactants. The effects of reducing agent dosage, citric acid dosage, gum acacia dosage, silver nitrate dosage and reaction temperature on the properties of silver powder were studied. The results show that when the dosage of silver nitrate is 0.08 mol·L−1, the molar ratio of silver nitrate to ferrous sulfate heptahydrate is 1:2, the oxidizing solution is added to the reducing solution at the rate of 100 ml·min−1, the citric acid is added to the oxidizing solution at 7.5% of the mass of silver nitrate, the gum acacia is added equally dispersed to the oxidizing solution and the reducing solution, the addition amount is 20% of the mass of silver nitrate and the reaction temperature is 30 °C, the silver powder obtained is flake with good dispersion and narrow particle size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity-associated chronic metabolic disease is a leading contributor to mortality globally. Plants belonging to the genera Acacia are routinely used for the treatment of diverse metabolic diseases under different ethnomedicinal practices around the globe. The current review centres around the pharmacological evidence of intestinal-level mechanisms for metabolic health benefits by Acacia spp. Acacia spp. increase the proportions of gut commensals (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and reduces the population of opportunistic pathobionts (Escherichia coli and Clostridium). Acacia gum that is rich in fibre, can also be a source of prebiotics to improve gut health. The intestinal-level anti-inflammatory activities of Acacia are likely to contribute to improvements in gut barrier function that would prevent gut-to-systemic endotoxin translocation and limit "low-grade" inflammation associated with metabolic diseases. This comprehensive review for the first time has emphasised the intestinal-level benefits of Acacia spp. which could be instrumental in limiting the burden of metabolic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sugar beet pectin as a natural emulsifier has shown great potential in food and pharmaceutical fields. However, the emulsification performance depends on the molecular structure of sugar beet pectin, and the molecular structure is closely related to the extraction method. This review summarizes the extraction methods of pectin, structure characterization methods and the current research status of sugar beet pectin-stabilized emulsions. The structural characteristics of sugar beet pectin (such as degree of methylation, degree of acetylation, degree of blockiness, molecular weight, ferulic acid content, protein content, neutral sugar side chains, etc.) are of great significance to the emulsifying activity and stability of sugar beet pectin. Compared with traditional hot acid extraction method, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, subcritical water-assisted extraction, induced electric field-assisted extraction and enzyme-assisted extraction can improve the yield of sugar beet pectin. At the same time, compared with harsh extraction conditions (too high temperature, too strong acidity, too long extraction time, etc.), mild extraction conditions can better preserve these emulsifying groups in sugar beet pectin molecules, which are beneficial to improve the emulsifying properties of sugar beet pectin. In addition, the interfacial self-assembly behavior of sugar beet pectin induced by the molecular structure is crucial to the long-term stability of the emulsion. This review provides a direction for extracting or modifying sugar beet pectin with specific structure and function, which is instructive for finding alternatives to gum arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptomyces rimosus lipases (SrLip) present an enzyme class that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols producing fatty acids and glycerols. The abrupt increase in catalytic activity of SrLip when found at water-oil interface is assigned as interfacial activation (IA). Since the latter is a complex function of interface charge, chemical composition, as well as substrate orientation and concentration, the role of individual factors and their combinations that trigger IA remains rather elusive. The aim of this work is to unravel the contribution of particular factor in IA by examining SrLip activity toward p-nitrophenylpalmitate (p-NPP) as a substrate incorporated in three chemically different self-assembled aggregates: gum Arabic, sodium deoxycholate and liposomes made of 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) lipids, and at two different pH values (pH = 6.8 and pH = 10.0). Spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) study revealed that SrLip catalyzes p-NPP hydrolysis when the substrate is embedded in sodium deoxycholate at both pH values, suggesting that the coupling of favorable interface charge and substrate orientation drives the interfacial activation. Moreover, especially in alkaline conditions (pH = 10.0), hydrolysis of the ester bond of the substrate incorporated in DOPC bilayers occurs when appropriate orientation, concentration and arrangement are accomplished. All experiments were conducted in parallel on an inactive mutant SrLipS10/A as a reference. The molecular-level details of particular interface and accompanied substrates examined by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the availability of p-NPP at these three interfaces decreases in the following order: sodium-deoxycholate > DOPC > model gum Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe biomass obtained from the stem of Gum Arabic tree was used to prepare a thermally activated carbon through pyrolysis at 800 °C. The activated carbon tagged GAAC-800 was used as adsorbent for the fluoride sequestration in a batch and a fixed-bed reactor in a continuous column systems. The surface morphology, elemental composition as well as particle size distribution of the adsorbent was investigated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Elemental and Particle Size Analyzers. Also, the influence of initial fluoride concentrations, column packing height and the flow rate on the column efficiency were examine while the efficiency of batch process as a function of contact time and temperature was also investigated. It was found that the kinetic of the process was best fitted with second order model, while the mechanism was best explained by interparticle diffusion model. In addition, the Langmuir Isotherm model showed that the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of fluoride removal was 71.93 mg/g. The breakthrough curve from the fixed bed adsorption data were well modeled by Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson and Clark model. The models were judged using Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) values