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Various uses have been made of Fernand Braudel's concept of the longue durée. But the concept does not appear to have ever been used to explain how former African slave populations have become ghettoized. In this paper, I propose to use the concept of the longue durée to make sense of the manner in which a former African slave population in the southwest region of Mauritius has become ghettoized. The most obvious benefit that comes from using the concept is the depth-in-time perspective it adds to studies of low-income housing areas in the region, which allows us to develop a better understanding of the various factors that have contributed to the ghettoization of this population. The other benefit that comes from using the concept of the longue durée is that in encouraging comparisons with different geographical areas, the concept can also help us to specify what is particular or unique to a region. As will become evident from this study, while there is compelling evidence of the increasing ghettoization of low-income housing areas in the southwest region of Mauritius, the paper underlines that the factors contributing to the ghettoization of former African slave populations both in Mauritius and other parts of the world need not be identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo intenta esclarecer la importancia que el criollo agustino Antonio de la Calancha (†1654) dio a los influjos del planeta Mercurio en su idea de una nueva nobleza peruana contenida en la Coronica moralizada del Orden de San Agustin en el Peru (1639). Se propone que Calancha combinó argumentos astrológicos utilizados por apologistas de la nobleza peninsular hispana con la idea de inclinación astral. Las características otorgadas a Mercurio le permitieron defender la superioridad de las acciones por sobre la nobleza de la sangre, enfocándose en la primacía de los ejemplos y la prédica como medios idóneos para transmitir la virtud. Ello habría consentido a Calancha diferenciar a criollos de españoles y subrayar el rol que los descendientes de la Península debían tener en la 'crianza' de los indios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Creole', or domestically birthed, anticommunisms came in many different flavours and are in need of deeper investigation to understand how they responded to local conditions. This study examines one case from Ecuador where political leaders eagerly manipulated an anticommunist agenda to advance their own partisan prospects in ways that were distinct from the United States government's global geopolitical concerns. Conservatives had their own motivations, which sometimes paralleled with and at other times came into conflict with those of larger political powers. These 'creole anticommunisms' could be more aggressive than those of United States officials, even as they served other purposes. [q]TQ3[/q] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an extensive documentary database, this study charts the evolution of the slave market in seventeenth-century Guadalajara. The case of colonial Guadalajara offers a fascinating contrast to the better-known markets of Mexico City, Puebla, and Veracruz. Contrary to what happened in those cities, the local slave trade to Guadalajara peaked after 1640. Slavery thus remained significant for the economy of the region until at least the beginning of the eighteenth century. The study shows how the slave market of Guadalajara transitioned from more enslaved Africans being sold at the beginning of the century to mostly American-born slaves sold at the end of the period; from mostly enslaved negros sold to a majority of enslaved mulatos; and from more enslaved men being sold at the beginning of the century to more enslaved women sold at the end. These processes happened in the midst of gradually decreasing slave prices across the whole period. By shifting away the focus from Central Mexico to a lesser-known place, this article nuances our understanding of the transatlantic slave trade to Mexico and offers a reinterpretation of the history of colonial Guadalajara's slave market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dynamics of interracial sexual relationships in the Colony of Sierra Leone during the era of the new imperialism between 1870 and 1914. Although British anxieties about interracial sexual relationships and mixed-race progeny were evident before the era of the new imperialism, it was in the late nineteenth century that British imperial and colonial authorities created more rigid racial hierarchies that hardened the delineations between colonisers, intermediary proxy groups, and the colonised. However, it was not only Europeans who disapproved of interracial sex during the new imperialism, and the adoption of a Victorian sexual ethos and cultural nationalism among the Creole population contributed to their social disapproval of interracial sex. These attitudes had an impact on race relations that resulted in the clandestine nature of interracial sex in colonial Sierra Leone from the late nineteenth century and the shame attached to mixed-race ancestry in colonial society. This article examines the shifting attitudes of social disapproval towards interracial sexual relationships displayed by both Europeans and Creoles in colonial Sierra Leone and analyses the impact these attitudes had on the dynamics of interracial sexual relationships and on the mixed-race heritage of the Creole ethnic group during the era of the new imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, rather than providing a comprehensive discussion around Paulo Freire's ideas, focuses on one aspect of his body of work: colonialism. The emphasis is on the 'oppressor consciousness' and cultural invasion (seen in its broadest context to include institutional colonialism with special reference to the traditional, modernizing and prophetic church. It also deals with the complex issue of language in postcolonial contexts, with special reference to education in Guinea Bissau and its implications for other colonial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the historical work of Filipino fictionist Nick Joaquin with Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities. It contends that Joaquin developed ideas comparable to Anderson's roughly the same time. Joaquin, like Anderson, traces the origins of modern nationalism to creoles (Europeans born in the colonies) and views nationalism as a product of technological change. In comparing Joaquin's work with one of the twentieth century's most important historical works, this article makes a case