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The academic library is an institution in continual flux, with ever-growing demands and challenges for its leadership. Many leadership development texts focus on implementing selected styles or techniques in order to deal with these challenges. However, this article explores how developing reflexivity is an essential component of leadership development for academic library leaders. In order to develop this reflexivity, leaders must become disembedded via relational practices such as engaging within interstitial spaces. Discussion of the topic yields three suggested relational practices for leaders to become disembedded in their quest for reflexivity: (1) participating in regular strategic assessment; (2) cultivating faculty relationships; and (3) engaging in student outreach and embedded librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequity is an ongoing issue that organizations and society have failed to address fully. The (stalled) gender revolution is multidimensional and complex, and the ‘ideal worker myth’ – the outdated belief that the ‘ideal worker’ can put work above all else in their life – is one such factor that perpetuates gender inequity at work. We use this article as a space to contribute to the conversation around gender equity and the myth of the ideal worker, especially in response to challenges highlighted during and since the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a crucial time at which the ideal worker should be subverted, as women’s participation in the paid workforce was undermined by pandemic-related issues, perhaps even moving the gender revolution backward. Here, we provide an overview of these topics to orient our readers, and we recommend remedying these issues using an intersectional feminist approach in both research and practice. Our actionable recommendations are the crux of this article and are designed to promote gender equity and end the myth of the ideal worker once and for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equity within homes and relationships has been and continues to be a contemporary topic within today's culture. This media review of the documentary, Fair Play, produced by Jennifer Siebel Newsom, furthers this discussion by observing three families, who are followed within the series. In this review, the coauthors discuss the content of the documentary itself, as well as, reflect on the thoughts and feelings the documentary evokes around our own understandings of household labor practices and how gender relates to the equity within heteronormative relationships. The review concludes with a brief overview of some of the clinical implications as tied to the documentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV infections disproportionately impact Latinx populations in the United States, yet oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake is low. This study was a secondary gendered analysis of interviews with Latina cisgender women (n = 20) recruited from an urban safety net hospital inNew York City between August 2019 and October 2022. All women were indicated for PrEP by the provider. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants in English and Spanish and asked about social determinants of health, sexual partnerships and behaviors, and PrEP-specific enablers and barriers. Secondary thematic content analysis was conducted to identify gender-related factors influencing PrEP uptake. The following themes emerged from the data:structural factors (e.g., employment), partner-related factors, low sexual health knowledge, and resilience and empowerment. Partner-related factors were the most salient; partner infidelity served as reasons for initiating PrEP. Despite being constrained by low power in relationships, women made empowered choices to initiate PrEP and protect themselves. Findings indicated that the impact of gender inequity was an important factor in Latina women's PrEP decision making, pointing to a need to address partner-driven HIV risk, imbalance of power in relationships, and gender norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding what factors influence women’s participation in forest co-management is vital for effective policy planning and women’s empowerment. The views of women and men from four villages in the Chandpai forest range on what influences women’s participation in forest co-management were gathered qualitatively. Data were collected through focus group discussions (n = 16) and in-depth interviews with key informants (n = 29), and thematically analyzed. The participation of women in forest co-management was mostly influenced by family expectations, then religious and societal norms. Women stated that these expectations constrained their participation, whereas men suggested it was less influential. Men reported that women’s participation was motivated by a sense of responsibility to protect the forest, while women reported that participation was mainly focused on economic security for the family. Activities to increase women’s participation could include training (e.g. forest protection, leadership), awareness campaigns regarding women’s roles, and gender-balanced involvement in household activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionHistorical marginalisation and ongoing trust deficits in health and government systems shape present-day vaccine perceptions among marginalised communities. This paper sought to understand the role of trust in decision-making about COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the transgender and disability communities in India.Using a participatory approach we interviewed 24 community representatives, identifying themselves as transgender individuals or as persons with disability, and 21 key informants such as vaccine programme managers, vaccine providers, and community advocates. We undertook an inductive thematic analysis of the data using a socio-ecological model.Fear of side effects in relation to specific needs of the two communities and mistrust of systems involved in vaccination shaped four different pathways for vaccine decision-making. Mistrust of systems was influenced by past negative experiences with the health system, creating contexts in which information and misinformation are shared and interpreted. Participants negotiated their doubts about safety and mistrust of systems by interacting with different sources of influence showing patterns of decision-making that are dynamic, context-dependent, and intersectional.These findings will help in determining the content, strategies and approaches to equitable vaccine communication for these two communities. The two communities ought to be included in vaccine trials. Vaccine information must respond to the specific needs of these two communities which could be enabled by collaboration and engagement with community members and influencers. Finally, long-term investment towards the needs of marginalised communities is vital to dismantle cycles of marginalisation and distrust and in turn improve vaccine acceptance and uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female surgeons have ergonomic issues with commercialized instruments tailored for male surgeons. The purpose of this study was to identify satisfaction levels and ergonomic problems of female surgeons while using laparoscopic forceps with ring-handles and suggest improvement measures. A questionnaire was sent to 19,405 members of the Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery via email between 1 August 2022 and 30 September 2022. It