after statistical evaluation. GAAC-800 removed fluoride from aqueous solution comparably higher than other adsorbent in its category in batch and continuous column systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying of sugar-rich foods causes problems, related mainly to low glass transition temperature, which is manifested by high stickiness, lower drying efficiency, and yield. Thus, a number of research papers have been published recently on this topic. This study summarizes the obtained results and indicates possible future directions. The most popular method to overcome the stickiness problem is still the application of carriers. However, in addition to conventional carriers like maltodextrin and gum Arabic, novel carriers are also being tested. The carriers with additional health-promoting properties are the most interesting group. In the material-science approach the application of proteins as anti-stickiness agents can also be mentioned. Moreover, the raw materials can be modified by membrane techniques to reduce sugar content and increase glass transition temperature. In the process-based approach, the main efforts are mostly focused on decreasing of drying temperature. Currently, the use of dehumidified air has been successfully verified as a possible way to reduce drying temperature. The reduction of stickiness achieved by this method allows to minimize the amounts of carriers added into the feed before spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the effects of enhancing semen quality, brain neurotransmitters, and antioxidant status in rabbits under heat stress with acacia gum, vitamin C, and lycopene as dietary supplements were estimated in vitro and in silico. A total of 40 males from New Zealand White rabbits aged 3 months were equally divided into four groups (n = 10). The first group was a control. The other three groups were the heat stress group (oral acacia gum, 100 mg/kg body weight), the ascorbic acid group (30 mg/kg body weight), and the lycopene group (50 mg/kg body weight). All semen showed physical characteristics in terms of increasing sperm motility, motility index, sperm normality, and live sperm as compared to the control group. On the other hand, sperm abnormalities, and dead sperm significantly (p < 0.001) decreased compared with the control group. It is of interest to show that most semen traits were significantly (p < 0.001) better for acacia gum than vitamin C and lycopene. The expression of neurotransmitters (5-HT, DA, Glu, Asp) was enhanced in all treatments compared to the control. The results of acacia gum were better (p < 0.001) than those obtained with vitamin C and lycopene. The acacia gum treatment had a lower plasma semen MDA and NO (p < 0.001) and higher GSH, TAC, SOD, CAT, L-Car, Na+-K+ ATPase, ATP, and total calcium content (p < 0.001) than in other treatments and controls. These results were confirmed by the prediction of the binding energy, several conventional and carbon H-bonds, hydrophobicity, and SAS through the in silico docking analysis results. It can be concluded that acacia gum, vitamin c, and lycopene are used for enhancing semen quality, brain neurotransmitters, and the antioxidant status of rabbits under heat stress. One of the most significant influences on animal metabolism and productivity is heat stress. Fertility is negatively impacted by heat stress because the level of reactive oxygen species rises. Acacia gum, lycopene, and ascorbic acid were used to improve the quality of sperm, brain neurotransmitters, and antioxidant status of rabbits under heat stress in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, for the first time, investigates the effect of gum acacia (GA) on the expression of miR-33 and miR-155 and its association with the obesity and inflammation induced by Western diet (WD) consumption in mice. Animals were divided into: normal diet (ND) group, WD group, GA group and GA + WD group. The WD group exhibited higher total body, liver, visceral fat weights, blood total cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels compared to ND group. The liver tissues showed severe inflammation and degeneration with higher hepatic TNF-α level. Interestingly, GA + WD group showed a decrease in the biochemical parameters and hepatic TNF-α level but had no effect on the weight increase. It also showed a significant upregulation of miR-33 and miR-155 compared to WD group. GA mitigated the hyperlipidaemia and inflammation but not weight increase induced by WD ingestion via upregulation of miR-33 and miR-155 while reducing TNF-α level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum Arabic (GA) samples with 6% (w/v) concentration in water were ozonated for 5, 30, and 60 min, corresponding to 0.0030, 0.0125, and 0.0140 g consumed ozone/L, respectively. Ozonation steadily reduced the viscosity, flow, and consistency index of GA suspensions significantly (P < 0.05). Although no apparent changes were observed in the general chemical structure of GA samples, an increase in the absorbance of -OH bends was detected by FTIR analysis. DSC peak temperatures (292.0 ± 0.1 to 281.0 ± 0.9 °C) and pH values of samples (4.84 ± 0.13 to 2.90 ± 0.09) were decreased upon ozonation. Small but statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were obtained for water solubility and water absorption index of samples after ozonation. Phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities in GA were increased significantly (P < 0.05) by ozonation. Ozonation, which is an environmental-friendly unit operation, would offer valuable contributions to relevant industries with improved properties of GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of Arabic gum (AG) on the separation performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membrane properties were characterized using scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), tensile strength tester, and contact angle. Results showed that incorporating AG from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% into PVDF membrane could increase pure water flux from 47.46 L/m2 h to 66.04 L/m2 h and porosity from 53% to 58%. Moreover, the highest flux recovery was obtained by PVDF/AG-1.5 membrane, revealing the improvement in fouling resistance against bovine serum albumin (BSA). However, the addition of AG from 0.5 wt% to 1.5 wt% did not affect to increase of membrane mechanical strength and the efficiency of the membranes for BSA rejection. SEM, XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of AG, which improved membrane surface hydrophilicity compared to the pristine PVDF membrane. Overall, the obtained result showed that incorporating AG could attain synergy benefits in enhancing the membrane properties