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Water quality varies along the stream network; thus, considering the directional, dendritic nature of stream networks with surrounding landscape variables is essential in explaining spatial variations of water quality. Using a spatially extensive stream temperature monitoring effort in the Clackamas River Basin in the United States, we first compare spatial scales of analysis of atmospheric, landscape, and in-stream explanatory variables through their correlation with summer stream temperatures. We then derive a predictive stream temperature model with factors representing the spatial variation of local climate, recent wildfire effects, and discharge. Finally, we compare nonspatial multiple linear regression to a spatial stream network (SSN) model to assess the combined importance of the spatial scale of analysis and flow-connected stream distance in explaining total variation in stream temperatures. Most explanatory variables show the most highly significant relationships to stream temperature when derived as a percentage of the total upstream area above observation sites. Elevation and vegetation cover, however, were most significantly correlated to stream temperature at the riparian buffer area scale and the local reach contributing area scale, respectively. Multiple regression analysis using total upstream burned area, total upstream area with underlying High Cascades geology, and the elevation within the 100-m-wide riparian area explained 81 percent of variation in stream temperature. SSN outperformed this nonspatial statistical model, however, in explaining the total variation in stream temperature. These comparisons of scaled data sets demonstrate both the local and cumulative upstream effects on stream temperature, providing a spatial network-informed framework to those prioritizing watershed restoration and wildfire recovery activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following calls to spatialize conjunctures, this article proposes and practices conjunctural mapping through a case study of the ongoing struggle at People's Park in Berkeley, California. Although the method of conjunctural analysis enables and requires an investigation into the multiple forces at work in the production of hegemony, such analyses tend to focus on cultural, economic, political, and social (or horizontal) dimensions of winning or contesting consent, without necessarily locating the formations of these expressions at different (vertical) scales. What is the role of the geographical in producing and countering hegemony, and how do we consider questions of scale in a conjunctural analysis? We offer an example through a conjunctural mapping of People's Park, where the University of California, Berkeley, and park defenders address pressures and seize opportunities at the scales of the subject, city, and state to respectively redevelop or protect the park. Mapping their multiple geographies reveals how the neoliberal crisis (in higher education, affordable housing, and public space) takes place and requires work at each scale in the struggle for hegemonic settlement. Spiraling outward and upward, cases like People's Park show that conjunctures are best analyzed through consideration of local complexities and scale articulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fifth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) introduced the dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder (D-PTSD). To assess this subtype, the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale (DSPS), a 15-item self-report measure to identify lifetime and current dissociative symptoms of D-PTSD, was developed. However, so far, the scale has only been validated in war veterans. Moreover, criterion validity and diagnostic utility have not been examined yet. Objective: We aimed to validate the DSPS in two samples of civilian trauma-exposed German-speaking participants. Methods: In Study 1, a pre-registered online study, participants with and without PTSD symptoms (N = 558) answered questionnaires about traumatic experiences, dissociation, PTSD, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, alcohol use disorder, absorption, and dissociative responding to trauma-related questionnaires. In Study 2, which used secondary data of a pre-registered clinical study, participants with a PTSD diagnosis (N = 71) answered questionnaires about traumatic experiences, dissociation, PTSD, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and dissociative responding to standardized trauma exposure. Moreover, PTSD, D-PTSD, and other diagnoses were assessed with structured clinical interviews. Results: Analyses confirmed a three-factor structure as well as high internal consistency, and high convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of the DSPS. Moreover, the scale was able to identify a latent D-PTSD group and individuals with D-PTSD diagnosis. Conclusions: The DSPS constitutes a reliable and valid tool to assess D-PTSD symptoms in clinical practice and research and thereby may contribute to a better understanding of these debilitating symptoms. Many individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suffer from dissociative symptoms which can be assessed with the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale (DSPS; Wolf et al., 2017). The DSPS demonstrated good psychometric properties in two German-speaking trauma-exposed samples and hence might be used to assess D-PTSD symptoms in research and clinical practice. Complementing the original English version, a German version of the DSPS is provided in the Supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of whether place significantly affects spatial behavior has long created both a philosophical and an operational schism within geography. Here we show how these schisms can be bridged by identifying how place and behavior can be linked through recognizing and incorporating what we term intrinsic and behavioral contextual effects into models of spatial behavior. We argue that spatial modeling frameworks that attempt to relate spatial behavior to aspects of people and places might be seriously misspecified if they do not incorporate both types of contextual effects. We compare three popular statistical modeling frameworks that encompass placed-based contextual effects: spatial error models, multilevel models, and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). Based on Monte Carlo simulation and empirical analysis, we demonstrate the reassuring similarity of the results from the three frameworks but also the superiority of MGWR. The inclusion of essentially unmeasurable effects within a nomothetic framework provides an important bridge between two previously distinct philosophies within geography and acts as a binding force within the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces Black scale—a theoretical, conceptual, and methodological gathering of Blackness, music, sound, and locationality—that foregrounds the interdependence of scale and racialization. This framework explores how racial capitalist de|restructuring of space and place and intersectional personhood reshapes a Black sense of place through a "Black sense of scale" and its musical and sonic modalities. Through a geomusicological and geosonicological reading of Beyoncé's "Haunted," we add sociosonic textures to notions of "sense" and deepen how we think with individual and communal scales of Black poetic and material sociocultural production. This approach stresses how Black people are shaped by, but also produce a multitude of scales through Black auditory placemaking. Next, we present the overpass—a Black scalar methodology—to think with relational geographic articulations of the corporeal and material that analyze how racialized infrastructure divides space, but fosters communal refutations and the reformatting of these imposed places. Empirically, overpasses cannot be comprehended solely from above; they require multifaceted views that recognize lifeworlds in the interstices. By examining the relationality across music, sound, and Blackness, we (re)activate and engage scale as a racialized, evolving, intimately embodied, and subjective interpretation of the world as well as structural, objective descriptions of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This