Search

In the present work, composites with non-toxic metal oxides, such as TiO2 and ZnO, and a natural red clay (taua) reach in hematite were used in the photocatalytic degradation of Fenthion. The composite TiO2/Taua (0.5:1 wt. ratio) and pure TiO2 were prepared by sol-gel method while ZnO/Taua (0.5:1 wt. ratio) and pure ZnO were prepared by Pechini method. The materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, and DRS. The anatase phase was formed in both pure TiO2 and TiO2/Taua, while the hexagonal phase was formed in pure ZnO and ZnO/Taua. The bandgap energies for the two composites were narrowed compared to the respective pure oxides as consequence of the hematite (α-Fe2O3, Eg = 2.1 eV) in the red clay, reaching 2.1 eV for TiO2/Taua and 2.0 eV for ZnO/Taua, while the bandgap energies for pure TiO2 and ZnO were 3.2 and 3.0 eV, respectively. Fenthion was not degraded in the dark, but the concentration droped 20% after 180 min under visible light irradiation without photocatalyst and 60% after 210 min in the presence of the pure red clay. Both TiO2/Taua and ZnO/Taua composites were also photocatalytic active to degrade Fenthion (λ > 420 nm), with degradation of 78% (in 180 min) and 85% (in 210 min) respectively. In the optimized conditions (pH 2, 100 mg L−1 of H2O2 and 30 mg L−1 of Fenthion), the ZnO/Taua composite was the most efficient, reaching 89% degradation in up to 30 min, with Fenthion sulfoxide as the degradation product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) technique coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was applied for selective extraction and recognition of fenthion insecticide in the biological sample. The nanoparticles of fenthion imprinted polymer were prepared by precipitation polymerisation using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker, and 70 mL of chloroform. Morphological and structural characterisation was achieved by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry. The optimisation of parameters being effective on extraction yield was carried out by employing the central composite design (CCD). The empirical models were developed to link the output response and input variables and the proposed models were tested for significance through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions leading to the maximum efficiency of MISPE were sorbent mass of 8.61 mg, sample pH 4.93, sample flow rate of 2.07 mLmin−1, as well as 1.94 mL of methanol/acetic acid (95.7:4.3, v/v) at the flow rate of 1 mLmin−1 as elution solvent. Under the optimised conditions, a linear range of 20–120 μgL−1 was obtained and the limit of detection was found to be 4.58 μgL−1. Analysis of spiked urine samples demonstrated the satisfactory efficiency of the designed protocol ranging from 92.69 to 95.64% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated to be lower than 3.75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Today, the long-term effects of partial exposure of cholinesterase on the kidney continue to be a research topic. In this study, we aimed to histopathologically investigate the possible effect of acute toxicity due to fenthion, an organophosphate (OP) compound, on the kidneys. Methods: In all, 21 rats were randomly divided into three groups. Experimental group was each administered intraperitoneal 0.8 g/kg fenthion within physiologic serum. Sham group was only administered intraperitoneal physiologic serum. The control group continued normal nutrition with no procedure performed. After 24 h, all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Half of the recipient kidney tissues were examined histopathologically and the other half biochemically. Results: No histopathological findings were found in the control group. Rats in the experimental group were observed to have epithelial cell disorganization in tubules, moderate epithelial cell loss, and degeneration. Again, expansion of tubules, vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells, and tubular structure approaching atrophy were observed, with cells approaching apoptosis and common hemorrhage noted although rats in the sham group were observed to have mild tubular degeneration. Conclusions: It should not be forgotten that one of the causes of systemic complaints linked to acute toxicity exposed to the OP compound of fenthion may be cellular injury to glomerular and tubular structures in the kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenthion is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide in agriculture that induces different cytotoxic effects, including male reproductive toxicity. The present work aimed to study the ameliorative effects of curcumin, a potential therapeutic agent against several chronic diseases, on reproductive toxicity induced by the organophosphate insecticide fenthion. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. The control group received distilled water. The curcumin group was administered curcumin at a dose of 100 mg kg−1body weight. The fenthion group was administered fenthion at a dose of 0.001 mg kg−1. The fenthion/curcumin group was administered fenthion and curcumin together at the same doses. After four weeks of daily oral administration, the animals were sacrificed and their testes were excised. Specimens were processed for histopatholological and immunohistochemical investigations. Light and electron microscopic analysis visualised dramatic degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules as indicated by atrophy, necrosis, vacuolation and decreased number of spermatogenic cells. Moreover, the fenthion group showed a significant reduction in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-immunoreactivity. Decreased PCNA-immunoreactivity reflected the depletion in the proliferation rate of spermatogenic cells and suggesting arrested spermatogenesis. Curcumin administration to fenthion-treated rats revealed mild degenerative changes with partial improvement of active spermatogenesis. In conclusion, these data may confirm the cytoprotective potency of curcumin against fenthion-induced cyto-toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fenthion is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides for the control of many varieties of pests in Nigeria. The genotoxic effect of the pesticide was evaluated in the blood erythrocytes ofClarias gariepinususing the micronucleus (MN) test. The oxidative stress parameters were also studied in the liver and gill tissues. Fish were exposed to 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mgL−1of fenthion and sampling was done on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and after 7-day recovery. Micronuclei induction was highest (7.55) on day 14 at all concentrations in the peripheral blood cells. Oxidative stress was evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO). Maximum LPO values of 62.47% and 71.17% were observed in the gill and liver tissues respectively inC. gariepinusexposed to 8.0 mgL−1concentration of fenthion. There were alterations in the values of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) during the exposure and recovery periods. The 7-day recovery period was not adequate to eliminate fenthion-induced changes as LPO, CAT, and GR activity remain elevated. However, MN frequency and activity of SOD, GSH, and GPx (except at 8.0 mgL−1) recovered. The present findings give further credence on the integrated use of MN test and oxidative stress parameters in risk assessment of pollutants in aquatic ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The efficiency of water rinsing for removing fenthion from non-combustible used pesticide containers was investigated. Four hundred empty containers from four olive oil producing areas in Greece were studied. Following triple rinsing cleaning procedures, the amount of fenthion retained in the container ranged from 0.01% to 0.1% w/w of its initial concentration. Extraction was accomplished with acetone, and the extracts were analyzed with a capillary gas chromatographic system coupled with flame ionization detector. The results obtained showed that triple rinsing is an effective procedure for removing fenthion from used pesticide containers, since the remaining pesticide concentration was below the legislated threshold value. Consequently, the containers can be handled as non-hazardous solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study was designed to understand the effects of organophosphate (OP) insecticide and avicide fenthion on cellular redox status and the role of reduced glutathione (GSH) on fenthion toxicity in the liver and kidney of Oreochromis niloticus as a model organism. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) were injected intraperitoneally to fenthion-exposed fish as modulators of GSH metabolism. GSH redox status, GSH-related enzyme activities, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents were then measured spectrophotometrically at 24, 48, and 96 hours. To assess recovery from fenthion exposure, similar analyses were performed on fish transferred to non-treated water for 24, 48, and 96 hours. Results: Fenthion increased glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) activity and caused changes in total GSH (tGSH), GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents and glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9) specific activity in the liver tissue over time. Increases observed in tGSH and GSSG contents at 24 hours were decreased by fenthion treatment at 96 hours. BSO caused a sharp decline in liver tGSH, GSH, and GSSG contents and an elevation in GST and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT; EC 2.3.2.2) enzyme activities. A significant decrease was observed in tGSH and GSH contents and, also, GST enzyme activities in the kidney at 48-hour fenthion treatment. On the contrary to the liver, a significant increase was observed in tGSH and GSH contents in the kidney by BSO injection. NAC application eliminated the decreasing effects of fenthion on GST activity in this tissue. NAC injection caused decreases in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. Decline in tGSH and GSH contents were maintained in the liver during the recovery period, and elevations in LPO levels in the kidney were observed during the same period. Conclusions: In conclusion, tissue-specific and time-dependent GSH redox status disturbance of fenthion were observed. BSO revealed the significance of GST-mediated GSH conjugation on the detoxification process of fenthion. NAC seemed useful to avoid the fenthion-related oxidative toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress potential of low-level organophosphate fenthion exposure with the modulatory effect of buthionine sulfoximine in the liver of Cyprinus carpio L. The fish were exposed to 20% of 96-hour LC50 of fenthion for 24 and 96 hours. Total and oxidized glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein levels, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase-specific enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically. There was a 15-day depuration period to evaluate the changes in the studied parameters. Fenthion caused a