included demographic information and specific questions regarding the use of laparoscopic forceps with ring- handles (ergonomic evaluation, influence of the negative aspects of laparoscopic forceps during surgery, physical discomfort in the hands and fingers, degree of satisfaction, and handle size). Valid responses were received from 1,030 respondents (131 female and 899 male surgeons). The ergonomics of the laparoscopic forceps with ring-handles were rated lower by female surgeons in all ten categories (all p value < 0.05). They also reported a negative impact on surgical manipulation and discomfort to their hands and fingers. Female surgeons had a wide variety of ergonomic problems when using laparoscopic forceps with ring-handles, and showed lower levels of satisfaction. Developing a different model tailored to female surgeons with smaller hands and a weaker grip could be a viable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As editorial boards (EBs) of medical education journals (MEJs) hold substantial control over framing current medical education scholarship, we aimed to evaluate representation of women as well as geographic and socioeconomic diversity on EBs of these journals. In our cross-sectional study, Composite Editorial Board Diversity Score (CEBDS) was used to evaluate diversity at gender, geographic region, and country income level. Websites of MEJs were screened for relevant information. Job titles were categorized into 3 editorial roles and data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Out of 42 MEJs, 19 journals (45.2%) were published from the Global South. Among 1219 editors, 57.5% were men. Out of 46 editors in chief (EICs), 34.7% were women, and 60.9% were based in high income countries. No EIC belonged to low-income country. The proportion of female advisory board members was found to be positively correlated with the presence of a female EIC. Moreover, 2 journals achieved the maximum CEBDS. All editors belonged to the same World Bank income group and geographic region for 12 and 8 journals respectively. In order to allow a truly global perspective in medical education to prevail, diversity and inclusivity on these journals become important parameters to address. Thus, promoting policies centered on improving diversity in all aspects should become a top priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on qualitative research, the authors analysed the care support experiences of older Ethiopian refugees resettled in Australia. In-depth interviews conducted with 12 Ethiopians revealed that older Ethiopians experienced language and cultural barriers in accessing formal care services, and that they often did not view these services as entitlements they were due as citizens. Findings demonstrated a significant familial orientation to expectations around, and provision of, care support to older Ethiopians, which may be under-recognised in the Australian social work context. The authors argue that given this familial orientation and the difficulty in accessing formal care services, the reconfiguration of care relationships post-resettlement has resulted in increased reliance on adult daughters' attenuated capacity to meet the care needs of older parents, which raises serious concerns about the long-term viability and gender equity of such arrangements. Older Ethiopian refugees resettled in Australia may experience "care poverty" due to unmet needs for aged care services. Social work practice to redress this should recognise gendered cultural and linguistic barriers to services, and provide effective, culturally competent translation services. The familial orientation of elder care among Ethiopians may potentially over-burden adult daughters who are care-givers; care support policies should, therefore, aim to provide services to prevent gendered care inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite improvements in gender equity within higher education nationally, underrepresentation in women's leadership persists in Christian higher education. As women in leadership navigate the context of member institutions of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), characteristics of evangelical culture (e.g., theological views of gender, traditional gender role expectations) may at times impede these relationships across gender; however, some evidence has suggested that women who attained a presidency within a CCCU institution have identified male advocates to be influential in their leadership journeys. The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of men who had been identified by women presidents of CCCU institutions as having been advocates in their leadership identity development and journeys. This article explored the findings of a hermeneutic phenomenological analysis of data from interviews with 14 male participants nominated by women presidents of CCCU institutions across North America. The findings of this study centered on three themes: (a) the pursuit of theological congruence, (b) gender blind, the double bind, and being first, and (c) pragmatism and persuasion. Based on these findings, the interdependence of organizational culture, self-awareness, and the social construction of a leadership identity through reciprocal relationships was discussed. Implications for practice include recommendations for evaluating institutional contexts and personal biases, as well as cultivating reciprocal relationships between women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries facing population decline have increasingly turned to family welfare incentives to encourage higher fertility. Quantitative analyses have revealed mixed evidence that these policies are effective. However, it remains unknown how much individuals know about their countries' family welfare policies. The extent of men's welfare knowledge in particular remains unexamined. Relying on 26 interviews with prospective parents in Hungary (N = 11) and the US (N = 15), this study examines what knowledge prospective parents have of family welfare policies in two distinct welfare contexts: Hungary, where certain individuals are heavily rewarded for having three or more children, and the US, where individuals do not receive significant financial support for having any number of children. Findings from this study demonstrate how policy knowledge is shaped by the public versus private nature of the welfare state. This study also reveals how policy measures can shape the gendered division of labor years before a child is born – a fruitful area for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility in Taiwan has been persistently low since 2003. Theorists have attributed this to gender inequity in domestic labour, yet this relationship has not been statistically tested. We assess the way in which the division of housework influences the probability of having an additional child. We assess this relationship for a sample of childbearing-aged married couples, as well as for education- and employment-specific subgroups. We find evidence of impacts for university-educated and working-mother couples, and when survey respondents are wives rather than husbands. The probability of a university-educated and working-mother couple with an equal division of housework having a child within five years is 0.73, whereas the probability of a couple with the mean division of housework having a child is 0.39. This finding is significant at the 1 per cent level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea's National Long-term Care Insurance (NLTCI) has received international acclaim for its universal continuum-of-care model. Based on 25 qualitative interviews with family caregivers, this research explores the relationship between NLTCI policies and experiences of family caregiving for older people. Caregivers who share care responsibilities or are supported by other family are coping well with minor to moderate policy recommendations. Lone caregivers without support from other family are struggling and express desire for expanded services. These findings highlight a need for more consideration of the influence of family dynamics on informal caregiver burdens. Despite many strengths, NLTCI policy functions as a pressure release valve, supplementing family care for seniors – not replacing it – with minimal gender equity contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low total fertility rates have persisted in East Asian societies, with gender inequality at home identified as a significant barrier to women achieving their desired fertility. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the link between housework participation and fertility intentions among married couples in Hong Kong, where the total fertility rate has fallen below 1 since 2020. This study proposes and tests two hypotheses regarding the relationship between couples’ housework participation, housework satisfaction, and fertility intentions. The study utilises representative household survey data to show that women’s evaluation of housework arrangements plays a role in the indirect association between housework participation and fertility intentions. This indirect relationship is moderated by gender role attitudes and fertility gap. The findings support gender equity theory, which links an uneven housework burden to low fertility. This research highlights the importance of gender equity at home in promoting fertility in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the evolution of childcare policies in Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the period 2005–15 in order to observe changes possibly related to economic crisis. Applying the concept of degenderization and the method of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA), the study examines: (1) equality of parental leave entitlements, (2) generosity of parental leave-related benefits, (3) accessibility of childcare services, and (4) length of all available leave schemes, at six points in time. The argument is that changes within this period did not lead to a radical transformation in childcare policy, while those shifts that took place could be more often characterized as degenderizing, contrary to expectations. Finally, the study identified policy clusters: four types of genderization (strong genderization, with care payment, with care parity, and with activation), strong and weak versions of degenderization, as well as a mixed case. HIGHLIGHTS This study traces the evolution of childcare policies across nine EU countries during the period of recession between 2005 and 2015. It uses the concept of "degenderization" to develop a typology of childcare policies. A dynamic analysis reveals that despite austerity measures, policies usually remained stable over time. Moreover, despite the crisis, policies tended to promote gender equality in care. Small steps toward degenderization in care policies over time signal that the gender revolution is not "stalled." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that policy design can impact gender equity in caretaking, this paper examines how expectant mothers and fathers understand and respond to specific parental leave policy elements when shaping their parenting practices. Taking Germany as a case study, this research draws on semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2019 and March 2020 with 18 couples, who were expecting their first child at the time of the interview. Germany's parental leave policy has shifted substantially since 2007, most notably with the establishment of non-transferable parental leave months for fathers. Exploring the link between policy design at the macro-level and parental involvement at the micro-level, this paper focuses on how mothers and fathers make sense of their leave entitlements when dividing leave, which (policy) aspects they consider as helping or hindering an equal leave division and how mothers and fathers anticipate using parental leave benefits. Results indicate that the current parental leave policy design enables greater equity in caretaking by normalizing some leave-taking by fathers. However, by providing an option for fathers' leaves to be split and to be taken concurrently with mothers the policy limits fathers' solo parenting responsibility and consequently prevents a transformation of gendered parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The under-representation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines has been well documented. We discuss an affirmative action recruitment strategy from the University of Melbourne's STEM disciplines where only female applicants were eligible to apply for academic positions. This strategy has been very successful in attracting high-calibre female applicants, with more than the original target of women being recruited. This affirmative action recruitment strategy was not intended to be undertaken on an ongoing basis. We show that by undertaking one round of affirmative action recruitment, it signalled to prospective female applicants that the university is committed to gender equity. This resulted in more female STEM applicants applying in subsequent open recruitment rounds. We discuss the rationale behind this strategy, its allowance under the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, Victoria, Australia, and the results achieved. We also address challenges faced and lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender conflict, which is emerging as a serious concern in Korean society, is also a subject of discourse in the field of education. A vast majority of university students are affected by economic downturn and are required to compete in an uncertain situation. This study proposes an educational model from the perspective of understanding the younger generation, which is struggling in uncertain situations, rather than treating gender conflict merely as hatred between individual women and men. This paper also proposes an educational environment wherein students feel encouraged to deal with gender conflicts by understanding their liminal spaces and crossing borders for gender equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist scholars have debated the issue of integration and specialising of women in policing. Whether using a 'Western' definition of integration, gender-segregated units, or specialised policing for women, research reveals that within all nations, women experience barriers to hiring and promotion and are disadvantaged, discriminated, or marginalised, within the male dominated organisation. In this article, we argue that equity must be achieved before women police are to obtain equality in the workforce. We examine different models of gender in policing around the world including an equality model, an equity model, a hybrid model, and a cultural-specific model. Our findings suggest that no nation has made policing a gender equal institution. We have thus proposed a two-stage gender policy in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals that allows equity to come first to create an equal platform for women in policing, following which gender equality may be achievable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterize the gender distribution of first authors, senior authors, and editorial board members across several high-impact factor journals in PCCM. In this cross-sectional study, we analysed gender disparities in critical care authorship and editorial boards, based on publications from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021 from the top 20 high impact journals based on the Journal of Citation Reports. Among 20 journals (median impact factor of 6.66), 25% of editors-in-chief and 28.8% of editorial board members were female. From 2019 to 2021, a total of 23,994 articles were published. Female first authors and last authors made up 29.1% and 21.2% of the authorship, respectively (n = 6637 articles). Our study demonstrates significant gender disparities in critical care authorship and editorial boards, with males predominantly filling the roles of editors in chief, editorial members, and first and senior authors. Despite this significant difference in gender distribution, there was no statistically significant correlation between authorship and editor gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ninety-seven percent of Sierra Leonean households prepare food over wood or charcoal, a practice that leads to adverse health and environmental consequences. In this pilot study, we introduced ethanol cookstoves to households in Bo, Sierra Leone. We assessed their potential as an alternative to biomass fuels and the only existing improved cookstove, butane gas. Ethanol cookstoves were economically competitive with butane stoves, but could not outcompete biomass fuel (wood and charcoal). The cookstoves displayed significant benefits to women in time savings and comfort, but raised concerns around alcoholism, unequal access to technologies, and other gendered constraints in the cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equity is an important element of health promotion and is vital to ensuring that the benefits and burdens of participation in health promotion activities are fairly distributed. Yet, the gendered consequences of participatory interventions are often overlooked. This is particularly relevant for water and sanitation initiatives, given that women are generally responsible for maintaining domestic hygiene and procuring water. This study uses a qualitative approach to assess the gender dynamics of participation in community-led total sanitation (CLTS) activities in Mpwapwa District, Tanzania. We used semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions to investigate men's and women's involvement in health promotion initiatives and their key motivators for and challenges to participation. We interviewed 77 community members from four villages and analysed the responses using qualitative content analysis. The study supports the notion that participation reinforces gender inequity and reproduces gendered norms due to activity-specific participation, women's passive participation within activities, and their limited opportunities for decision-making. However, there were also indications that participation provided a platform to increase the status of women, prioritise women's needs and demand a stronger position in decision making within the household and the community. CLTS organisers should, therefore, harness the opportunity to address gender inequalities within the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on menstrual health is required to understand menstrual needs and generate solutions to improve health, wellbeing, and productivity. The identification of research priorities will help inform where to invest efforts and resources. To identify research priorities for menstrual health across the life-course, in consultation with a range of stakeholder groups from a variety of geographic regions, and to identify if menstrual health research priorities varied by expertise. A modified version of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative approach was utilized to reach consensus on a set of research priorities. Multisector stakeholders with menstrual health expertise, identified through networks and the literature, were invited to submit research questions through an online survey. Responses were consolidated, and individuals were invited to rank these questions based on novelty, potential for intervention, and importance/impact. Research priority scores were calculated and evaluated by participants' characteristics. Eighty-two participants proposed 1135 research questions, which were consolidated into 94 unique research questions. The mean number of questions did not differ between low- and middle-income country (LMIC) and high-income country (HIC) participants, but significantly more questions were raised by participants with expertise in mental health and WASH. Sixty-six participants then ranked these questions. The top ten-ranked research questions included four on 'understanding the problem', four on 'designing and implementing interventions', one on 'integrating and scaling up', and one on 'measurement'. Indicators for the measurement of adequate menstrual health over time was ranked the highest priority by all stakeholders. Top ten-ranked research questions differed between academics and non-academics, and between participants from HICs and LMICs, reflecting differences in needs and knowledge gaps. A list of ranked research priorities was generated through a consultative process with stakeholders across LMICs and HICs which can inform where to invest efforts and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the University of Global Health Equity (UGHE)'s use of a Gender Equity and Diversity Inclusion Audit as a tool to mainstream gender and minority groups' inclusion. The internal audit analysed gender and minority groups' inclusiveness, sensitivity and/or awareness in institutional programmes, projects, plans, practices and policies, and identified the gaps within. This article gives an overview on why and how UGHE (Rwanda) created a single tool for an internal audit covering both gender equity and minority inclusion, implemented by its Center for Gender Equity (CGE) with the participation of students, staff and faculty from both its Butaro campus, and Kigali headquarters, in Rwanda. The tool is based on a four-part methodology that includes a desk review of official university documents, self-assessment questionnaires for employees and students, in-depth interviews, and consultative meetings with selected staff and UGHE leaders. The data collected through this robust audit allowed for the identification of gaps in the mainstreaming of gender and minority inclusion – the main ones are briefly discussed in the article – and this will guide the design of UGHE's strategy to correct these. The gender mainstreaming strategy's ultimate objective is advancing institutional equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing concern that the COVID-19 pandemic has had disproportionate impacts on women, especially those with children. Female educators, and, in particular, those with childcare responsibilities, have also reported higher levels of stress and work-life challenges as compared to their male counterparts. It is unclear exactly which factors are behind these disparities. However, while some have pointed to the gendered division of domestic labor as the main contributor, other pandemic-related and work-related stressors may be involved in female educators' increased stress levels and work-life balance challenges. To address this question, this mixed-methods research draws on survey data gathered from 752 educators across New York