and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, casein was extracted from milk and hydrolyzed with pepsin at three different enzyme/substrate ratios (0.1:100, 0.15:100, and 0.2:100). Three molar ratios of casein or hydrolyzed caseing/gum Arabic (GA) (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) were exposed to Millard reaction using wet heating method at 80 °C, 6 h. The conjugation of biopolymers through Millard reaction was verified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and fluorescence spectrophotometry methods. Higher molecular weight was observed after the reaction experiment. Moreover, FT-IR spectrum showed changes in amide 1 and 2 bands and fluorescence spectrophotometry showed reduction of intrinsic fluorescence intensity. Maillard reaction got faster by increasing the degree of hydrolyzation and GA/hydrolyzed casein ratio. Conjugates with higher ratios of GA/casein showed more stable particle size distribution against freeze-thawing process. Increasing the degree of hydrolyzation did not affect significantly on particle size distribution of conjugates. Functional properties of conjugated biopolymers including solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties were promoted compared to casein and casein/GA mixture. Also, hydrolyzed casein-GA showed better emulsifying and foaming ability but less foaming stability than non-hydrolyzed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propolis (PP) and linseed oil (LO) were encapsulated into the gum Arabic (GA) matrix along with whey protein concentrate (WPC) using the freeze-drying technique to form a hydrophilic matrix for production of functional pineapple snacks. The concentrations of the components in the matrix were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the protein content and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The encapsulation efficiency, protein content, color parameters (L*, a*, b* values), microstructure and texture properties of the snack containing optimum component concentrations were investigated. The glass transition temperature for the snack prepared with optimized ingredient concentration and components, oxidation temperature for linseed oil were estimated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results revealed an encapsulation efficiency of 83.15% and a protein ratio of 31.53% for the developed matrix. Gum Arabic did not increase the encapsulation efficiency. The use of WPC has increased the encapsulation efficiency and protein content. Linolenic acid (50.804%), oleic acid (22.443%), and linoleic acid (14.012%) were the major fatty acids in the snack, owing to the highly encapsulated linseed oil and propolis. These result data support the freeze-dried pineapple snacks, which may be optimized for their component ratios and then used as a functional product suitable for consumption owing to its high nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report the microencapsulation of curcumin-rich oily turmeric extract using various combinations of whey protein isolates (WPI), gum Arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) wall materials via spray drying technique. Prepared microcapsules were qualitatively analyzed by varying core- to wall material ratio (1:5 and 1:10, weight/weight), inlet air temperature of spray drying (180 and 190 °C) and coating material ratio (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, w/w). The physicochemical properties and stability of the microcapsules were investigated under both light and dark at different temperatures (4, 25 and 50 °C) and pH (3.5, 4.6 and 7.0). Microcapsules produced with 1:5 core- to wall material ratio, 1:1 MD:WPI at 190 °C spray drying inlet temperature showed the least moisture content (1.79%), water activity (0.21 aw) and wettability time (57.48 s) and the highest solubility (96.40%), color intensity (292.62 h°) and microencapsulation efficiency (90.72%). The sample that gives the best result showed higher stability (21 days) at 4 °C and pH 7.0 under dark conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, dryings by foam mat, foam mat freeze-drying, spray-drying and freeze-drying were proposed to microencapsulate bioactive compounds extracted from espresso spent coffee. Albumin, maltodextrin and gum arabic were used as wall materials, and the dried product was characterized and compared. The foams produced were dried in a tunnel dryer at different temperatures and air velocities. The drying time ranged from 200 to 450 min, and shorter drying times were obtained for the highest temperatures. For all drying methods, dried products with good physicochemical properties and high levels of phenolic and antioxidant compounds were obtained. The foam mat resulted in samples with higher moisture content and bulk density. On the other hand, freeze-dried samples had greater hygroscopicity and shorter wettability times. Spray-dried samples were lighter (highest value of parameter L*). The encapsulation efficiency values were between 66.46% and 88.01%, with the lowest values obtained for the foam mat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), endothelin-1 and angiotensin II are responsible for extracellular matrix accumulation within the kidney in diabetic nephropathy. This study evaluated the effect of adding Gum Arabic (GA) and insulin on serum glucose, renal function, TGF-β1, endothelin-1, and angiotensin II in rats with diabetic nephropathy. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into; normal, normal plus GA, diabetic rats (DM), DM plus insulin, DM plus GA, and DM plus insulin plus GA groups. Levels of glucose and creatinine in serum, TGF-β1, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1 in renal homogenate and HbA1c were measured. Serum creatinine, TGF-β1, angiotensin II, and endothelin-1 were increased in diabetic rats. GA decreased serum glucose, TGF-β1, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and HbA1c in diabetic rats. GA and insulin decreased serum glucose, creatinine, TGF-β1, angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and HbA1c in diabetic rats. Co-administration of GA with insulin to rats with diabetic nephropathy improved the glycemic state, renal function, TGF-β1, endothelin-1, and angiotensin II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effectiveness of polysaccharide-based biopolymers (natural and semi-synthetic) on the setting time, compressive strength, and microstructural properties of alkali-activated Mn-rich slag pastes. Two types of polysaccharides were used: natural and semi-synthetic. The polysaccharides included gum arabic (GA), guar gum (GG), gum tragacanth (GT), methylcellulose (MC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The dosage of polysaccharides