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AbstractThe goal of our research is to build upon the capability of RELAP5-3D to model molten lead systems. Molten lead has several potential uses in future advanced reactors, like the lead fast reactor or fusion reactors that utilize dual-coolant lead lithium blankets. This potential for use in future generations of reactors highlights the necessity of developing molten lead models to ensure that they can accurately predict thermohydraulic behavior. We have developed a RELAP5-3D model of the Lobo Lead Loop facility located at the University of New Mexico to verify the accuracy of RELAP5-3D via comparison to existing computational fluid dynamics results and analytical calculations.It was found that RELAP5-3D accurately calculated radiative heat transfer (within <1%) when compared to theoretical calculations. In addition, pressure drop calculations done in RELAP5-3D demonstrated reasonable agreement within 20 kPa, mostly within ~7% to 15%, when compared to the computational fluid dynamics model of the facility developed by the University of New Mexico, and captured the dependence of pressure drop on flow velocity accurately.Finally, a hypothetical loss-of-flow transient was imposed on the RELAP5-3D model to determine the feasibility of performing a similar experiment with the Lobo Lead Loop. It was found that such an experiment could be possible, as the RELAP5-3D model indicated that the temperatures of the fluid would not exceed the limiting temperatures of the structure (1658 K) nor the maximum temperature of the electromagnetic pump inlet (823 K). Although there are no experimental data to begin validation, the model will be readily available for future validation studies when the experimental data are generated, especially as the model continues to evolve over time. The results so far demonstrate a promising first step in the verification/validation of the RELAP5-3D model of the Lobo Lead Loop.The highlights from our research are as follows:1. The Lobo Lead Loop facility at the University of New Mexico is a good candidate for molten lead system code validation.2. The Lobo Lead Loop currently has extensive pressure drop results from a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics model, which offers the opportunity for code-to-code verification of pressure drop in RELAP5-3D.3. A RELAP5-3D model of the Lobo Lead Loop has been developed to begin verification studies and to prepare for potential validation studies.4. Development of the model will continue throughout the future to prepare for potential validation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a lattice physics-to-core simulator two-step procedure for the rapid analysis of the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR). Lattice physics, reflector, and control blade models were developed from which cross-section libraries could be generated for a nodal core simulator. Few-group structures for the core simulator were also generated to account for the neutronic characteristics of AHTR. After developing the AHTR two-step procedure, cross-section libraries were generated using the SERPENT continuous-energy Monte Carlo code. These libraries were then used in the core simulator NESTLE to perform full-core calculations, which were in turn benchmarked against reference SERPENT full-core models. Benchmarking results showed reasonable accuracy of the developed two-step procedure but revealed an inherent inadequacy in the one-dimensional radial reflector model and showed a likely need for a greater number of energy groups than were used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory utilizes a large annular beryllium reflector that is subdivided into three concentric regions and encompasses the compact reactor core. Nuclear transmutations caused by neutron activation occur in the beryllium reflector regions, which leads to unwanted neutron-absorbing and radiation-emitting isotopes. During the past year, two topics related to the HFIR beryllium reflector were reviewed. The first topic included studying the neutron poison (³He and 6Li) buildup in the reflector regions and its effect on beginning-of-cycle reactivity. A new methodology was developed to predict the reactivity impact and estimated symmetrical critical control element positions as a function of outage time between cycles due to ³He buildup and was shown to be in better agreement with actual symmetrical critical control element position data than the current methodology. The second topic included studying the composition of the beryllium reflector regions at discharge and during postdischarge decay to assess the viability of transporting, storing, and ultimately disposing of the reflector regions currently stored in the spent-fuel pool. The post-irradiation curie inventories were used to determine whether, for disposal purposes, the reflector regions are discharged as transuranic (TRU) waste or become TRU waste during the decay period and to determine the nuclear hazard category, which may affect the controls invoked for transportation and temporary storage. Two of the reflector regions were determined to be TRU waste at discharge, and the other region was determined to become TRU waste <2 yr after being discharged due to irradiation of the initial uranium impurity content (0.0044 wt% uranium). It was also concluded that all three of the reflector regions could be classified as nuclear hazard category 3 (potential for localized consequences only). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brachial plexus palsy at birth remains a serious problem. Although most cases resolve during the first few months by spontaneous regeneration, several operations have been used to correct the residual deformity. In the present study we describe the results of the latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons transfer on to the rotator cuff to improve shoulder function. Six patients were included in the study: three girls and three boys; four right shoulders, and two left. The types of palsy were four Erb's palsy (C5, C6) and two C5–C7 palsy. The median age at the time of operation was 11 years and 1 month and the median follow-up period was 54.2 months. Median preoperative passive external rotation was 51°, and active abduction 67°. Median postoperative active external rotation was 72°, and postoperative active abduction 109°. This procedure increased the ranges of external rotation and abduction, and provided considerable improvement in shoulder function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical framework for modeling depletion and mass transport in liquid-fueled molten salt reactions is presented based on exponential time differencing. The solution method involves using the finite volume method to transform the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) into a much larger system of ordinary differential equations. The key part of this method involves solving for the exponential of a matrix. We explore six different algorithms to compute the exponential in a series of progression problems that explore physical transport phenomena in molten salt reactors. This framework shows good results for solving linear parabolic PDEs with each of the six matrix exponential algorithms. For large problems, the series solvers such as Padé and Taylor have large run times, which can be mitigated by using the Krylov subspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]