rhizomatic essay maps the communicative-geographical dimensions of our current cultural moment in relation to climate change communication, which characterizes climate as hyper and broken, proposing the artificial as the fix to this brokenness. Drawing on more-than-human sensibilities of communication geography, I work through three intricately connected modalities of current cultural discourses in relation to climate. First, hyper allows me to locate an implosion of scale in the context of the hyperobject of climate change. Second, broken asks questions about the dialectical tension between whole-ness and broken-ness, a longing for a nostalgic past and an urgent futurity. And finally, artificial engages the seeming solution to this broken-ness as it lures on the horizon of our perception: I argue that our flight into the realms of techno-solutionism do not absolve us from being concerned with the current planetary moment as the artificial is very much grounded in the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a novel spatial stream network geographically weighted regression (SSN-GWR) by incorporating stream-distance metrics into GWR. The model was tested for predicting seasonal total nitrogen (TN) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in relation to watershed characteristics for 108 sites in the Han River Basin, South Korea. The SSN-GWR model was run with the average seasonal water quality parameters from 2012 through 2016 and was validated with the data from 2017 through 2021. The model fit among ordinary least square regression, standard GWR (STD-GWR), and stream distance weighted SSN-GWR were compared based on their ability to explain the variation of seasonal water quality parameters. We also compared residual spatial autocorrelations as well as various error parameters from these models. Compared to the STD-GWR model, the SSN-GWR model generally provided better model fit, reduced residual spatial autocorrelation, and lessened overall modeling errors. Results show that the spatial patterns of model fit, as well as various coefficients from the upstream distance weighted regressions, capture local patterns as a product of upstream–downstream relations. We demonstrate that a successful model could be developed by integrating stream distance into the GWR, which not only improves model fit but also reveals realistic hydrological processes that relate watershed characteristics to water quality along with the stream network. The local variations in model fit derived from this work can be used to devise fine-scale interventions for water quality improvements in a spatially heterogeneous complex river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge and scientific practice have largely been backdrops to examinations of scale and rescaling processes, including studies of rescaling environmental management. The growing use of new data technologies in environmental management highlights the need to situate knowledge and scientific practice into the politics and production of scale. Reviewing sixty years of debate over spatial management of the highly migratory and Atlantic bluefin tuna, this piece illustrates the central, dynamic roles of knowledge and scientific practice in scalar transboundary management. Findings corroborate prior studies demonstrating that stakeholders mobilize knowledge (and uncertainty) to influence spatialized management. We examine whether such practices are transformed by new data technologies, a nomenclature we adopt as "more" than big data to encapsulate and parse methods of data collection or generation, the data themselves, and the analytical techniques and infrastructures developed to make sense of data for management purposes. We find that as new data technologies reveal objects in space and time, they reformulate and multiply—rather than resolve and circumscribe—scalar management possibilities. They mix with historic scientific and political practices and are never "complete." Beyond the bluefin case, findings point to the complications of turning to new data technologies—often uncritically celebrated for their potential to give clear, actionable data—to "solve" scalar dilemmas. Instead, they are positioned to become a new way of knowing the world: a new geo-epistemology that shapes experimentation and debate around the spatialized power relations determining control over contested spaces and the valuable resources within and moving through them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public–private transportation megaprojects such as toll roads and rail networks have received attention as expressions of neoliberal urban development processes, but what we call "mesoscale" mobility infrastructures have become increasingly common in the United States. Such infrastructures are large enough to have systemic qualities (e.g., fixed nodes, instrumented networks, and operational requirements) and complex institutional arrangements but small enough in cost and impact that they do not systemically transform urbanization patterns. In this article, we analyze one such mesoscale infrastructure system, bicycle sharing, across three urban regions in the United States: Austin, Texas, Philadelphia, and the San Francisco Bay Area. We argue that bicycle sharing systems in the United States have three key features: (1) widespread expectations of fiscal self-sufficiency restrict their geographical reach to urban centers; (2) they largely follow existing patterns of racialized uneven development, leading to major service gaps; and (3) their implementation involves contingent institutional configurations that create modest openings for steering them in more equitable directions. At the same time, newer venture capital–funded "dockless" competitors have exploited the coverage gaps of station-based bike sharing without departing from their basic market-driven logic. Mesoscale infrastructural experimentation is increasingly central to efforts to increase mobility options in the United States but, when implemented within existing urban political economies, tends to produce scales of infrastructure that are at odds with more substantive forms of mobility justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers and environmental scientists use conceptual models to understand ecological processes and support management decisions. Most of these models are based on short-term experiments and field observations, which might not account for longer term forces that shape ecosystems over decades to centuries. How can scholars use historical sources and methods to improve conceptual models of ecological change? In this article, we present the results of a study that employed methods from environmental history and historical geography to assess three conceptual models that researchers have used to study ecological changes on California's hardwood rangelands: the succession and climax, state and transition, and cyclical replacement models. The succession and climax model fared poorly at all spatial scales. The historical record contained substantial evidence to support the predictions of the state and transition model at the small spatial scale of the plot or field (0.1–100 ha) and the very large spatial scale of the hardwood rangeland bioregion (4 million ha). The cyclical replacement model performed well at the intermediate scale of the landscape or typical cattle ranch (100–10,000 ha). Historical data and methods hold considerable untapped potential for assessing, building on, and improving conceptual models of ecological change in geography and the environmental sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) model is applied to evaluate the geographical accessibility to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized retailers. First, the proposed method considers the interaction between the food supply (in terms of categorized benefit redemptions) and demand (in terms of benefit-receiving households). Second, the model is used to visualize food access patterns at the level of refined administrative units (i.e., census block groups). The developed food access metric was compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Access Research Atlas, justifying the validity of this new method for small area estimation. The following are important observations: (1) the