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Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) and its lethal toxin, bongkrekic acid (BA), have been causing frequent incidents of food poisoning in China, resulting in increased attention. The toxin is produced by B. cocovenenans under appropriate temperature and humidity, and mainly targets the inner mitochondrial membrane to cause toxic effects. At present, there are methods available for detecting BA, but the detoxification mechanism is not perfect. This review summarizes the naming process, biological characteristics, toxin production conditions, and sources of B. cocovenenans, as well as the physical and chemical properties, poisoning mechanism, clinical presentation, detection methods, and detoxification of BA. Additionally, the review provides recommendations for preventing bongkrekic acid poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal injuries caused by ionizing radiation (IR) are a major complication of radiotherapy. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the influence of Fer-1 on IR-induced intestinal damage and explored the possible mechanisms. IEC-6 cells were administrated with Fer-1 for 30 min and subsequently subjected to 9.0 Gy-irradiation. Flow cytometry, qPCR, and WB were used to detect changes. For in vivo experiments, Fer-1 was given intraperitoneally to mice at 1 h before and 24 h after 9.0 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) respectively. Three days after TBI, the small intestines were isolated for analysis. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro, Fer-1 protected IEC-6 cells from IR injury by reducing the production of ROS and inhibiting both ferroptosis and apoptosis. In vivo, Fer-1 enhanced the survival rates of mice subjected to lethal doses of IR and restored intestinal structure and physiological function. Further investigation showed that Fer-1 protected IEC-6 cells and mice by inhibiting the p53-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway and restoring the gut-microbe balance. This study confirms that Fer-1 protects intestinal injuries through suppressing apoptosis and ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses changes of circulating leukocyte subpopulations and the expression of checkpoint receptors in T cells in patients undergoing radiochemotherapy. Fifty-seven patients with either esophageal cancer or cervical cancer who received radiochemotherapy were recruited into this study. Serial blood collection was carried out before and during treatments. Leukocyte subpopulations and the level of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T cells were determined by flow cytometry. The plasma concentrations of 34 human cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were quantified. Significant decreases of lymphocyte count and percentage of T cells and B cells were observed during radiochemotherapy. Percentages of PD-1hi and CTLA-4hi populations in T cells increased after treatments. Proportion of activated T cells showed no significant difference. No significant changes in the plasma concentrations of the 34 humoral mediators except mild decreases of six cytokines. Elevated expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T cells in patients receiving radiochemotherapy, which suggests that exhaustion-like T-cell dysfunction develops during cancer cytotoxic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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