time-dependent depletion of the total and reduced glutathione levels. The oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio and catalase specific enzyme activity were reduced while the glutathione-S-transferase activity was elevated. Intraperitonal buthionine sulfoximine application disclosed the inhibitory effect of fenthion on superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, whereas glutathione-S-transferase activity was increased. There was no change in lipid peroxidation levels during the experiments. No amelioration was observed in the affected parameters except the glutathione-S-transferase activity in the 15-day depuration period. In conclusion, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase enzyme activities and total and reduced glutathione levels were better estimators to monitor the effects of fenthion in low concentration in the liver of C. carpio. The depuration period was not adequate to recover the antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. We searched the influence of dose and timing of atropine therapy in fenthion-induced pancreatitis model. Methods. All rats were intoxicated with fenthion except the control group. Two milligrams of atropine was administered for 24 hours in a high dose atropine group while a low dose atropine group received 100 micrograms of atropine for 24 hours. One group received 2 milligrams of atropine in the first four hours of intoxication while the other group received 2 milligrams of atropine in the last four hours before sacrifice. All rats were sacrificed 24 hours after intoxication. Pseudo-cholinesterase and lipase concentrations and histopathological markers of pancreatitis were studied. Results. None of the models in this study completely prevented pancreatitis, however high dose atropine that is administered for 24 hours or the first four hours after intoxication prevented severe pancreatitis. Conclusion. Atropine administration influence on fenthion-induced pancreatitis should be studied for other organophosphates in animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of 15 organophosphorus insecticides was studied in drinking, ground, and surface waters under different laboratory-controlled and environmental conditions. Surface waters originated from rivers Savinja (near the city of Celje) and Kamniska Bistrica (at the spring), which both belong to the Danube river basin. Groundwater was collected from wells (70 m deep) in Ljubljana, which are the direct source of drinking water for the capital. These matrices were selected on the basis of their different chemical composition and microbial activity. Major factors influencing the degradation were determined, such as temperature, oxygen, sunlight, pH, and type of water. The degradation of atrazine, present in many water sources in Slovenija, was followed simultaneously as a reference under the same conditions. The degradation kinetics was followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection, which also allowed the identification of some degradation by-products, such as oxon analogues paraoxon, dyfoxon, malaoxon, phenyl-methyl sulfoxide, fenthion sulfone, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone. The results show that the half-lives of the selected organophosphorus insecticides varied from 4 to 192 days or more, depending on the water source and experimental conditions. As a result, kinetically constants and half-lives were calculated for every tested insecticide, and major degradation products were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) methodology has been developed to extract fenthion and its metabolites from olives and olive oils, and the technique compared with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The method was applied to olives and olive oil samples obtained from olive groves treated with fenthion. Pesticide residues were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Both extraction methods gave a linear response over the concentration range assayed (0.03-1 mg kg-1 for MSPD and 0.1-1 mg kg-1 for LLE). Recoveries and RSD (n = 6) values in olives were 85-112% and 2-6% for MSPD, and 68-108% and 4-16% for LLE, respectively. In the case of olive oil, recoveries and RSD (n = 6) values were 67-98% and 5-11% for MSPD, and 63-115% and 6-14% for LLE, respectively. When compared to LLE, the newly developed MSPD method was twice as sensitive and required 10 times less sample weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, new gas-chromatography method was developed and validated by a single-laboratory for quantitative determination of four active ingredients (alachlor, chlorpyriphos-methyl, fenthion, and trifluralin) in their commercially available emulsifiable concentrate formulations, widely used in Greece. This method enables the analysis of a number of pesticides with the same chromatographic conditions and internal standard. A capillary gas-chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization detector and a split injector was used. The linearity of response, specificity, repeatability and other performance characteristics of the method are presented. As a result, the method is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A "multi-pesticide" method, which makes possible the analysis of a number of active ingredients in formulated pesticides, is presented. Validated analytical methods and Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures were adapted for the determination of the active ingredient content of a number of pesticides. The same chromatographic conditions and columns were used for the analysis of