for Joaquin as an important theorist of nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve health insurance literacy, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services launched From Coverage to Care (C2C) to help individuals translate health insurance into appropriate healthcare utilization. One aim of C2C is to extend its health communication tools to vulnerable populations, including providing materials in several languages in addition to English and Spanish. Understanding the experiences of organizations and populations that utilize these materials is critical for ensuring meaningful and effective conveyance of health literacy information. The authors evaluated C2C, which included a qualitative case study approach of four communities using C2C products. The authors draw on findings from interviews with organizations that used C2C materials and focus groups with Haitian Creole, Mandarin, Native American, and Vietnamese consumers. Five key lessons learned are described that are relevant to public health education and campaigns. Lessons include: the importance of culture-centered materials in building empathy and trust; emphasizing appropriate and salient translations of materials; choosing targeted venues for dissemination that are responsive to the constraints and preferences of minority populations; drawing on educational tools in conjunction with individually tailored approaches; and, working with other local organizations to amplify dissemination. Increasing health insurance literacy among vulnerable populations is critical. National efforts, such as C2C, are an important step, but moving beyond simply providing educational materials in additional languages and adopting a culture-centered perspective throughout an initiative is important for creating positive change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the start of its history at the end of the eighteenth century, Trinidad and Tobago has been comprised of a number of competing ethnic groups. At the turn of the nineteenth century it was called Creole Society, and comprised of European, White, African, and Mixed-race free and enslaved persons. In this tableau, European culture was dominant. The introduction of Indian indentured immigrants from 1845 provided a group outside this wide agglomeration of Black and White, free and enslaved, French and British. From the start, the Indians' appearance, religion, habits, and manners were interpreted as Orientalist – mystical, impenetrable, and incompatible with Western society. Their labour was viewed as a necessary evil. As more Indians chose to stay, rather than return to India, Creole society assessed them as a political threat, and began a campaign to negate their political potential. This campaign started in the late nineteenth century, and involved discursive, political, and cultural conflict. These conflicts between Black and Indian political parties peaked as colonialism was ending in 1962 and later, in 1995, when an Indo-based political party acquired political power. This paper examines the dynamics of this conflict, and the ethnic anxiety which fuels it, and which it generates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on composite pardo of seventeenth-century Lima, Peru on blackness, whiteness, and Creole self-fashioning in the earliest portraits of Martín de Porres. It mentions portrayals of Martín depict his racialized social status deserve further examination and solidification of skin-color based racial hierarchies. It also mentions effort made by white Creole elites in Lima, Peru in the mid-to-late seventeenth century to fashion themselves before the larger Catholic world.

This article explores changing constructions and representations of creole masculinity within private and published texts by female authors living in Britain and its colonies during the late eighteenth and nineteenth century. Its analysis of Lady Maria Nugent's private diary (1801–1805), Sarah Scott's A Description of Millenium Hall (1762), and The History of Sir George Ellison (1766), Maria Edgeworth's Belinda (1801), and Mrs William Noy Wilkins' Slave Son (1854) highlights the ways in which female authors used literary signifiers of creole masculinity to reflect different social attitudes towards British colonial ideology, racial integration, and gender reform in the years immediately preceding the passing of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807) and during the post-emancipatory era following the Act for the Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Colonies (1833). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the advent of refrigeration and grocery stores, Louisiana's rural Creoles—mixed-race French-heritage people who usually identify as black—supplemented their diets through self-provisioning activities such as the ritual of butchering of a hog and distributing its products amongst kin and neighbors. Called a boucherie, this activity continues in the state's rural southwest and is deeply linked to present-day Creole identity. Collected through ethnographic and archival methods, this research argues that the boucherie gives spatial expression to Creole culture through reuniting family members, sharing intergenerational wisdom and memories, and, for some, meeting sustenance needs. I draw from research on black placemaking—conceptualized as the ways black Americans "create sites of endurance, belonging, and resistance through social interaction," (Hunter and others 2016, 1)—ritualized commemorative practices, and spatializing culture. This study contributes to the burgeoning field of black geographies by demonstrating how boucheries serve culture-sustaining roles for black Louisianans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the celebration of emancipation in the British West Indies, Muhammad Kabā Saghanughu, a 90-year-old former apprentice from West Africa living in Jamaica wrote and likely delivered a speech in Arabic script and had it delivered to Jamaican Governor, Sir Lionel Smith. This recently discovered manuscript exhibits elements of the 'freedom narrative' as defined by Paul E. Lovejoy and of 'creole testimony' as identified by Nicole N. Aljoe. The language and discourse of the address reveal that linguistic and cultural creolization can be deliberate rather than organic. Kabā Saghanughu ingeniously used the official colonial discourse of this public occasion to project into the historical record his autobiography and critique of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work seeks to analyse the links between elite families on both sides of the Spanish Atlantic through