was kept constant at 0.1 wt. % relative to the slag. The results indicated that natural and semi-synthetic polysaccharides accelerated and retarded the setting of the alkali-activated slag (AAS) pastes, respectively. All the polysaccharides except for HPMC enhanced the compressive strength compared with the control AAS paste. X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that polysaccharides generally promote the formation of longer silica chains and hydration products. A plausible interaction mechanism explaining the possible mode of action of polysaccharides in AASs is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a series of tests – using a recently-published set of methodological guidelines referred to here as the Protocol – on varnishes traditionally used in the protection and enhancement of graphic artworks. The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of different varnishes when they are applied to a graphic artwork and to analyze their behavior when exposed to conditions that cause alterations, be these natural factors, accidental, or the result of a conservation intervention. Lastly, the study sought to determine whether each varnish was suitable for conservation purposes. Five varnishes were selected for the study: egg white, gum arabic, shellac, rosin, and dammar. Paper test samples were used to study the characteristics of the recently applied varnishes: dimensions, weight, thickness, color, brightness/gloss, pH, surface appearance, drying time, degree of absorption by the substrate, and adhesion to the substrate. The behavior of varnishes was studied via a series of tests that recreated adverse conditions (humidity, light, and temperature). These tested for resistance to ambient humidity, immersion in water, dry-heat aging, and aging in a climate test chamber. After applying the Protocol it was concluded that the varnishes most resistant to different alteration factors are gum arabic and dammar resin. By contrast, shellac and rosin are the most susceptible to alterations, which precludes their use as a conservation material. As well as indicating the varnishes that present the minimum interaction with the substrate and the greatest long-term durability, the results of this research also provide a useful guide to the behavior of these varnishes for their use in preventive conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, plant biopolymer gum Acacia is synthesised and chemically modified by fruit extract of black grapes (Vitis vinifera), eggplant (Solanum melongena). Fruits contain functional groups called chromophore which confer colour. It is the region where radiation is absorbed and electron is transferred between two energy states. They absorb UV and/or visible light. They are conjugated unsaturated bonds and responsible for optical and electrical properties. In the present work, optical properties of biopolymer gum Acacia specimen and chromophore induced specimen of the above-mentioned fruits are examined by UV-visible spectroscopy. It is found that light absorption is pronounced in the visible range of spectrum compared to the pure specimen in which absorption is found to be observed in the deep ultraviolet range. Electrical characterisation of the modified gum Acacia biopolymer with grape fruit extract and eggplant extract are observed. Electrical conductivity is enhanced over pure specimen. These properties will be fruitful in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) application, which is an ongoing extensive research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally occurring plant-based gums and their engineered bio-nanostructures have gained an immense essence of excellence in several industrial, biotechnological, and biomedical sectors of the modern world. Gums derived from bio-renewable resources that follow green chemistry principles are considered green macromolecules with unique structural and functional attributes. For instance, gum mostly obtained as exudates are bio-renewable, bio-degradable, bio-compatible, sustainable, overall cost-effective, and nontoxic. Gum exudates also offer tunable attributes that play a crucial role in engineering bio-nanostructures of interest for several bio- and non-bio applications, e.g., food-related items, therapeutic molecules, sustained and controlled delivery cues, bio-sensing constructs, and so on. With particular reference to plant gum exudates, this review focuses on applied perspectives of various gums, i.e., gum Arabic, gum albizzia, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, and gum kondagogu. After a brief introduction with problem statement and opportunities, structural and physicochemical attributes of plant-based natural gums are presented. Following that, considerable stress is given to green synthesis and stabilization of gum-based bio-nanostructures. The final part of the review focuses on the bio- and non-bio related applications of various types of gums polysaccharides-oriented bio-nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is ranked as one of the most important industrial enzymes that is extensively used in industry. Cholesterol is routinely detected indirectly by cholesterol oxidase in the presence of O2, liberating H2O2 as a by-product. The H2O2 content is determined through the HRP activity in the presence of a redox dye, producing a red colored quinoneimine which can be measured quantitatively. Herein, we have designed a magnetic nanoparticle for reusing and easily separating HRP as the most expensive compartment for the low-cost cholesterol assay. The gum Arabic coated magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with L-lysine linker for maintaining protein flexibility on nanoparticle. Enzyme-loaded nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, FTIR, DLS, VSM and XRD analysis. The immobilization efficiency was ∼65% and the immobilized HRP retained 60% of its activity after 8 times reuse. The optimum pH and thermal stability shifted from 7.0 to 8.0 and 60 to 70 °C after immobilization, respectively. Storage stability of HRP was improved by 10%, at 4 °C for 60 days. Immobilized HRP showed more catalytic activity in presence of Fe2+, Ca2+ and Na+. The designed system has cholesterol detection linearity range from 0.2 to 5.0 mM and detection limit of 0.08 mM and acceptable correlation coefficient of 0.9973 and 0.9982 on sample serum using both chromogens. The HRP-loaded magnetic nanoparticles are capable of being used as a cost-effective system for cholesterol determination in laboratory due to its reusability and stability benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the different materials used in the production of Argentine postage stamps from 1888 to 2016 and explains how the use of these materials