State. Findings demonstrate that women reported higher levels of stress and work-life balance challenges than their male counterparts. While quantitative analyses indicated that gender disparities in work-life balance challenges were related to the higher stress women experienced from work and COVID-19 rather than childcare responsibilities, qualitative analyses of open-ended survey responses revealed that childcare duties were nonetheless an important factor impacting work-life balance challenges for both men and women. This article has significant implications for the teaching profession and adds broader insights into the gendered effects of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has found a relationship between students' gender and attitudes surrounding peer physical examination, but relationship between patient gender and confidence/comfort is less clear. We explored whether patient gender affects medical students' levels of confidence and comfort in clinical examination skills. An electronic survey and focus groups were conducted with medical students from one UK institution. Students reported levels of confidence/comfort when carrying out clinical examinations on men/women. An inductive thematic analysis was performed. Of a total of 1500 students provided with the opportunity to participate, ninety (6%) responded. For cardiovascular and respiratory examinations, confidence/comfort were higher when examining male-presenting patients. The opposite was true for mental state examinations. Barriers to confidence/comfort included perceiving males as a norm, difficulty navigating breasts, tutors' internalised gendered attitudes and a wider sociocultural issue. Facilitators of confidence/comfort included students relating to patients, embodying a professional role, gender blindness, and authentic clinical environments. Fewer than 20% (n = 18) of students felt they had enough opportunity to practice clinical skills on women, versus 90% (n = 82) on men. Our study identified an area where students' confidence and comfort in clinical examinations could be enhanced within medical education. Changes were implemented in the institution under study's vocational skills teaching, which is rooted in general practice. Information on gender and clinical skills was provided within course handbooks, time was scheduled to discuss gender and clinical skills in small group settings, and equitable gender representation was ensured in clinical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorship of medical journals is a leadership role that can affect recognition and career advancement. We determine the gender representation of the editorial boards of oculoplastic surgery journals in comparison to the proportion of women in oculoplastics societies. The gender composition of the American, European and Asia-Pacific societies of oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery and the editorial boards of their respective society journals were determined with online searches in March 2021. Statistical tests for the equality of proportions were performed. Excluding 44 individuals with missing gender data, the three combined oculoplastics societies comprised 1,230 distinct members, with 29% women. The editorial review boards of the three official society publications comprised 59 medical editors, 22% of which were women. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of women editors versus women OPRS members (p =.201) but the study is underpowered to detect a 7% difference. A sensitivity analysis with the missing data did not alter the conclusions. The mean h-index/m-quotient of the women editors was 20.50/0.87 and for the men 21.05/0.84, with no statistically significant difference (p =.903/0.851) Women are underrepresented on the editorial boards of oculoplastic journals. Possible methods to improve gender balance include multicriteria objective decision-making criteria for editor nominations, mentoring peer reviewers that are women, and appointing a journal editor for equity, diversity and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea is the first country to shift from strong son preference to preferring daughters. This paper examines the factors associated with daughter preference, using data from the 2012 Korea General Social Survey, a nationally-representative survey of 1,379 people. The outcome variable was derived from the survey question, 'If you were to have one child, which one would you like to have - son, daughter, or no preference?' Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between reported child gender preference and several social and cultural variables. 43 per cent of respondents preferred daughters, 36 per cent preferred sons, and 21 per cent were indifferent. The probability of preferring daughters over sons increased with exposure to Korea's social transformations (younger, more educated, and urban residents); and among those less vested in the traditional patriarchal norms (women, non-Buddhists, and less conservative views on gender roles). Other studies in South Korea find increasing intergenerational support between parents and daughters. This is no longer an agrarian society where aging parents depend financially on sons. Today people can save for retirement and have national health insurance. However, people live longer and need companionship and care which they feel daughters provide more than sons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atari games are displayed in popular films such as Blade Runner from 1982, as well as contemporary movies and TV-series such as Halt & Catch Fire 2014-2017 and Captain Marvel 2019 wherein media celebrate Atari games as retro icons. The Atari organization produced Atari games across the 1970s and 80s, but other organizations also created and produced Atari games such as GCC and Parker Brothers. Based on our data, we created five main Atari Women artifacts: website (including logos), re-mixed Pac-man game, collectible game tokens, cosplay outfit, and 3D-printed frames for Atari games (all artifacts are presented in detail in the I Results section i ). This recursive material practice involves 1) historic storytelling about games through the game medium; 2) mimicking and remixing gameplay and esthetics of the past and the future by combining the historic Atari game console with current gaming interaction and play, and 3) making the game browser-based and thus available for people to access on the Internet, beyond the context of single events supporting long-term recognition of women in gaming. Carla Meninsky was one of the core game developers at Atari and - together with Suki Lee and Carol Shaw - she was one of the few women game developers working for Atari during the 1970s and early 80s. [Extracted from the article]

