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Sources of difficulty in insight problem-solving have been identified, but current theories are less successful at explaining discovery of solution ideas. Here, we explore the role of expertise in promoting insight. In Experiment 1, experienced designers and financiers solved visual and verbal problems. Expertise did not influence solution rates for verbal problems, but designers solved more visual problems than financiers, despite similar incorrect initial attempts. In Experiment 2, experienced and novice designers attempted problems either unconstrained, prevented from drawing, or sitting on their hands to prevent drawing and gesture. Hand and drawing constraints removed the positive benefits of expertise. Experienced designers appear to solve visual problems by using strategies to explore the visuo-spatial environment in search of new representations. The results indicate that expert strategic knowledge can be a source of insight. They also show that strategic transfer of expertise to far domains can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the circumstances and considerations that lead to the allocation of family roles among male carer/female breadwinner families in comparison to traditional parents. A sample of 236 parents with children from birth to 5 years old completed extensive questionnaires about their daily routines and perceptions of their division of responsibilities. Economic considerations or labor market constraints were mentioned as main reasons by parents in both traditional and role-reversed arrangements, however, parents in traditional roles were more likely to mention suitability for the role as a key consideration. The results further showed that main caregivers—fathers and mothers alike—had a higher perception of choice over the allocation of roles and were significantly more satisfied with their division than main breadwinners. The majority of breadwinners wished they could work fewer hours, and breadwinning mothers, more than fathers, wished their partner could work more hours. The findings also shed light on the relationship between perception of choice, satisfaction with the current arrangement and preference for a change in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The youth crime of “joyriding” (stealing a car for the fun of driving) has been, largely anecdotally, considered as addictive. This study explored the concept of addiction to joyriding by considering the activity within the context of a dependency model. Fifty, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with convicted joyriders (aged 15–21 years) from England and Northern Ireland. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and, using DSM-type dependency criteria as the standard by which addictive behaviour could be determined, a qualitative thematic analysis was undertaken. A range of dependency criteria were found to be present in the careers of joyriders and it was concluded that some individuals appeared to be engaging in their joyriding activities in an addictive manner. Implications in terms of the rehabilitation of persistent joyriders are discussed, as well as theoretical implications concerning the nature of exploratory research into the nature of potentially addictive behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 2004 Annual Conference of the Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology. "Antenatal Stress and Anxiety and Child Behavioral Problems: Links and Mechanisms," by V. Glover provides information that stressing the mother while pregnant has long term effects on the behavior of the child. "Antenatal Haemoglobinopathy Screening: The Role of Faith and Religion," by S. Ahmed, K. Atkin and colleagues, reports that Couples at risk of having a child with sickle cell disorder or Thalassaemia major are faced with decisions involving difficult and complex choices. "Participation of Inner City Disadvantaged Groups, Including Immigrants in Research," by E.S. Anderson and colleagues reports on a series of studies with active parental participation.

Presents a study which investigated working people's perceptions and beliefs of pregnancy and employment. Methodology; Results and discussion.

On the basis of data from draft protesters to the Vietnam War it is suggested that an actively pursued and morally enhancing identity is the "pay off" of some deviant acts. These qualities of such deviance, called virtuous deviance, play havoc with labelling theory's passivity and character-degrading assumptions. The study of such acts may be called a sociology of virtue. A distraction between two kinds of protesters (refusers and resisters), which reflects different commitments to risk, suggests guiding hypotheses for that study: From the point of view of the actor, virtue may be self-constructed and autonomously implemented. Yet, escalations of commitment to virtue may require interpersonal corroboration and support. From the point of view of the normative order, such acts firm up moral boundaries, defining what it means to be moral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which focused on open adoption. Identification of three post-placement patterns as `Rejecters, Acceptors and Embracers'; Methodology used to conduct the study; Results of the study.

There is growing awareness both among practitioners and patients that gynecologists/obstetricians are assuming more and more diverse responsibilities. Given the broad range of concerns women bring to gynecologists/obstetricians, this study investigates background assumptions among Chicago doctors which might influence the advice they give. Doctors' views about change in their relationships with patients, the effects of maternal employment, and the comparability of male and female adult social roles are explored. Although most still hold traditional views about women's role changes and capabilities, the views of a sizable minority reflect more liberal perceptions. Correlates of viewing change positively and negatively in relationships with patients are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

No abstract available for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the November 2003 issue of the periodical "Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology," papers reflects the diverse interests of our members and readers. In the context of lifespan development, the whole cycle of reproduction and infancy incorporates not only women's changing experiences, their encounters with professionals and their new responsibilities as parents but also focuses on the newborn and developing infant's capacities and experiences, and their subsequent engagement with parents and parental expectations or beliefs. In addition papers appearing in this issue confirm the varying role of psychology in this exciting field.

Editorial. Focuses on recommendations on working practices in Great Britain that emphasize the value of flexible working patterns so that parents spend more time with their young children. Impact of pregnancy and childbirth on later development of child; Information on an article on complexity of the experience of both parents and young infants during development; Discussion of factors that may contribute to stress or low mood in an article by Christine Rubertsson.