has changed over time, thus contributing to knowledge of the national philatelic heritage. Analyses of more than 40 Argentine postage stamps were carried out non-invasively in situ without the need for prior preparation, using portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (p-XRF) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Paper, ink, coatings, and adhesives were analysed and the period of use of each material was established. Some notable results include the continuous use of Prussian blue until its replacement by an organic copper phthalocyanine pigment. In addition, it was possible to establish the substitution date of gum arabic as an adhesive by PVA. In general, the variation of the materials used was accompanied by changes in printing techniques. This is the first time that information on the materiality of these historical-artistic objects is published, contributing to the knowledge and conservation of the philatelic heritage of the Argentine Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon juice was mixed with different carrier materials (maltodextrin, gum Arabic, carboxymethylcellulose) and dehydrated by nano spray drying, conventional spray drying and freeze-drying technique. The obtained powders were compared in terms of their morphology, moisture content, density, porosity, flow and reconstitution properties, and water sorption kinetics. Freeze-dried powders showed an irregular, compact morphology, while spray drying led to more uniformly sized fine spherical particles. Spray-dried powders with gum Arabic had low moisture, high density, but long wetting times and fair dispersibility linked to their smaller particle size and even surface. Fine particle characteristics of nano spray dried powders did not seem to favor their flow and dissolution properties while enhanced their moisture uptake. Conversely, carboxymethylcellulose-containing powders exhibited inferior characteristics likely due to their highly hygroscopic and aggregated structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Loss of vital bioactive components of Ficus palmata fruit extract during food processing is a major issue. Therefore, to retain the antioxidant potential and to increase the mineral bioavailability, gum arabic stabilized nanoemulsion of Fig fruit extract was prepared. Method: Nanoemulsion was formulated using three different levels (1, 3, and 5%) of fig extract, however, to optimize the fig extract concentration, the amount of gum arabic and linoleic acid was kept constant. Results: The average droplet size of nanoemulsion was observed in the range of 22.88-37.87 nm, whereas the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups in the emulsion system. Also, increased ionic concentration significantly (p<0.05) increased the average droplet size and zeta potential of nanoemulsion during storage. Increased shear rate and temperature unveiled a slight decrease in apparent viscosity of the nanoemulsion. Non-significant (p<0.05) difference in TBA value confirmed the oxidative stability of the emulsion. Significantly (p<0.05) higher mineral bioavailability for calcium was observed as compared to iron and zinc. Conclusion: Our results manifested improved anti-oxidant activity, mineral bioavailability, and oxidative stability of Fig extract nanoemulsion, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage stability of concentrated oil-in-water beverage emulsions subjected to thermal and non-thermal processing was evaluated over 14 days at 22 °C. Emulsions were made with canola oil and aqueous dispersions of Type "A" and Type "B" gelatin and xanthan. They were also conjugated with propylene glycol alginate (PGA), modified starch and modified gum Arabic was studied at pH 3.4 and 7.0. Increase in apparent viscosity was observed with storage for gelatin Type "A" emulsions (pH 7.0) and gelatin Type "B" emulsions (pH 3.4). All emulsions showed shear-thinning behavior associated with droplet flocculation. Increase in the slope of particle size distribution was more obvious for protein (gelatin) stabilized emulsions. Concentrated gelatin Type "A"-modified starch had smaller particle size and greater stability at pH 3.4, followed by gelatin Type "B"-modified starch and gelatin Type "B"-xanthan-PGA both at pH 7.0. Simulated orange beverage (pH 3.0) and dairy beverage (pH 6.8) using stabilized emulsions were pasteurized by heat and high pressure. Emulsions formulated by modified starch produced better stability in both beverage types. Gelatin Type "A" and modified starch conjugate resulted in greater stability compared to other conjugated emulsions. However, gelatin alone failed to stabilize the emulsion systems. The ringing was characteristically associated with emulsions formed with gelatin alone. Neither thermal processing nor high-pressure treatment resulted in destabilization of emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Soluble" type dietary fibre contains polysaccharides with monomer constituents that play a major role in lowering the glycemic index of food ("low-GI") and improving colonic health through gut microbiome fermentation. Soluble fibres such as partially hydrolysed guar gum (PHGG), gum Arabic and psyllium husk are of particular interest in gastrointestinal research, exploring their effects in motility disorders such as gastroparesis, constipation, diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is important. The primary aim of this research was to develop a rapid pre-column derivatized HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS method for the identification and quantification of monomer sugar constituents in commercial dietary fibre supplements of PHGG, gum Arabic and psyllium husk. Polysaccharides in the samples were hydrolysed and derivatized using 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP). A rapid 21 min HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS method separated nine different PMP-labelled monomer sugars. Five different sugars (i.e., Galactose, Arabinose, Rhamnose, Mannose and Xylose) were identified and quantified. Standard curve linearity was excellent (R2 > 0.999), with good intra-laboratory precision (< ±5% SD for concentrations, ≤ ±0.02 min peak shifting for retention times). The average three-level (50%, 75% and 100%) spiking recoveries for the analytes was acceptable (96.22–109.49%). Positive scanning mode ESI-MS/MS was used to generate [M + H]+ precursor ions and three (m/z) product ion fragments to provide identity confirmation. The concentrations of monomer sugars in gum Arabic and psyllium husk dietary fibres were consistent with literature reports. In PHGG, the concentration of galactose was unexpectedly higher than mannose, indicating that the commercial hydrolysis process of guar gum