choice of catchment size had a considerable impact on the accessibility measure in urban areas (or when small statistical units are used); (2) the 2SFCA measurement had a higher level of correspondence with that of the USDA Atlas at a smaller catchment size for identifying low food access units; and (3) there was no significant inequality regarding SNAP accessibility with respect to different socioeconomic deprivation variables. This new method can better assist the SNAP administration with store authorization on a refined geographic scale. Key Words: food access, inequality, scale, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very large literature has explored the intensity of urban residential segregation using the index of dissimilarity. Several recent studies have undertaken such analyses at multiple spatial scales, invariably reaching the conclusion that the finer grained the spatial scale, the greater the segregation. Such findings, however, overstate the intensity of segregation at finer spatial scales because they fail to take into account an argument made by Duncan et al. some sixty years ago that indexes derived from fine-scale analyses must necessarily incorporate those from coarser scales, with the consequence that finer scale segregation is invariably overestimated. Moreover, most studies ignore stochastic variation that results in upward bias in the estimates of segregation. This article demonstrates the importance of a recently developed multilevel modeling procedure that identifies the "true" intensity of segregation at every level in a spatial hierarchy net of its intensity at other levels and also net of stochastic variation This is illustrated by both a simulated data set and an empirical study of an English city, with the latter raising important substantive issues regarding the interpretation of segregation patterns and the processes underlying them. Key Words: dissimilarity, multilevel modeling, scale, segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The border region of South Korea has undergone dramatic social and environmental changes since the late 1990s with shifts in governmental regimes. Under the proliberal government (1997-2007) that enhanced economic ties between North and South Korea, the border region was open for introducing new people and industries. With a new conservative governmental regime in the past decade (2007-2017), social and environmental challenges emerged in the border region. Such challenges were not uniformly present throughout different areas, however. We examined the spatial transformation of the border region using sociodemography, economy, landscape fragmentation, and water quality data with a focus on two gateway regions (Paju and Goseong) as representative cases. Although these two regions are similar in size and served as central nodes of flow between the two Koreas, they experienced different trajectories under disparate national and regional policies. In Paju, a closer region to Seoul, the capital of South Korea, the landscape became more fragmented as a result of urban expansion, but different subcenters were formed to accommodate the growing population and industries that were less dependent on external shocks, contributing to the economic and environmental resilience of the region. In contrast, with continuous declining aging population, Goseong's landscape became less fragmented with one remaining main urban center, but its economy, society, and environment became fragile after the closure of the Kumgangsan tour. These different patterns of regional resilience can be fully understood by considering various social, environmental, and institutional factors acting on multiple scales that helped shape the region's stability. Key Words: border region, landscape fragmentation, resilience, scale, water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite clear linkages between conceptualisations and perceptions of politics, society, culture and territorial rescaling, research into young people's political engagement, participation and representation is underrepresented in the field of social and cultural geography. Here the gap is addressed using perceptions of devolved politics, as a form of territorial rescaling, among young people living in Wales. Specifically, it shows the geographical scales at which young people locate their political concerns and where responsibility for these concerns is perceived to lie, with a focus on the National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Government. This is a key contribution to our understanding of the role devolution plays in youth political engagement in the light of the following: the relative infancy of the devolved U.K. institutions; their asymmetrical development and increasing divergences; the growing variation in turnout among young people for different types of election and referenda; and the lack of research examining the youth engagement dimension of Welsh devolution as a political, social and cultural process of territorial rescaling in the U.K. The paper concludes with a critique of the notion that devolution poses a 'politics of hope' for youth political engagement in Wales, a very different picture to Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful scaling of agricultural development strategies is fundamental to increased production and yields, yet targeting efforts frequently fail to fully consider the underlying biophysical drivers of agricultural marginality, particularly at fine spatial resolutions. We present a heuristic for intelligent targeting, utilizing remotely sensed information to identify the intersection between marginal conditions for performance of a staple crop and the optimal niche for technologies that improve crop performance. Here, we explore the geographic potential of maize diversification with pigeonpea, a crop with soil productivity enhancing properties. Overall, 79 percent of agricultural land in Malawi exhibits climate conditions optimal for pigeonpea cultivation and, in total, approximately 51 percent of Malawian maize-based farming is expected to receive some benefit from pigeonpea integration, with 9 percent receiving predictable and substantial benefits. These findings illustrate the geographic scaling potential of pigeonpea in Malawi and provide direction for informed pigeonpea deployment and market development across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer users of maps on mobile devices are producing noteworthy geographic knowledges in the contexts of their own lives that are distinct from those of professional data scientists. By leveraging the streaming nature of big data in mobile maps and zooming multiscalar views, consumer users' mobile map practices produce a popular, multiscalar form of visual geographic knowledge that is both enabled and limited by its big data assemblage and associated technologies. The first half of this article outlines the role of consumer user practices amidst spatial big data assemblages, not for volunteered geographic information or aggregate analysis but for contextual, everyday use. Consumer users and their knowledges are coconstituted through mobile map viewing and as materially limited technological practices. This article focuses specifically on the consumer users' concept of scale in this context, for Web-based maps' multiscalar views differentiate them from older maps. The second half analyzes mobile map consumer users' concepts of scale in a series of focus groups that involved both questions and observing participants' actions with maps on their own phones. Instead of passively accepting maps at predetermined optimized scales from the map application, consumer users actively viewed the map across scales while searching but not while navigating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we recognize those whose lives and data become attached to the far-from-groundbreaking framework of “small data”? Specifically, how can marginalized people who do not have the resources to produce, self-categorize, analyze, or store “big data” claim their place in the big data debates? I examine the place of lesbians and queer women in the big data debates through the Lesbian Herstory Archive's not “big” enough lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) organizing history data set—perhaps the largest data set known to exist on LGBTQ activist history—as one such alternative. In a contribution to critical data studies, I take a queer feminist approach to the scale of big data by reading for the imbricated scales and situated knowledge of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alpine plant communities vary, and their environmental covariates could influence their response to climate change. A single multilevel model of how alpine plant community composition is determined by hierarchical relations is compared to a separate examination of those relations at different scales. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of species cover for plots in four regions across the Rocky Mountains created dependent variables. Climate variables are derived for the four regions from interpolated data. Plot environmental variables are measured directly and the presence of thirty-seven site characteristics is recorded and used to create additional independent variables. Multilevel and best subsets regressions are used to determine the strength of the hypothesized relations. The ordinations indicate structure in the assembly of plant communities. The multilevel analyses, although revealing significant relations, provide little explanation; of the site variables, those related to site microclimate are most important. In multiscale analyses (whole and separate regions), different variables are better explanations within the different regions. This result indicates weak environmental niche control of community composition. The weak relations of the structure in the patterns of species association to the environment indicates that either alpine vegetation represents a case of the neutral theory of biogeography being a valid explanation or that it represents disequilibrium conditions. The implications of neutral theory and disequilibrium explanations are similar: Response to climate change will be difficult to quantify above equilibrium background turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines what a critical focus on the region can contribute to the study of LGBTQ politics in Europe. It is argued that a regional lens can challenge methodological nationalism in existing studies of European LGBTQ politics. It can also contribute towards a broader examination of the politics of scale in relation to the Europeanisation of LGBTQ politics. The article discusses alternative theoretical approaches to the region and examines the queer affinities of these approaches in turn. The argument proceeds to consider the political effects of these alternative theoretical framings of the region in contemporary LGBTQ politics in Europe. It is suggested that a regional critical lens can foreground sub-national and transnational regional political formations, which otherwise may be overlooked in an uncritical focus on the national scale of LGBTQ politics. A regional perspective can also help unsettle Anglo-American framings of sexual politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having been launched at a symposium at Nottingham Trent University in February 2013, the themed section Queer/ing Regions addresses the potentials of critical regionalisms in contemporary queer studies. The section explores the ways in which the complex regional/local formations of sexual dissidence emerges, if not being instrumentalized, as objects of theoretical inquiry when addressed within a global context by means of transnational formations of academic practice. Rather than appropriating queer theory through a global-local vector and affirming the complex alterity of the local vis-à-vis the flattening performative of the global, the contributors underline the regional complexities of sexual politics, the multi-scalar aspects of its spatial production, and the discourses of its worlding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Case studies have long been a gold standard for investigating causal mechanisms in human-environment interactions. Yet it remains a challenge to generalize across case studies to produce knowledge at broader regional and global scales even as the effort to do so, mostly using metastudy methods, has accelerated. One major obstacle is that the geographic context of case study knowledge is often presented in a vague and incomplete form, making it difficult to reuse and link with the regional and global contexts within which it was produced and is therefore most relevant. Here we assess the degree to which the quality of geographic description in published land change case studies limits their effective reuse in spatially explicit global and regional syntheses based on 437 spatially bounded cases derived from 261 case studies used in published land change metastudies. Common ambiguities in published representations of case geographic contexts were identified and scored using three indicators of geographic data quality for reuse in spatially explicit regional and global metastudy research. Statistically significant differences in the quality of case geographic descriptions were evident among the six major disciplinary categories examined, with the earth and planetary sciences evidencing greater clarity and conformance scores than other disciplines. The quality of case geography reporting showed no statistically significant improvement over the past fifty years. By following a few simple and readily implemented guidelines, case geographic context reporting could be radically improved, enabling more effective case study reuse in regional to global synthesis research, thereby yielding substantial benefits to both case study and synthesis researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There continues to be cross-disciplinary interest in the patterns, extent, and changing contexts of segregation and spatial inequality more generally. The changes are clearly context dependent but at the same time there are broad generalizations that arise from the processes of residential sorting and selection. A major question in U.S. segregation research is how the growth of Asian and Hispanic populations is influencing patterns of segregation and diversity at the neighborhood level. In this article we use a variant of a nearest neighbor approach to map, graph, and evaluate patterns of race and ethnicity at varying scales. We show that using a multiscalar approach to segregation can provide a detailed and more complete picture of segregation. The research confirms work from other studies that segregation is decreasing between some groups and increasing between others, and the patterns, and processes can be described as dynamic diversity. In a series of maps of ethnic clusters and population homogeneity we show how metropolitan areas, represented in this case by Los Angeles, now display patterns of complex living arrangements with multiple groups inhabiting both local neighborhoods and wider community spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of American Geographers Catalyzing Research on the Geographies of Broadening Participation Creative Scholarly Retreat explored ways in which geographers can advance approaches to broadening participation of underrepresented groups in higher education and the scientific workforce. Conversations during the retreat revealed the need for theoretical models to guide research and policy development. In this article, I ask how the geographic concept of scale can inform the problem of broadening participation of underrepresented groups in higher education. First, I explain how the concept of scale can drive future research using the literature within geography. Next, I propose the situational matrix as an analytical schema using the concept of scale. I then analyze various scales first as ordering devices and then as politically produced entities in conversations about underrepresentation in higher education. I conclude by arguing that identifying the scales that are in operation and then figuring out ways in which they function simultaneously and even in mutually contradictory ways will push the project of broadening participation forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes degrowth, a project of radical socioecological transformation calling for decolonizing the social imaginary from capitalism's pursuit of endless growth. Degrowth is an advanced reincarnation of the radical environmentalism