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Current cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) emphasize drug costs as the differentiator between NICE recommended anti-VEGF treatments but may neglect real-world non-drug costs of running nAMD services in the UK. To address this, this study identified real-world non-drug service cost items relevant to UK NHS nAMD clinics, including costs arising from operational strain (demand exceeding capacity). Cost items were identified by a structured literature review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, and an expert panel of 10 UK-based ophthalmologists with relevance to real-world practice. These items underwent meta-synthesis and were then determined in a consensus exercise. Of 237 cost items identified, 217 (91.6%) met the consensus threshold of >0.51 and were included in the nAMD Service Non-Drug Cost Instrument (nAS). Sensitivity of cost items taken from UK Health Technology Assessment (HTA) using the nAS as the reference standard was low (HTAmin: 1.84%, 95% CI 0.50–4.65%; HTAmax: 70.51%, 95% CI 63.96–76.49%). False negative rates showed variable likelihood of misclassifying a service by cost burden depending on prevalence. Scenario analysis using cost magnitudes estimated annual per-patient clinic cost at £845 (within capacity) to £13,960 (under strain) compared to an HTAmin estimate of £210. Accounting for cost of strain under an assumed 50% increase in health resource utilization influenced cost-effectiveness in a hypothetical genericisation scenario. Findings suggested that HTA underestimates UK NHS nAMD clinic cost burden with cost of strain contributing substantial additional unmeasured expense with impact on CEA. Given potential undertreatment due to strain, durability is suggested as one of the relevant factors in CEA of nAMD anti-VEGF treatments due to robustness under limited capacity conditions affecting UK ophthalmology services. When considering how well treatments work versus how much they cost, the focus is usually only on the price of the medicine itself. However, other real-world costs exist. In the UK, when treating certain eye problems such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), there are additional expenses related to running clinics and managing treatments that often go unnoticed. To get a better understanding of these hidden costs, the study examined factors like clinic workload and the extra expenses that come with it. Ten eye doctors in the UK were consulted for their expert opinions and numerous research papers were reviewed to identify these additional costs. The study grouped different costs in a tool called the nAMD Service Non-Drug Cost Instrument (nAS). When the findings of the nAS tool were compared to the usual methods of calculating costs, it was found that the conventional approach overlooked many of the actual expenses. Busy clinics face unique challenges, such as higher operational costs associated with staffing for extended hours, emergency appointments, extended waiting times and the potential to miss optimal treatment windows. This can lead to disease progression and the onset of comorbidities, which require more complex and costly treatments. Recognizing these real costs is crucial when making decisions about treatments, especially when treatments require more frequent visits to eye clinics. This study emphasizes the importance of considering all expenses, not just the obvious ones like medication and doctor visits when determining the most effective way to manage eye conditions like nAMD in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adds to and develops extant work on the comparatively under-explored but important link between religion, neoliberalism, and planning. It is noticeable that mega/giga-churches are recalibrating the religious and physical landscapes of cities around the world; in so doing they raise important implications for professional planners. We focus on Green Pastures Church in Northern Ireland. The church has initiated a significant urban development project that represents something much more than just another new church; indeed, it has been described as a 'superchurch'. The main body of this article focuses on the three separate plans submitted to the local authority, and the attendant contentious local planning issues. Existing research exposes the problematic impact of planning decisions on religious sites for certain religious communities. Our contribution to knowledge reveals new insights concerning the more positive and supportive relationship between planning and religion. We end this article by offering insights into broader debates on the public presence of religion and how it is regulated in the contemporary city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite public and media attention to ethnic minority young people's political engagement in recent times, often expressed in crisis narratives about disengagement, disaffection or extremism, there has been little consideration of the range, or distinctive forms, of political action among ethnic minority young people. The purpose of this article is to address this by presenting qualitative research on political activism among ethnic minority young people in Birmingham and Bradford. We find evidence for 'new grammars of action' and highly 'glocal' (as distinct from transnational and diasporic) political orientations among the activists with whom we worked, as well as the significance of religious (as distinct from ethnic) identities in informing some activists' political engagements. We conclude that, while there is evidence for changing political subjectivities, there is a need to take account of the interplay between old and new grammars of political action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of religion in urban planning. It explores its influence in race and ethnicity. This paper investigated the scope of race, ethnicity and planning in relationship with planning and religion focusing in Birmingham among British Muslims. This study used detailed case study of urban planning.

There has been very little research into the effects of urban planning policy and practice upon religious groups amongst the South Asian diaspora in Britain. This paper attempts to make up some of this shortfall by examining the role of urban planning procedure in regulating the location, architectural form and use by Muslims of mosques and religious education establishments in Britain. Birmingham, in the West Midlands, provides the empirical focus. The paper has two parts. The first part is historical and traces the modes of interaction between mosque committees in the city and the local planning authority, focusing principally upon the Birmingham Central Mosque. The second part examines the contemporary situation, using quantitative data on planning decisions and the results of semi-structured interviews with members of various mosque committees in Birmingham. Interviewees were asked to evaluate the responses of the City Council to planning applications relating to their places of worship and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. This article examines the dramatic changes brought to English townscapes by Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. These "new" religions have arrived with the large-scale immigration and subsequent natural growth of the minority ethnic populations of Great Britain since the 1950s. The article traces the growth and distribution of these populations and religions, as well as the development of their places of worship from front-room prayer rooms to cathedral-scale buildings. It explores the way in which the British planning process, dedicated to preserving the traditional, has engaged with the exotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]