during PHGG manufacturing affected monomer composition. The method presented here provides the basis for the standardisation and labelling of commercial PHGG, gum Arabic and psyllium husk supplements. Future research will need to explore the monomer variability in other prebiotic soluble fibres and their efficacy in the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the colonic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation capacity and the polymer blends containing gum Arabic (GA), inulin (IN), and cellulose nanofibrils ginger (CNFG), extracted from the fibrous ginger residues, for the microencapsulation of ginger essential oil by spray-drying technique were evaluated in this study. The addition of CNFG improved the emulsifying properties of the formulations, with an increase in Newtonian viscosity (μ); however, the partial substitution of GA by IN decreased the viscosity. The higher IN levels increased the emulsion droplets in the formulations with and without the addition of CNFG. In addition, the emulsion droplets with smaller size resulted in the formation of pulverized droplets with smaller diameter. The presence of CNFG in the polymer blends exhibited similar instantaneization times and provided greater oil retention of ginger essential oil by spray drying. The oil retention in the formulation containing GA and CNFG was 12.23% higher than the formulation containing only GA. Changes in the retention of the compounds of pure and microencapsulated ginger essential oil were observed by GC-MS, all six major components remained in the final product, however with some variations on the encapsulated essential oil profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of gum arabic, modified starches (EMCAP® and SNOW-FLAKE® [SN]) and their combination (1:1) as wall materials in microencapsulation of paprika oleoresin (PO) by emulsification followed by spray drying and the stability of color and total carotenoids during particle storage were examined. Emulsions containing 20.5% (w/w) total solids were characterized by droplet size, droplet size distribution, and turbiscan stability index (TSI). Microparticles were evaluated with respect to physicochemical and morphology properties, and their carotenoids stability for 45 days at 25 and 35 °C. Small droplet size and TSI< 3% after 2 h of preparation for all emulsions were observed. Microparticles presented irregular surfaces with cavity formation and bimodal distribution with volume diameters ranging from 9.2 to 31.3 μm. Powders had low values of aw and moisture, high solubility, and good encapsulation efficiency (> 90%). Color and carotenoids stability data showed the greatest protection was offered by SN as a wall material at 25 and 35 °C in relation to other wall materials and values found for free oleoresin. These results suggest the use of these microparticles as coloring agents in the foodstuff applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, NiO-NPs were synthesized through a sol–gel method by the usage of a biocompatible polymer known as Arabic gum (GA) as a stabilizing agent. The structural, optical, and magnetic properties of the obtained product was investigated by the application of TGA/DTA, FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, FESEM/EDX, and VSM analyzes. The FESEM images of NiO-NPs displayed its spherical shape and average size of about 59 nm. The antimicrobial activity of NiO-NPs was investigated against Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The achieved findings indicated that all of the bacterial resistance was attributed to NiO-NPs, except for the case of Bacillus subtilis bacteria that did not grow at the concentration of 10 mM. We also evaluated the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles in regards to the MB degradation and observed a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of about 80% throughout the results. The cytotoxicity of NiO-NPs has evaluated towards the cancer U87MG cell and normal Nervous Neurospheres (NCs) cells lines by means of MTT method. Detailed in vitro biological activities revealed the significant therapeutic potential of NiO-NPs. This product was able to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against U87MG cancer cells (IC50: 37.84 μg mL−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grape pomace extract obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (1000 W × 10 min) was encapsulated by spray drying and freeze drying using dispersions with mixtures of whey protein isolate (WPI), gum Arabic (GA) and pectin as wall materials. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis revealed that the microencapsulation occured, however without chemical reaction between the wall materials and the bioactive compounds from grape pomace. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the interactions between the wall materials resulted in powders with suitable thermal stability. The powders obtained by spray drying and freeze drying containing mixtures of WPI and GA presented the highest phenolic compounds retention (2.66 and 2.42 mg g−1 of GAE), total monomeric anthocyanins (0.346 and 0.353 mg g−1 of malvidin-3,5-diglycoside equivalent), antioxidant activity by ABTS (8.23 and 8.32 μmol g−1 of TE) and DPPH (12.64 and 10.92 μmol g−1 of TE). However, accelerated storage stability tests (at 35 and 55 °C; 75 and 90% HR), indicated that powders containing WPI, GA and pectin were more stable. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion assays demonstrated that the powders containing WPI and GA as wall materials had higher releases of anthocyanins in the intestinal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work has an objective to analyze the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity in the spray-dried powders of sapota fruit using encapsulating agents of maltodextrin and gum Arabic. The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of rehydrated dried powders of sapota using maltodextrin, gum Arabic and a mixture of these compounds were determined by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS assays. The retention of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in the rehydrated dried powders, when compared to fresh sapota juice, was due to the use of gum Arabic which was very efficient in protecting the sapota fruit and to avoid its oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aimed to study the effect of adding gum Arabic and varying fat (butter) contents on the physicochemical characteristics of gluten-free quinoa cakes and compared it to cakes made from 100% wheat flour and control quinoa flour. Gum Arabic (GA) was supplemented in three levels (0.1, 0.5, and 1%, w/w) while fat was simultaneously reduced at 25, 50, and 75% (w/v) during