of the 1970s and speaks to pertinent debates within geography. This article benefits from Ursula Le Guin's fantasy world to advance the theory of degrowth and respond to criticisms that degrowth offers an unappealing imaginary, which is retrogressive, Malthusian, and politically simplistic. We argue instead that degrowth is on purpose subversive; it brings the past into the future and into the production of the present; it makes a novel case for limits without denying that scarcity is socially produced; and it embraces conflict as its constitutive element. We discuss the politics of scale of the incipient degrowth movement, which we find theoretically wanting, yet creative in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geography has discovered resilience theory, a body of thought about ecological change that initiated with C.S. Holling in the 1970s. We describe the similarities and differences between resilience theory and a geographical treatise, Thomas Vale's (1982) bookPlants and People.Vale's work draws more from the tradition of field botany and plant succession than from the theoretical and mathematical ecology that prompted Holling's ideas. Yet like resilience theory, Vale's model of ecological change emphasized multiple states, the threshold transitions between them, and their irreversibility. Each described how forests and rangelands can flip between stability domains in response to altered fire regimes, modified grazing pressures, and climate change.Plants and Peoplealso recognized the dual nature of stability encapsulated in Holling's formalization of engineering and ecological resilience. Although resilience theory predates Vale's work and retains primacy through its citation record, we show how their partial consilience promotes a more critical understanding of resilience theory and the ways in which models, scale, and human values influence our comprehension of ecological change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Like many other global north countries, the US is facing a nursing shortage. In the last few years, such nursing shortages have been identified as part of a broader ‘global crisis’ in nursing. Resorting to importing internationally educated nurses is a popular strategy to address the shortfall. Importing nurses into the US is not new. However, the current shortage is different because of greatly intensified efforts to recruit nurses from overseas, and because of the unprecedented scale of global nurse migration. This article uses an analysis of Census data to track the trends and geographies associated with internationally educated registered nurses (IERNs) in the US since 1980. I show that there are important subnational differences in the distribution of IERNs; most are concentrated in a few states. By paying particular attention to subnational geographies within the US, I draw attention to the variations in and implications of the distribution of IERNs and how this impacts public policy discourses associated with the transnational migration of IERNs into and within the US. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cluster analysis continues to be an important exploratory technique in scientific inquiry. It is used widely in geography, public health, criminology, ecology, and many other fields. Spatial cluster detection is driven by geographic information corresponding to the location of activities, requiring appropriate and meaningful treatment of space and spatial relationships combined with observed attributes of location and events. To date, this has meant utilizing dedicated measures and techniques to structure and account for distance, neighbors, contiguity, irregular geographic morphology, and so on. Unfortunately, all spatial clustering approaches, regardless of their theoretical underpinning, statistical foundation, or mathematical specification, have limitations in accuracy, sensitivity, and the computational effort required for identifying clusters. As a result, a major challenge in practice is determining which technique(s) will provide the most meaningful insights for a particular substantive issue or planning context. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and evaluation of spatial clustering techniques, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the most widely applied approaches. Results suggest that performance varies significantly in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and computational expense. This is noteworthy because the misidentification of clusters, whether false positives or false negatives, has the potential to bias not only hypothesis formulation but also pragmatic facets of policy, process, and planning efforts within a region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing ethnic and racial diversity of the United States is evident at all spatial scales. One of the striking features of this new mixture of peoples, however, is that this new diversity often occurs in tandem with racial concentration. This article surveys these new geographies from four points of view: the nation as a whole, states, large metropolitan areas, and neighborhoods. The analysis at each scale relies on a new taxonomy of racial composition that simultaneously appraises both diversity and the lack thereof (Holloway, Wright, and Ellis 2012). Urban analysis often posits neighborhood racial segregation and diversity as either endpoints on a continuum of racial dominance or mirror images of one another. We disturb that perspective and stress that segregation and diversity must be jointly understood—they are necessarily related, although not as inevitable binary opposites. Using census data from 1990, 2000, and 2010, the research points to how patterns of racial diversity and dominance interact across varying spatial scales. This investigation helps answer some basic questions about the changing geographies of racialized groups, setting the stage for the following articles that explore the relationship between geography and the participation of underrepresented groups in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a new classification scheme—head/tail breaks—to find groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. The heavy-tailed distributions are heavily right skewed, with a minority of large values in the head and a majority of small values in the tail, commonly characterized by a power law, a lognormal, or an exponential function. For example, a country's population is often distributed in such a heavy-tailed manner, with a minority of people (e.g., 20 percent) in the countryside and the vast majority (e.g., 80 percent) in urban areas. This new classification scheme partitions all of the data values around the mean into two parts and continues the process iteratively for the values (above the mean) in the head until the head part values are no longer heavy-tailed distributed. Thus, the number of classes and the class intervals are both naturally determined. I therefore claim that the new classification scheme is more natural than the natural breaks in finding the groupings or hierarchy for data with a heavy-tailed distribution. I demonstrate the advantages of the head/tail breaks method over Jenks's natural breaks in capturing the underlying hierarchy of the data.The author would like to thank the three anonymous referees and the editor, Dr. Barney Warf, for their useful comments that led to many improvements. Any shortcomings or inadequacies remain the author's alone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the now burgeoning scholarship on memory, there is a discernible shift from considering the politics of dominant public memory towards sites of counter-memories where vernacular forms of memory activism take place. This paper contributes to this by focusing its attention on plans to preserve Green Ridge in Kampar, Malaysia, a tract of forested hill that was the location of a fierce battle fought between the Japanese and Allied forces in the Asia-Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Specifically, it details the rescaling strategies of one particular individual to enhance the reach and relevance of the site for Malaysians writ large, primarily aimed at lobbying for Green Ridge to be officially marked as local and national heritage. This paper then interrogates issues that have hindered this