Craftivists have long held that embroidery is a language and that it can be used to communicate. Moreover, they have also argued that it is similar to a translation since craft has a unique ability to help transcend linguistic barriers, as it can be a way to transmit messages and emotions around the world when we cannot communicate with words, either due to censorship, a lack of resources or other reasons. In addition, this type of language is said to have specific advantages that make it particularly suitable when it comes to transforming thought and feeling into action and political activism, on account of its materiality and hapticity, which elicits empathy, among other reasons. As conflict and violence are rife in Latin America, this article draws from scholarship in both the needle arts and translation studies, applying their insights to the creative work of Latin American women's struggles for their reproductive rights and against state violence, by means of embroidery, arguing that this is a form of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of raising the participation of women as leaders in higher education globally have been extensively but unevenly documented. Potential has been identified for international developmental networks to support an increasing presence of women as leaders in emerging higher education systems. Through an exploration of shared experiences and learnings in a specific developmental network of women, and some men, from universities in Papua New Guinea and Australia, the wider implications of local challenges became visible. A Collaborative Research Culture Framework has been used to highlight key collaborative principles that enable and enhance women's participation in higher education. The authors have framed their theoretical exploration of the issues informed by their own experiences of collaborating to overcome challenges faced by women participating in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic labour or care work creates the conditions through which other labour can occur, however, the value that this work provides is scarcely recognised when lawmakers consider its remuneration and regulation. This paper investigates legal discrimination against providers of domestic labour in South Africa, especially at home involving women in relationships and domestic workers. This is done by considering how labour law and gender equity law as well as the Constitution produce inequitable outcomes for women providing care services and contrasting the realities of care workers with legal protections. It also considers the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the reality of care. Lastly, it outlines the ways in which the law can enable more equitable dispensations of labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though academics are routinely engaged in care activities for their students, colleagues, institutions, and families, care is often overlooked in the culture of academia. This study focuses on how care work affects gender equity in academia, along with work and personal lives of women academics. Through female professors, the study explores the extent, variety, and lived experiences of care practices in academia. Utilizing care and gender theories in an organizational context, we analyzed qualitative interviews with twenty-two female academics from two Canadian universities, purposively selected to represent different disciplines and stages in the academic career trajectory. Regarding their life and health trajectories, our interviewees spontaneously utilized a vocabulary of care to describe their teaching, supervision, and administrative tasks. This acknowledgment of care as an important aspect of academic practice can be helpful in addressing gender inequalities in academia. Specifically, self-care remains a largely overlooked—yet important—category of care theory. Based on our fieldwork, we argue that self-care needs to be more closely and extensively studied to create a more supportive academic work culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents reflections from transgender youth regarding experiences with toilet access, both in isolated gender-neutral facilities and standard gender segregated facilities in North America. Transgender youth experience barriers to bathroom access that can contribute to negative mental health outcomes, impede educational functioning, and threaten physical safety. Recommendations are made for gender inclusive designs that diminish the isolation of gender-neutral designs and preempt the backlash inherent in existing gender segregated practices. Gender inclusive bathrooms, in addition to the benefits to transgender people, could also contribute to better quality of life for parents of small children, people with disabilities and their caregivers, and other marginalized individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban food policies are increasingly considered central instruments for the promotion of food systems sustainability. As for their social sustainability, justice and equity are expected to play a central role, but gender equity remains not fully developed. In order to explore how gender relations can be addressed in the context of urban food policies in global North settings, in this paper we analyze the drafting process of the Urban Food Strategy of Zaragoza (Spain), self-identified as agroecology-oriented and which aimed at introducing a gender-sensitive approach. Based on empirical insights from this case study, we show that a lack of reflection and empirical development exists on the food policy-gender equity nexus, while at the same time there is an emergent body of specific proposals to be obtained from feminist and agroecological reflections on urban lifestyles. Indeed, our paper shows that agroecological and feminist approaches converge in claiming for the visibilization of food-related care work, and in its de-privatization through community-based infrastructures. The paper also unveils limiting conditions which may hinder the transformative potential of agroecology and feminism in urban food policy co-production processes, such as top-down approaches to food policy production, weak participatory processes, and gender-blind decisions among city officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women physicians are underrepresented in leadership positions across medical specialties. Understanding factors that improve women's promotion metrics may lead to career and leadership advancement. This study examined if a woman-centered Continuing Medical Education (CME) conference is associated with differences in productivity metrics toward career advancement. The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey study of women physicians attending a national woman-centered CME conference for professional growth, wellness and networking in September 2019. The survey measured promotion metrics achieved in the year prior to the conference and compared them with previous attendees. Of 425 women attendees of the conference, 389 (91.5%) respondents completed the survey. Respondents were divided into two groups for analysis: first time (FT) attendees, and those that attended the conference previously (PV). In the year preceding the survey, PV attendees were more likely to have published a manuscript as first-author or co-author in a peer-reviewed journal (17.5% vs. 9.7%, p = 0.029), given a talk in their area of practice (48.3% vs. 27.9%, p < 0.001) and to have mentored at least one peer (40.8% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.009) and to have asked for a promotion (15.8% vs. 8.6%, p = 0.033) than FT. As compared to first-time conference attendees, women physicians who previously attended a woman-centered CME conference were more likely to achieve career performance metrics including publications and speaking engagements in the preceding year. This study demonstrated a positive association of Women-centered CME conferences in career advancement metrics for women in medicine and suggests further studies on this and other women-centered CME conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss common findings of the two most recent surveys on gender issues among anaesthesiologists. One survey was conducted in Europe and the other included respondents from 111 countries worldwide. With almost 15,000 combined respondents, these are the largest