the preparation of 100% gluten-free quinoa cakes (GFQCs). A coupling effect of 1% GA and 50% lower fat was successfully applied to inhibit AA up to 83%, fat oxidation up to 64%, and browning intensity up to 59.1% without impairing the baking performance. Moreover, supplementation of 1% GA produced softer and lighter QFQCs, which was similar to 100% wheat cakes. The odor intensity detected by electronic nose technique was also lowered in QFQCs. Consequently, the current work serves the worldwide demand for gluten-free bakery products having healthier profile with low fat oxidation and AA formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deciphers the synthesis and characterization of the neem seed oil (NSO) and gum arabic (GA) based emulsion. The synthesized emulsions were thoroughly characterized for probable application in ocular drug delivery. The synthesized emulsions were white in color. The FTIR spectroscopy divulged that the glycoprotein complex of GA retained its functional architecture. The formation of the oil-in-water emulsion was confirmed by confocal microscopy. The NSO droplets in the emulsions behaved as capacitive elements whose properties altered as the composition of the emulsions were varied. The mechanical studies suggested that the interactions within the emulsion components tailored the polymer-polymer integrity under stress. The drug release and corneal permeation studies using ciprofloxacin HCl-loaded emulsions indicated that the ciprofloxacin molecules were released from the emulsions, and the emulsions were able to deliver the drug across the corneal tissue. The prepared emulsions were nonirritant to the ocular tissues. The released drug was capable of inhibiting the growth of the model bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). In gist, the prepared emulsions were suitable for ocular drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flotation separation of chalcopyrite from talc is difficult due to their good natural floatability. To solve this problem, the effect of gum Arabic (GA) on the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from talc was systematically investigated and its selective depression mechanism was discussed. Single mineral flotation test results showed the addition of GA could effectively depress the flotation of talc across the whole pH tested, while had a negligible effect on chalcopyrite in the pH range of 6–8. The mixed minerals flotation tests demonstrated that the effective separation of chalcopyrite from talc could be achieved with a concentrate of 31.36% Cu grade at 87.15% Cu recovery in the presence of GA. This was attributed to the greater adsorption density of GA on talc surface than that on chalcopyrite surface. In addition, compared to the concentrate (Cu grade: 27.01%, Cu recovery: 87.03%) with guar gum as the depressant, an increase of 4.35% of Gu grade was obtained with the use of GA. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and zeta potential tests indicated that GA adsorbed on talc surface mainly via hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond may also play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pea protein isolate (PPI) is characterized as a cohesive powder, presenting channeling formation during its fluidization (Geldart type A) and reduced dispersion in water. This work aimed at agglomerating the PPI for the production of an instant product. The process was carried out in a pulsed fluid bed and gum Arabic was used as a liquid binder. Seven tests were performed according to a full-factorial design, where the independent variables were fluidizing air temperature (65–85 °C) and binder flow rate (2.4–3.8 mL/min). Moisture content, process yield, and mean particle size were analyzed as responses. Furthermore, wetting time and flowability were compared before and after the agglomeration between raw and agglomerate PPI. Product transformations were also evaluated by analysis of size distribution, porosity, wetting time, flowability, and shape parameters. When compared to raw material, agglomerated particles had larger granules with a moisture content below 5.0% and process yield above 60.7%, as well as better flowability, a more regular shape, lower porosity, and a 99% reduction in wetting time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peach (Prunus persica) is a fruit that is susceptible to many fungal infections following harvest, leading to significant losses. This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel formulation prepared from mint and thyme essential oils and used to protect peaches from postharvest decay. The formulation was prepared by mixing the oils with Arabic gum as a coating material and Tween 20 as an emulsifier. The formulations were tested for their efficacy in inhibiting fungal growth in vitro and suppressing disease development on the fruit under a wide range of temperatures and under cold storage conditions. The results demonstrated the inhibition of growth of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer following application of the formulations. Six days following application of the formulations, the reduction in growth of the three pathogens was 83.0%, 77.0% and 88.0%, respectively. The formulations succeeded in protecting peaches from postharvest rot under a wide range of temperatures (5–30°C) in vivo. In cold storage (4°C), the formulations protected peaches from the three fungal pathogens for 10 days and significantly hindered disease progress compared with the controls, Arabic gum and Tween 20, for up to 30 days. Use of oil formulations reduced the disease incidence to 25.0–30.0% and lowered disease severity to 26.6–46.7% throughout the time the peach fruit was kept in storage. The findings support the application of the essential oil formulations, Arabic gum and Tween 20 as effective, natural and edible coating materials to preserve peaches free from infections for an extended period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulated fish oil was prepared by spray drying using fish protein hydrolysate, sodium caseinate, maltodextrin, and gum Arabic as wall material. Fish protein hydrolysate was prepared from pink perch meat, and its physical and functional properties were studied. Microencapsulates prepared with a combination of sodium caseinate, maltodextrin, and gum Arabic were kept as control. The encapsulation efficiency and oil release behavior of microencapsulates was evaluated. Surface morphology and thermal properties of microencapsulates were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, respectively. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the spectral pattern of microencapsulates showed a similar structural pattern with a minor band shift for both control and fish protein hydrolysate containing microencapsulates. Oxidative stability of fish oil microencapsulates indicated that the sample stored under was 4°C was more stable than microencapsulates stored under 60°C and 28 ± 2°C temperature conditions. Moreover, microencapsulates containing fish protein hydrolysate had a lower thiobarbituric acid value. Results suggest that the incorporation of fish protein hydrolysate along with other wall material could improve the oxidative stability of microcapsules during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research work was to obtain blackberry pulp in microencapsulated powder with a of arrowroot starch/gum arabic mixture by spray drying. Experimental design, with 11 runs, was performed to evaluate the effects of inlet air temperature (100–150 °C) and encapsulating agent concentration (1:0.5–1:2, blackberry pulp solids: arrowroot starch/gum arabic) on the functional properties of powders. The ascorbic acid content and luminosity of the powder increased with increasing encapsulating agent concentrations, whereas the b* values decreased. Increasing the inlet air temperature and decreasing the encapsulating agent concentration, the content of anthocyanins also increased. The powders were able to reduce Fe+3 and to trap free radicals, showing antioxidant property. The temperature of 143 °C and concentration of encapsulating agent 1:1.78 were the ideal conditions to have high content of ascorbic acid and good content of anthocyanins and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, plant-based hard capsule such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) has a high demand in drug delivery application but the production process is expensive with limited reactant supply. κ-carrageenan has been used as a gelling agent in HPMC hard capsule production. This study aims to develop gum Arabic (GA)-κ-carrageenan biocomposite, a potential material to produce hard capsule. The GA-κ-carrageenan biocomposite films were prepared at different κ-carrageenan weight ratios of 33% (GC33), 50% (GC50) and 67% (GC67) at constant concentration of polyethylene glycol and alginate. The control films of GA film and κ-carrageenan film were compared. The film and hard capsule formed from GC67 shows the highest tensile strength and capsule loop of 36.21 MPa and 34.11 N, respectively at 1058 mPa.s solution viscosity at 300 rpm shear rate. The hard capsule disintegrated at 7.30 min. The addition of GA is compatible to make the hard capsule surface smoother. Thus, this biocomposite has the potential to be developed for future hard capsule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, complex coacervation between oak protein isolate (OPI) and gum arabic (GA) at different pH values (7.0-1.6) and mixing ratios (8:1 to 1:8 protein: polysaccharide), and a constant biopolymer concentration (0.125% w/w) was studied by turbidimetric analysis. The findings revealed that the pH = 3.2 and 4:1 mixing ratio were the optimum conditions for electrostatic complex formation. The functional properties (e.g., solubility, surface hydrophobicity, capacity of water and oil absorption, foam formation, and emulsifying properties) of the OPI-GA complexes were better than OPI. The FTIR spectra revealed that the complex coacervation between the amine groups of OPI and the carboxyl groups of GA caused the formation of the coacervate, with hydrogen bonding also being involved. The results of DSC and TGA showed that the complex coacervate had better thermal stability in comparison with OPI and GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the viability of Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 in a freeze-dried capsules system prepared with sodium alginate and gum arabic using the extrusion technique. The capsules made with alginate 2% (w/v)/gum arabic 2% (w/v) showed higher hardness (7.12 ± 0.71 N), with highly cohesive (0.81 ± 0.02) and elastic (0.99 ± 0.00) features on the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), as well as higher sphericity with 1.75 ± 0.12 mm y 1.73 ± 0.13 mm diameter axes and regularity in their surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The use of skimmed milk at 10% as a cryoprotector in the freeze-drying process allowed the obtention of high viability percentages (88% a 96%) for both strains. Best results of viability for P. acidilactici encapsulated was with the use of alginate 2% (w/v)/gum arabic 2% (w/v) (92%±2.65), and L. plantarum with the use of alginate 2% (w/v) (84.71%±10.33) during the gastrointestinal environment challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean extract rich in isoflavones has attracted widespread attention for dietary supplement and pharmaceutical purposes. However, it has poor solubility and low stability. Encapsulation using spray drying is a good alternative for overcoming these problems in soybean extract. Isoflavones profiles in soybean extract are altered during encapsulation and storage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of spray drying conditions on the isoflavones profiles and the various properties of microencapsulated soybean extract. The studied parameters comprised the type of wall material (maltodextrin [MD], gum arabic [GA], and β-cyclodextrin [βCD]), inlet air temperature (130–170 °C) and storage time (0–6 months), while the investigated properties included moisture content, particle size, hygroscopicity, morphology, isoflavones content, encapsulation properties, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Type of wall material had a more significant impact on the properties of microencapsulated soybean extract than inlet air temperature. The degradation of total isoflavones during storage mainly depended on the inter-conversion level of isoflavones during encapsulation, hygroscopicity and heating history of microencapsulated soybean extract. The use of βCD as wall material could preserve total isoflavones after encapsulation and storage at 0.1–1.3 and 2.4–3.1 times that in the case of MD and 1.1–1.3 and 1.5–1.8 times that in the case of GA, respectively. AI aglycone isoflavones (daidzein and genistein) AGI acetyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-acetyldaidzin and 6″-O-acetylgenistin) βCD β-cyclodextrin GA gum arabic GI β-glucoside isoflavones (daidzin and genistin) MD maltodextrin MGI malonyl β-glucoside isoflavones (6″-O-malonyldaidzin and 6″-O-malonylgenistin) SE soybean extract SE-βCD microencapsulated soybean extract using β-cyclodextrin as wall material SE-GA microencapsulated soybean extract using gum arabic as wall material SE-MD microencapsulated soybean extract using maltodextrin as wall material TI total isoflavones (sum of MGI, AGI, GI and AI) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]