process with the potential to ultimately thwart the preservation of the site for posterity. In doing so, the paper exemplifies memory activism as ‘work’, where local actors–through the mobilisation of scale politics–represent proactive agents in effecting change in public memory from below. Second, it highlights the fragmented nature of vernacular remembering and how this can impede memory work as much as champion memory formally obscured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wildlife pet trade has the potential to threaten the viability of free-ranging animal populations. Yet there are potential benefits from the informal biological knowledge produced by breeders and caretakers for these taxa. How the evolution of a species shapes and is shaped by its embeddedness in the unique and changeable spatialities of the pet trade is also of relevance. To convey these points, we invoke materialist approaches from human geography to construct an assemblage biogeography for hognose snakes (Heterodon spp.), one of several North American reptiles in the pet trade. Mixed methods delineated what aspects of hognose biology facilitate their trade, what social and economic sites define their commercialization, and how the snake's natural history is dynamically embedded within them. Interviews with breeders, participatory observations at reptile shows, and content analysis of herpetological Web sites indicated that one of three species of Heterodon, western hognose (H. nasicus), has characteristics desired by breeders and pet owners. Its smaller size, less dramatic displays of bluff aggression, variability in color, and flexible diet make it more suitable than eastern or southern hognose. The contingencies of dispersal and speciation leading to these life history traits for western hognose are embedded within transitory social networks of breeders operating under sharply contrasting state wildlife regulations. Although contextual, these legal asymmetries and situational social arrangements bootstrap the international trade in hognose. They demarcate a self-organizing horizontal assemblage with the potential to crowdsource production of information and skills of value for conserving a growing number of endangered organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the effects of mixed-race household formation on trends in neighborhood-scale racial segregation. Census data show that these effects are nontrivial in relation to the magnitude of decadal changes in residential segregation. An agent-based model illustrates the potential long-run impacts of rising numbers of mixed-race households on measures of neighborhood-scale segregation. It reveals that high rates of mixed-race household formation will reduce residential segregation considerably. This occurs even when preferences for own-group neighbors are high enough to maintain racial separation in residential space in a Schelling-type model. We uncover a disturbing trend, however; levels of neighborhood-scale segregation of single-race households can remain persistently high even while a growing number of mixed-race households drives down the overall rate of residential segregation. Thus, the article's main conclusion is that parsing neighborhood segregation levels by household type—single versus mixed race—is essential to interpret correctly trends in the spatial separation of racial groups, especially when the fraction of households that are mixed race is dynamic. More broadly, the article illustrates the importance of household-scale processes for urban outcomes and joins debates in geography about interscalar relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that U.S. litigation over climate change shapes the scale at which energy regulation takes place and, in so doing, influences the sustainability of energy production and consumption. The resolution of these disputes and the resulting regulatory changes impact the scale of energy regulation because most of the cases focus on emissions from transportation or power plants, industries deeply involved in the production and consumption of energy. As these legal actions have grown from a few cases widely regarded as boundary-pushing oddities to over one hundred lawsuits under many different legal theories, their collective outcome plays an important role in the ways smaller scale regulatory action takes place. In so doing, these actions 'rescale' energy regulation by mandating or preventing smaller scale regulatory action-local, state, or national-as part of overall approaches to addressing climate change. This article contributes to both the geography and legal literatures by considering how climate change litigation in the United States helps to address the multiscalar challenges facing the energy industry, and the ways in which fixed judicial structures provide a space for needed fluidity in the construction of multilevel approaches to sustainable energy production and consumption. In so doing, it connects the legal dynamic federalism scholarship with the geography literature on scale to demonstrate the constructive role that climate change litigation plays in crafting multilevel energy regulation and involving a wide range of multiscalar interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents Foucault's governmentality as an analytical framework that is useful for interpreting and using empirics toward critical theory. Although Foucault viewed the discipline of geography narrowly regarding spatial patterns, his geographic sensibilities connect with contemporary critical human geography, which examines processes relationally from a topological, non-Euclidean view of space. Further, Foucault's novel approach to multiscalar analysis offers critical insight into one debate: whether scale as an analytical concept unproductively reifies hierarchy and obscures the mobilization of power. Foucault's ascending analysis clarifies how scale-sensitive analysis can illuminate the mobilization of power regarding its targets (as per techniques of biopower and disciplinary power) and its diffuse sources, and how actors' practices can become unchained from normalizing societal pressures. Foucault's early scholarship on governmentality represents actors as unconscious of the regulatory framework with which they implicitly are complicit, but his later work on resistance emphasizes reflexivity and the proactive constitution and transformation of the self. The earlier framework on the governance of populations suggests that mentalities and related discourses produce practices, whereas the later framework on the governance of the self suggests the reverse, therein holding important clues for critical theory and the proactive construction of transformation based on a critique of the past and present. The article 'assembles' Foucault's scholarship on governance and ethics over the course of his career to present an overall framework that is useful for analyses concerning a variety of questions. Analytical points are exemplified with reference to urban, race-related issues, drawing in part from my own research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic modelers frequently compare maps of observed land transitions to maps of simulated land transitions to relate the patterns in reference maps to the output from a simulation model. Pixel-by-pixel analysis of raster maps at a single resolution is useful for this task at a single scale, but scientists often need to consider additional scales. This article presents methods to satisfy this need by proposing a multiple-resolution method to compare land categories in three maps: a reference map of time 1, a reference map of time 2, and a simulation map of time 2. The method generates a three-dimensional table that gives the percentage of the study area for each combination of categories at the maps' native resolution and at several nested sets of coarser squares. The method differentiates allocation disagreement within coarse squares, allocation disagreement among coarse squares, quantity disagreement, and agreement. We illustrate the method with output from a run of the SAMBA agent-based model from 1990 to 2001 using 32-m resolution pixels for Cho Don District, Vietnam. Results show that half of the overall disagreement is attributable to allocation disagreement within squares that are 506 m × 506 