surveys to date in the field and the key overlapping findings must be pointed out. Women anaesthesiologists do aspire to leadership roles while facing multiple sources of gender discrimination present at their workplace. Yet, encouragingly, the discrimination towards women anaesthesiologists is perceived to be decreasing. One major feature is the difference in the lifestyles of women and men anaesthesiologists, in particular, when they consider starting a family. In Europe, anaesthesiologists who are men are twice as likely to have children than anaesthesiologists who are women. Globally the former group are 1.4 times more likely than the latter group to have children. While surveys do raise awareness of gender equity and help build the framework for interventions to establish equal opportunities, active approaches are needed in practice. The European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care recently established its Gender Equity Committee with the aim of fuelling activities that improve the gender gap in this profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores men's involvement in family planning programmes in a rural area of Lao PDR. Data from interviews with ethnic minority Mangkong couples and women suggest that while there are some positive outcomes from men's involvement in family planning, such as increased spousal communication and shared responsibility for housework and childcaring, the current family planning model still places the burden on women as the main contraceptive users. This results in the exclusion of men from obtaining family planning information and services. Recommendations are provided for creating family planning programmes that are context-specific and gender-equitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equity theories of fertility broadly predict that the lowest fertility in high-income settings will be seen in women facing a 'dual burden' of both paid and unpaid labour responsibilities, but that fertility will increase when male partners share domestic labour. Here we provide a critique of some gender equity theories of fertility in demography, and restate the hypothesis in terms of complementarity between partners. Further, we suggest authors use an interdisciplinary approach, such as integrating perspectives from evolutionary theory and the 'Traits-Desires-Intentions-Behaviour' framework, to provide some consistency to this diverse literature. Building on this theoretical synthesis, we perform a systematic review of 95 pieces of analysis. This broadly supports the idea that fertility will be low where women face a dual burden, which is particularly evident among macro-level studies, micro-level analyses investigating progression to subsequent children, and studies which do not use gender role attitudes as an independent variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acknowledging the need for more gender work in Public Administration, this paper engages feminist standpoint theory to analytically frame the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic from a feminist perspective. By assessing the differential impact of the pandemic on women and men in the United States across several sectors of the political economy and society, it is apparent women face immense obstacles in the labor market, as well as in access to health, food and housing. This analytical approach is in line with the United Nation's fifth Sustainable Development Goal, gender equity. The imperative to include women's perspectives in pandemic response and planning is juxtaposed against the current pandemic response that primarily leaves women out of the decision-making process. The policy tool of gender responsive budgeting, successfully implemented in various countries, is proposed to offset the gender inequities triggered by the pandemic in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School closings during COVID-19 exposed an under-addressed gender equity issue in the United States: child care in crisis. To better understand the child care crisis in the current U.S. context, we detail how New York City is addressing child care during COVID-19. We then connect the current approaches to the Lanham Act that was instituted during WWII as a historical parallel. Ultimately, we argue for the adoption of a universal system that is affordable, high-quality, federally-funded with local involvement and discretion, and flexible for primary caregivers seeking care support. This potential system builds on current congressional proposals and should take into account the challenges primary caregivers face in order to disrupt gender imbalances in care, and in turn, produce greater gender equity. COVID-19 is an opportunity to instill lasting change by improving the current U.S. child care model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study that examines attitudes towards female and male breadwinners in Western societies. Data from Wave 6 of the World Values Study are used to analyse attitudes in three countries with historically different gender contracts: Germany (male breadwinner), Sweden (dual-breadwinner), and the United States (male breadwinner and female breadwinner). The findings indicate that although women are more likely than their male counterparts to believe men should not be entitled to jobs over women, they also view female breadwinners as problematic. Men are largely supportive of both men and women being a family's financial breadwinner. Cross-national comparisons show that women and men in Germany have the most conservative views and that those in Sweden have more liberal beliefs. Accounting for differences in education and employment status did not explain the gender differences in attitudes. The impact of our findings for promoting greater gender equity is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a theoretical framework drawing on the literatures of feminist institutionalists and the literature on expertise provided by IOs to examine two areas in the IMF that we might expect to see change under a female Managing Director: increased gender equity among the professional and managerial staff economists at the IMF, and increases in programmes designed to improve women's economic opportunities through the development of policies to increase female labour force participation. Evidence to support increased gender diversity among IMF staff economists as a result of Lagarde's appointment is not found, confirming that informal rules in institutions reduce women's access to positions of power. Increases in the number of IMF policy documents advocating the economic benefits of increased female labour force participation beginning in 2014 were found. These are attributed to Lagarde's influence over policy documents and the adoption of the World Bank's discourse on "gender equity as smart economics." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water represents the core of food-energy nexus and is vital for human survival. In developing countries, contaminated water and lack of basic water services undermine efforts to improve nutritional status and related health issues. In the rural areas of Central Africa, a majority of the population lacks access to improved water sources and has to devote considerable efforts to obtain water. Objectives: Using the following definition of water insecurity, i.e. it exists when access to adequate amount of safe and clean water does not occur all the times for the entirety of household members to lead a healthy and active life, the study aimed to develop and test a household-level experiential water insecurity scale for rural households in Central Africa. Methods: The research was conducted in three phases: 1) the formative data collection; 2) the scale development; and, 3) the scale testing. In the third Phase, the scale was tested with 250 women who were water managing person of their households. Statistical analysis included items reduction, reliability, as well as criterion and construct validity assessment. The testing led to a final scale of 17 statements (WATINE-17), covering three domains of water insecurity: 1) psychosocial distress; 2) quantity; 3) quality of water. Results: The scale showed an excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) and was significantly associated with lower frequency of water intake among women (p = 0.007, concurrent validity). In assessing WATINE-17's predictive validity, it was found that water insecurity was positively related to food insecurity (p < 0.001) and the level of water insecurity was the highest among severely food insecure households [F (3, 246) = 22.469, p < 0.001]. Conclusion: The WATINE-17 is able to capture key elements of water insecurity and can be used to monitor and evaluate SDG# 6 and water-related programs, such as WASH, in Central Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I brought together two strands of literature, one investigating the moderate but persistent underachievement of girls in mathematics in most countries, and the other examining the role of self-efficacy and other self-beliefs in predicting behaviour and achievement. I implemented detailed decompositions of the gender mathematics gap, both at the mean and for low and high performing students, for a large and diverse group of countries. I found considerable heterogeneity and different cross-country patterns in decomposition components and the contribution of self-beliefs. In OECD-Europe and more affluent East Asian countries, most or all of the gap is explained by gender differences in self-beliefs, especially self-efficacy; on the other hand, in Latin America and the Middle East, most of the gap remains unexplained. I also investigated the cross-country relationship between the gender mathematics gap and gender equity and found that a clearly negative association can be established after controlling for cross-country heterogeneity in gender differences in mathematics self-beliefs, which correlate with gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates about public scholarship and research impact are vital for geographers, helping us examine who our work is for and how we can make change in the world. Although there is a vibrant literature on geography's "public voice," we have not significantly engaged with who contributes to public scholarship—and participation is neither equal nor equally valued. Using a case study of academic women's contributions to the media, this article examines how gender interacts with academics' motivations and concerns about public scholarship. Beyond the question of whether the free labor of media engagement is worth one's time among the various pressures of the neoliberal university, I argue that we do not come into or contribute to public scholarship equally. The article centers three interconnected factors that currently limit equitable participation: gendered social norms about who is an "expert" (confidence and everyday sexism), job security (pretenure and never-tenured precarity), and a fear of backlash (from online insults to death threats). I conclude by offering practical suggestions for supporting diverse public scholarship, while also recognizing the many "limits to dialogue." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews developments in gender equity-oriented recruitment policies in Australian policing between 2015 and 2019. Findings cover the six state, one federal and one territory police departments. The study was prompted by media reports on affirmative action initiatives, especially the introduction of recruitment targets. The primary aim was to identify successful or promising strategies to increase the number of female officers, with possible transferable lessons. A secondary aim was to assess the level of accountability in terms of public reporting by police about methods and outcomes. The main finding was that four of the eight departments had introduced explicit 50:50 male-female recruitment targets, and five departments had been operating female targeted recruitment campaigns. The majority of departments with targeted campaigns recorded large increases in female recruit numbers, although within the study time frame only one showed a clear flow-through to substantially increased officer numbers. Overall, there was a lack of adequate data, including male-female application numbers; and information about selection criteria was inadequate. The personal commitment and discretion of police commissioners appeared to be a key factor in the adoption of affirmative action initiatives. These findings provide valuable lessons for improved police performance and accountability in gender equity across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promotion systems form a fundamental pillar in the development of organisational leadership capability. Surprisingly, little empirical research focus has been directed towards the specific decision-making processes of officers that influence their participation and engagement in the police promotion system. Importantly, gender differences must be examined as female police now represent the biggest demographic change in the pool of potential police leaders. Based on a study of police officers employed in one Australian state police jurisdiction, the research concludes that similar factors are generally associated with engagement with the police promotion system regardless of gender. Notably, gender differences only exist for factors related to support of higher-ranking officers in the promotion application process, support of colleagues once promoted, confidence in readiness for promotion, increased work hours and child/elder care difficulties and change in remuneration. The research highlights that gender equity policies designed to encourage female participation/engagement may result in unintended, negative consequences. Almost 80% of male officers in this study strongly indicating that females are promoted based on gender rather than skills and experience. The research has significant implications for police agencies who seek to support female officers moving into leadership positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist scholars and activists have been lobbying for legislation against sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Taiwan since the 1980s, which has resulted in many laws being enacted or modified from the 1990s to the 2000s. The Gender Equity Education Act (GEEA) provides a code of practice to address SGBV on campuses that has been implemented for more than a decade. This study used Institutional Ethnography to explore the ruling relations surrounding the institution of the GEEA in universities. Beginning from the standpoint of the case coordinators, this research expands from frontline workers' experiential accounts to the institutional realities ruled by universities' local administrative systems. Contrary to feminist commendation for merging gender equity into patriarchal campus systems through legislation, this article explicates how the administrative system subordinates SGBV experiences and frontline workers' knowledge to a modernised form of Confucian patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]