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We evaluate botanical insecticides as a technological device for synthetic input substitution in peri-urban horticultural system transitions. For that purpose, a Participatory Action Research (PAR) framework was proposed, and garlic extracts (GE) performance was evaluated for pest and natural enemy regulation in lettuce crops in conventional and agroecological contexts. Through three PAR cycles under actual production conditions, we observed GE effectiveness on aphids, thrips, and natural enemies. Additionally, context-specific adaptations were noticed: for conventional systems; the extract is useful near harvest and serves as a trust-building tool while reducing synthetic insecticide dependence. Instead, for agroecological systems, garlic extract highlighted biodiversity's relevance for system redesign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and impaired islet secretion that places a heavy burden on the global health care system due to its high incidence rate, long disease course and many complications. Fortunately, garlic (Allium sativum L.), a well-known medicinal plant and functional food without the toxicity and side effects of conventional drugs, has shown positive effects in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. With interdisciplinary development and in-depth exploration, we offer a clear and comprehensive summary of the research from the past ten years, focusing on the mechanisms and development processes of garlic in the treatment of diabetes and its complications, aiming to provide a new perspective for the treatment of diabetes and promote the efficient development of this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important polyphagous pest on a wide range of cultivated, outdoor and protected crops worldwide. In this study, lethal and sub-lethal effects of garlic, Allium sativum Linnaeus extracts on the females and eggs of T. urticae was evaluated in laboratory conditions. The results showed that the mortality percentages of the females of T. urticae were significantly increased in the treated specimens compared with the controls in garlic ethanol extract treatment (88.52 ± 3.45%). Moreover, in the highest and lowest duration of embryonic development were recorded in ethanol with 6.09 ± 0.03 and acetic acid with 3.87 ± 0.07 days, respectively. Generally, the garlic extract had the appreciable effect from the viewpoint of mortality and sub-lethal effect (reduction of the oviposition). With carrying out further complimentary research these botanical compounds can be used in integrated pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of swimming training is considered on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in the liver, heart, and kidney of rats. Histopathological degeneration could partially be prevented in swimming-trained rats pretreated with garlic extract. Exercise combined with garlic extract reduced the malondialdehyde value and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Doxorubicin treatment enhanced the mean values of blood ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes, as well as hepatic, cardiac, and renal TNF-α and HSP70 (p <.05). Swimming alone or supplemented with garlic extract can protect liver, heart, and kidney against doxorubicin toxicity by increasing antioxidants and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical oxidation ofN-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) (AC) has been studied in the presence of garlic and onion extracts using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and chronocoulometry methods. The results revealed that the electrochemically generated toxicN-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine participates in the Michael addition reaction with organosulfur compounds contained in garlic or onion extracts and is converted to its reduced none toxic form(s). Based on these results, garlic and onion extracts can be useful for the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning before starting clinical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous cancers are among the most common forms of cancer. Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy which is poor in prognosis. Despite of many years of researches, the treatment of melanoma is still a problem. Historically, plants have been main resources in traditional medicine and natural products are considered as important sources of antitumor drugs. Meanwhile, garlic for a long time has been used in man’s food as a medicinal plant. In this study, the garlic extract was prepared and fractionated by ultra-filtration method with Amicon system. Garlic extract and its fractions including residue (R) 100, R50, R30, R10, R5, and filtrate (F) 5 were investigated for their cytotoxic activities on Sk-mel3 cell line of melanoma. The results show that garlic extract induced a significant cytotoxic activity on Sk-mel3 cell line. Among fractions R100 and R10 have more potential in cytotoxic activities against Sk-mel3 melanoma cells. In conclusion, garlic appears to be a good candidate as an antitumor agent against melanoma. To clarify the effective molecules and their mechanisms more studies should be applied on animal models and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. To investigate the impact of garlic extract (GE), which is known for its antioxidant activity, on a testicular torsion/detorsion model in animals and to help understand how to prevent both ischemic and reperfusion injuries after testicular torsion and detorsion. Material and methods . Six groups of rats ( n =7 in each group) were used. The animals in the control group (Group I) did not receive any treatment. The animals in the sham group (Group II) underwent scrotal incision and testicular fixation only. The animals in Groups III–VI underwent 720° of left testicular torsion for 2?h; subsequent detorsion was performed for 2?h in Groups IV and VI only. Animals in Groups V and VI were treated exactly the same as those in Groups III and IV, respectively except that they were pretreated with oral GE for 5 days at a dosage of 5?ml/kg. Both testicles in all rats were removed and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enzymatic activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) were studied, in addition to a histological evaluation after hematoxylin–eosin staining. Results . Testicular MDA levels and XO activities were higher in Group III compared to Group II ( p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic extract significantly inhibited the oxidation of methyl linoleate in homogeneous acetonitrile solution, whereas the antioxidant effect of allicin-free garlic extract, prepared by removing allicin by prepared by removing allicin by preparative HPLC, was much lower than that of the garlic extract. These results suggest that the antioxidant properties are mostly attributed to the presence of allicin in the garlic extract. Allicin a major component of the thiosulfinates in garlic extract, was found to be effective for inhibiting methyl linoleate oxidation, but its efficiency was less than that of α-tocopherol. Next, the reactivity of allicin toward the peroxyl radical, which is a chain-propagating species, was investigated by direct ESR detection. The addition allicin to 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-peroxyl radical solution caused the signal intensity of the peroxyl radical to dose-dependently decrease, indicating that allicin is capable of scavenging the the peroxyl radical and acting as an antioxidant. Finally, we studied the structure–anioxidant activity relationship for thiosulfinates and suggested that the combination of the allyl group (–CH2CH=CH2) and the –S(O)S– group is necessary for the antioxidant action of thiosulfinates in the garlic extract. In addition, one of the two possible combinations, –S(O)S–CH2CH=CH2, was found to make a much larger contribution to the antioxidant activity of the thiosulfinates than the other, CH2=CH–CH2–S(O)S–. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]