m, which is about the average size of a village. Much of the remaining disagreement is misallocation of forest and shrub between the northern and southern parts of the district, which is caused by differences between the data and the simulation concerning transitions from the crop and shrub categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McCann P. and Acs Z. J. Globalization: countries, cities and multinationals, Regional Studies. This paper explores the relationship between the size of a country, the size of its cities, and the importance of economies of scale in the modern era of globalization. In order to do this, it integrates three different literatures, namely the literature on the optimal size of a country, the literature on historical processes of urbanization and the performance of cities, and the literature on the role of multinational firms in the global economy. Using an economic geography perspective, but looking at these issues through the lens of economic history, it is demonstrated that the importance of agglomeration effects, and in particular relationship between city size and the prosperity of the nation-state, has changed over the different eras of globalization. In earlier eras of globalization, the importance of agglomeration was represented by a fairly simple relationship between the scale of the city and the scale of country-empire, whereas during the inter-war years of the twentieth century, this relationship began to change and to evolve into a much more complex set of relationships that are seen today. In the modern era of globalization the role of multinational companies has become critical for the global connectivity of a city-region, and city-regions in turn are seen increasingly to drive national economies. For industrialized countries the size of a city is nowadays much less important than its level of global connectivity, whereas the size of the city is still dominant in newly industrializing countries. As such, the relationships between firms, cities, and countries have in many ways been largely reversed, thereby casting doubt on various institutional economic theories regarding the optimal size of a country. [image omitted] McCann P. et Acs Z. J. La mondialisation: les pays, les grandes villes et les societes multinationales, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche a examiner le rapport entre la superficie d'un pays, la taille de ses grandes villes, et l'importance des economies d'echelle a l'heure de la mondialisation. Pour le faire, on combine trois sources de documentation, a savoir la documentation a propos de la taille optimale d'un pays, la documentation sur les processus historiques de l'urbanisation et la performance des grandes villes, et la documentation au sujet du role des societes multinationales dans l'economie mondiale. A partir de la geographie economique, et en examinant ces questions sous l'optique de l'histoire economique aussi, on demontre que l'importance des effets d'agglomeration, et notamment le rapport entre la taille des grandes villes et la richesse de l'Etat-nation, a change sur le temps au fur et a mesure de la mondialisation. Aux premieres phases de la mondialisation, l'importance de l'agglomeration a ete representee par un rapport relativement simple entre l'envergure des grandes villes et celle de l'Empire-nation, tandis que, pendant l'entre-deux-guerres du vingtieme siecle, ce rapport a commence a changer et a evoluer vers un ensemble beaucoup plus complexe de rapports qui persistent aujourd'hui. A l'etape actuelle de la mondialisation, le role des societes multinationales est devenu decisif pour ce qui est de la connectivite mondiale d'une region-cite, et, a leur tour, les regions-cites sont considerees de plus en plus les forces motrices des economies nationales. Pour les pays industrialises, la taille des grandes villes est de nos jours beaucoup moins importante que ne l'est son niveau de connectivite mondiale, alors que la taille des grandes villes predomine dans les pays en voie d'industrialisation. Par la suite, les rapports entre les entreprises, les grandes villes et les pays ont ete dans une large mesure inverses, mettant ainsi en doute diverses theories economiques recues quant a la superficie optimale d'un pays. Echelle Grandes villes Pays Societes multinationals Mondialisation McCann P. und Acs Z. J. Globalisierung: Lander, Stadte und multinationale Firmen, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag wird das Verhaltnis zwischen der Grosse eines Landes, der Grosse der Stadte dieses Landes und der Bedeutung der Rationalisierungseffekte im modernen Zeitalter der Globalisierung untersucht. Hierfur werden drei verschiedene Literaturen miteinander komsbiniert: die Literatur uber die optimale Grosse eines Landes, die Literatur uber die geschichtlichen Prozesse der Urbanisierung und Leistungsfahigkeit von Stadten sowie die Literatur uber die Rolle von multinationalen Firmen in der Weltwirtschaft. Anhand einer wirtschaftlichen Geografieperspektive, doch bei gleichzeitiger Betrachtung durch das Objektiv der Wirtschaftsgeschichte, wird nachgewiesen, dass sich die Bedeutung von Agglomerationseffekten und insbesondere der Beziehung zwischen der Stadtgrosse und dem Wohlstand des Nationalstaats in den verschiedenen Zeitaltern der Globalisierung geandert hat. In fruheren Zeitaltern der Globalisierung zeigte sich die Bedeutung der Agglomeration in einer relativ einfachen Beziehung zwischen der Grosse der Stadt und der Grosse des Landesreichs. Diese Beziehung anderte sich im 20. Jahrhundert in den Jahren zwischen den Weltkriegen allmahlich und entwickelte sich zu einem weitaus komplexeren Geflecht aus Beziehungen, wie wir es heute sehen. Im modernen Zeitalter der Globalisierung ist die Rolle der multinationalen Unternehmen fur die weltweite Anbindung einer Stadtregion unverzichtbar geworden, wahrend die Stadtregionen zunehmend als Antriebskrafte fur die nationalen Okonomien gelten. Fur industrialisierte Lander ist die Grosse einer Stadt heutzutage deutlich weniger wichtig als das Ausmass ihrer weltweiten Anbindung, wahrend in sich neu industrialisierenden Landern die Grosse einer Stadt weiterhin eine dominierende Rolle spielt. Daher haben sich die Beziehungen zwischen Firmen, Stadten und Landern in vielerlei Hinsicht grosstenteils umgekehrt, was Zweifel an den verschiedenen institutionellen Wirtschaftstheorien uber die optimale Grosse eines Landes aufkommen lasst. Massstab Stadte Lander Multinationale Firmen Globalisierung McCann P. y Acs Z. J. Globalizacion: paises, ciudades y multinacionales, Regional Studies. En este articulo analizamos la relacion entre el tamano de un pais, el tamano de sus ciudades y la importancia de las economias de escala en la moderna era de la globalizacion. Para ello, combinamos tres literaturas diferentes: la literatura sobre el tamano optimo de un pais, la literatura sobre los procesos historicos de urbanizacion y el desempeno de las ciudades y la literatura sobre el papel de las empresas multinacionales en la economia internacional. A partir de una perspectiva geografica economica y a la vez analizando estas cuestiones por el tamiz de la historia economica, demostramos que la importancia de los efectos de aglomeracion y en particular la relacion entre el tamano de las ciudades y la prosperidad del estado nacional, ha cambiado en las diferentes eras de la globalizacion. En periodos anteriores de la globalizacion, la importancia de la aglomeracion estaba representada mediante una relacion bastante sencilla entre la escala de la ciudad y la escala del pais-imperio, mientras que durante el periodo de entreguerras del siglo XX, esta relacion empezo a cambiar y convertirse en una serie de relaciones mucho mas complejas, tales como las conocemos hoy dia. En la era modera de la globalizacion, el papel de las sociedades multinacionales ha sido cada vez mas importante para la conectividad global de una region metropolitana mientras que se cree que las regiones metropolitanas impulsan cada vez mas las economias nacionales. Para los paises industrializados, el tamano de una ciudad es hoy dia mucho menos importante que su nivel de conectividad global mientras que el tamano de la ciudad todavia desempena un papel importante en los paises recien industrializados. De tal modo que las relaciones entre empresas, ciudades y paises se ha