trifluralin and fenthion aiming at the further application of the method to as many pesticide formulations as possible, in order to increase laboratory output and reduce the cost of analysis. The method involved gas chromatographic analysis (GLC) using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The results presented are statistically evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of organophosphorus pesticide residues and their metabolites in virgin olive oil samples was investigated. Forty-eight samples of virgin olive oil were collected directly from olive mills at various locations on the island of Corfu (Greece) where the application of insecticides was performed by spraying from the air and/or from the ground during the three harvest periods (1999-2002). Samples for residues analysis were extracted by liquid-liquid partitioning with solvents of different polarity. The target compounds were determined in the final extract by gas chromatography using flame photometric and nitrogen phosphorus detection. In the case of positive samples the findings were confirmed using columns of different polarity or by GC-MS. The most common pesticide residues found were fenthion and its oxidative metabolites. Concentrations of total fenthion in the positive olive oil samples were below the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limit (MRL). Only three samples contained total fenthion residues that exceeded the Codex MRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report severe organophosphate poisoning complicated by hypotension and ischemic sequelae in two patients with pre-existing vascular disease. Both patients had a low total peripheral resistance and high cardiac output that were significantly reversed by doses of atropine in excess of those required to control other muscarinic symptoms. Cerebral infarcts and gangrene requiring a below knee amputation were complications of the poisonings. It is proposed that the ischemic complications are due to paradoxical vasoconstriction by acetylcholine at sites of endothelial injury. One patient, who had taken fenthion, also had a significantly delayed peak and prolonged, 2-3 week, systemic toxicity. We propose that stability of the plasma cholinesterase at 6 to 8 h after temporarily suspending oxime provides a rapid guide to the duration of therapy, especially in patients whose complications make clinical assessment difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study paper reports on two cases of poisoning with the organophosphorus insecticides, fenthion and omethoate. The two victims were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) a few hours after ingestion of the two insecticides. They received appropriate treatment for organophosphorous poisoning (gastric lavage, activated charcoal, atropineand pralidoxime) and supportive care. Both patients survived. Organophosphate blood levels were determined on admission (fenthion 2.9 5g/ml, omethoate 1.6 5g/ml) and during the hospitalization and proved tobe considerably high. Slow elimination rate of the poison already distributed in the body was indicated for both pesticides. The patient with omethoate poisoning remained clinically well (Glasgow Coma Scale: 15) and was discharged three days later. The patient with fenthionpoisoning, who had also ingested 30 mg of bromazepam and 720 mg of oxetoron, developed cholinergic crisis six hours after admission and was intubated for 24 days, with concomitant complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determination of fenthion residues and its oxidative metabolites (fenoxon, fenthion sulphoxide, fenthion sulphone, fenoxon sulphoxide, fenoxon sulphone) in olive pulp, oil and water obtained from olive pressing is described and evaluated. Recoveries for the improved gas chromatographic conditions were: 92--104% for fenthion, fenoxon, fenthion sulphone and fenoxon sulphone in the olive pulp matrix,whereas the mean recovery values for fenthion sulphoxide and fenoxonsulphoxide were respectively 140% and 118%. In the vegetation water matrix, the recoveries for fenthion, fenthion sulphoxide, fenoxon sulphoxide and fenoxon sulphone averaged between 91% and 103%. Higher values were obtained for fenoxon (139%) and for fenthion sulphone (115%). Recoveries for all metabolites in the oil matrix averaged between 100% and 104%. Detection limits ranged between 0.005 ng for fenthion to 0.02 ng for fenoxon sulphoxide and fenoxon sulphone. Three different gas chromatographic conditions are presented in order to underlinehow their choice could strongly affect the result because of the matrix effect on the gas chromatographic response. In some cases such aneffect can increase the instrumental response up to three times the real value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residue levels of trichlorfon, fenthion and its metabolites weredetermined in olives, olive oil and vegetation water after treatmentof olive trees at different times before harvest. The highest residues of fenthion were detected in oil, while the highest level of' trichlorfon was found in vegetation water. The time gap between treatmentand harvest strongly influences the residue levels of fenthion in olives and olive proucts. The levels of fenthion, which were lower thanthe maximum residue level (MRL) established by the Italian regulations, were obtained only when the treatment was carried out 60 days before harvest, so it may be necessary to use the insecticide trichlorfon 30 or 10 days before harvest since it leaves low residue levels in oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]