invertido en gran medida cuestionando las diferentes teorias economicas institucionales con respecto al tamano optimo de un pais. Escala Ciudades Paises Sociedades multinacionales Globalizacion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation planning and resulting ecological target identification require selection of both a planning area boundary and temporal baseline or reference condition. We examined the effects that these selections can have on resulting amount and location of identified conservation targets. A gap analysis for California was conducted using five different sets of ecoregion boundaries to identify and compare existing conservation shortfalls in major land cover type representation in protected areas using a threshold of 30 percent per ecoregion per type as the minimum required for future ecological viability. Another gap analysis was run for a single ecoregion using two temporal baselines (current and pre-1900) for the land cover followed by a comparison of identified conservation needs. We found that the boundaries of different ecoregional schemes affected both the total area needed to meet the per ecoregion land cover conservation goals and the spatial location of underprotected land cover types. Choice of temporal baseline also had a significant effect on the establishment of conservation targets for the highly human-impacted Central Valley ecoregion. To meet the given conservation threshold using a historic rather than contemporary baseline, a substantial amount of restoration is required. The results can help identify areas of both conservation needs consensus and those that vary widely based on the chosen planning boundary, as well as aid in the selection of appropriate restoration targets in degraded ecosystems. Because all landscapes are continuous in nature and planning area boundaries are discrete, similar results are likely to be found in analyses conducted in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the scale dynamics of water governance. Five generic scales are identified, each associated with a particular ideology and discourse. Hence, scale dynamics are hypothesized to oscillate as a function not only of power and economic factors (although these are central) but as reflections of shifts in dominant ideologies and shifts in sanctioned discourses. The dynamics are examined in the intra-Israeli and the Israeli-Arab cases. In the intra-Israeli case the scale dynamics largely conform with the hypothesis. Once the national level is exceeded, however, the different story lines associated with the generic scales are used only to legitimize negotiating positions, and the actual regime scale is a compromise among physical features, power factors, and sovereignty considerations. The difference in dynamics between the intranational and international levels is explained by the need of international regimes to address the discrepancy between resource domains and sovereignty rights domains, rather than the discrepancy with property rights domains at the intrastate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an exploration of relevant legislation and court cases, this article discusses the contemporary constitution of neoliberal subjects via the devolution of select immigration powers to state and local governments by the federal government of the United States. Since the latter decades of the nineteenth century, the federal government has had plenary power over immigration, which has enabled it to treat “people as immigrants” (or as “nonpersons” falling outside of many Constitutional protections), simultaneously requiring that states and cities treat “immigrants as people” (or as persons protected by the Constitution). Beginning in the mid-1990s, however, the devolution of welfare policy and immigration policing powers has challenged the scalar constitution of personhood, as state and local governments have newfound powers to discriminate on the basis of alienage, or noncitizen status. In devolving responsibility for certain immigration-related policies to state and local governments, the federal government is participating in the rescaling of membership policy and, by extension, the rescaling of a defining characteristic of the nation-state. This recent rescaling is evidence of the contemporary neoliberalization of membership policy in the United States, and specifically highlights the legal (re)production of scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify broad-scale patterns and controls of treefall directionality from Hurricane Katrina, we examined fall directions across a 4,500 km2 landscape mosaic in southern Mississippi using georeferenced, planar-rectified aerial photographs. Analyses using directional statistics, measures of local spatial autocorrelation, and general linear modeling indicated that treefall was significantly directional for nearly all of our locations and constrained primarily by mesoscale surface wind directions and landscape setting. None of our plots exhibited fall angles consistent with damage caused by wind reversals following the passage of the storm or by microbursts or tornadoes spawned by the hurricane. When coupled with results from other studies focused on hurricane-caused damage, these results suggest that it is possible to develop empirical, landscape-scale models of wind impacts or stand vulnerability using basic site information (e.g., topography, soils), biotic conditions (e.g., land cover, forest attributes), and generalized, but readily available, estimates of surface wind flow patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadwater Energy is one of a number of recent proposals to construct a liquefied natural gas facility along the East Coast of the United States. The proposal calls for the construction of an import and regasification terminal in Long Island Sound, roughly halfway between the states of New York and Connecticut. First made public in 2004 by its sponsors, TransCanada and Shell, the Broadwater proposal has inspired opposition from a range of interest groups. An examination of the Broadwater debate with a focus on arguments made by Connecticut residents in the months leading up to the release in late 2006 of the proposal's Draft Environmental Impact Statement reveals explicit and implicit points of overlap between concerns about the facility's environmental impacts and concerns about its status as a potential terrorist target. Discussions about terrorism deployed in the Broadwater debate have initiated and informed a politics of scale through which themes common to environmental debates have been transformed. This transformation, in turn, highlights the discursive and material influence of terrorism in contemporary U.S. society. Concerns about terrorist attacks have been deployed by activists to enhance the strength of an otherwise environmental debate and, in the process, those concerns have developed the potential to shape land use policy in Long Island Sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article, I am concerned with the importance of knowledge spaces to the construction and politics of scale. I draw together literatures on re-scaling with feminist critiques of knowledge to show how struggles over the scale at which knowledge claims are represented and legitimized are an important, and under-recognized, element of rescaling. I draw from Neil Smith's (1984) concept of scale-jumping to see the construction of the global space of knowledge as a scale-jump in which one particular situated knowledge, Western folk belief, is redefined as global and universal. What distinguishes it from other forms of local/anecdotal/unrecognizable knowledges is its relation to power and its capacity to achieve a scale-jump in which it is defined as global knowledge. I contrast the social, economic and power relations associated with knowledge in the village of Puno in the Philippines with those of technoscientific knowledge, as manifested by regimes of intellectual property, to show that knowledges are not a natural way of understanding a separate, pre-existing world but inform how that world is experienced. I build upon David Turnbull's (1997) concept of knowledge spaces to reveal all knowledges as not only arising from a particular context but also as creating that context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]