the processes of social negotiations that took place within the Spanish navy in the second half of the eighteenth and the opening decade of the nineteenth century. Increasingly close links led elite families to undergo and to experience similar transformations, such as new ways of representing kinship, changes in power networks, and different distinction patterns. This work examines these changes through social strategies followed by the Creole nobility to ensure that their members were admitted to the Spanish navy. The article is divided into three sections: the first part studies the circulation of people, as reflected in the enrolment of Creoles in the navy; the second section highlights the mechanisms used by families to mobilise their social relationships; the final section stresses the central role played by information in configuring Atlantic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islands as specific research sites in their own right have been given little direct attention by linguists. The physical segregation, distinctness, and isolation of islands from mainland and continental environments may provide scholars of language with distinct and robust sets of singular and combined case studies for examining the role of islandness in any appreciation of language. Whether distinct and particular sociolinguistic and typological phenomena can be attributable to islands and their islandness and vice versa remains unexplored. This position article considers the possibility of there being anything particular and peculiar about languages spoken on islands as compared to languages spoken on mainlands and continents. It arose out of a workshop titled 'Exploring island languages' held at Aarhus University, Denmark on 30 April 2018. The main question posed was: Is there anything special socially, linguistically, grammatically, and typologically about the languages of islands? If so, is it possible to talk about such a thing as an island language? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how independence and globalisation undermined the role of calypso music as the therapeutic expression of the people in Trinidad & Tobago. Topics discussed include the British era in Trinidad which began in 1797, the prevailing creole culture on the island with free people of colour outnumbering whites, and the passage of the Theatres and Dance Halls Ordinance.

This essay examines quadrille dancing in the Caribbean and the Mascarene archipelagos to theorize creolization as cultural process. Through close reading of French, Creole, and English sources, fieldwork, and attentiveness to the pleasures of social dance, I analyze the creolized quadrille as a balancing act between choreogenesis, or the emergence of new segments within the quadrille's multi-part structure, and their fractal incorporation within that structure. An incompatibility with the logic of the market results, which, over the longue durée, is balanced by the creolized quadrille's postcolonial memorialization within a festival economy, even as the commercialization of creolized partner dances became its circum-Atlantic legacy. The transoceanic frame of my argumentation reveals convergences as well as divergences between the Indian and Atlantic Ocean worlds that connect Europe and its (post)colonies. The creolized quadrille then emerges as a transoceanic leisure form that demonstrates creolization as an economic and cultural force within global modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Cotonou, Benin, the essay explores historical and contemporary dynamics pertaining to the different ways in which salsa is creatively appropriated in Benin. The analysis of the specificities of Beninese salsa dialogues with the ever-growing body of literature interrogating the ability of the Black Atlantic heuristic to grasp South-South transatlantic cultural circulations. I thereby redefine the transatlantic affiliations that are perceptible through the beninisation of salsa as emanating instead from what I call the Creole Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site in Dresden, Ontario is dedicated to the life of Josiah Henson (1796–1883), a Reverend, abolitionist, and 'conductor' on the Underground Railroad. The Historic Site is also located on what remains of the Dawn Settlement. Creolization in the context of Trans Atlantic Slavery is thought to have occurred when select elements from the enslaved were mixed, intertwined and reframed with different sets of meanings within sites of enslavement, such that new identities, realities, and sensibilities emerged. Creolization also reflects a relationship between time and space, and the erasure of a past that is replaced by a hybridized present. How is Henson's creolized ('real') life and his fictionalized ('fake') life as Harriet Beecher Stowe's 'Uncle Tom' imagined at the Historic Site? In what ways does erasure frame how we read Uncle Tom's Cabin, as both an archive and a novel? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in the 1670s, enslaved Africans' knowledge, technologies, and labour made the rice plantations of the South Carolina 'Lowcountry' incredibly rich. As a result, the transplanted West African 'rice culture,' underwent a fascinating creolization process. By examining the creolization of material technologies, especially Lowcountry baskets, this paper challenges Sidney Mintz' assertion that creolization is completed by the first generation in slave colonies. Instead, creolization extends through time, driven by both disruption and continuity. Both the immediate disruption of enslavement and the ongoing disruptions of shifting economic imperatives—of African subsistence agriculture, the plantation economy, and post emancipation subsistence—drive creolization. Geographic similarities between West Africa and the Lowcountry and the autonomy achieved in provision grounds and the slave-domestic provided continuity. Exemplary of this process, contemporary Lowcountry basket sewing, creolized through the disruptions of slavery and preserved in the slave-domestic, grants practitioners a means of communication with their history and ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that Sugar Conventions (2013), an unstudied, mixed media work by the Haitian-born artist Edouard Duval-Carrié, challenges established notions of Eurocentric visuality to locate creolization as a process entangled with, though historically veiled through, canonical Western image production. By destabilizing and denaturalizing Eurocentric conceptions of originality, 'whiteness,' and colonialism, Sugar Conventions negotiates the consequences of sugar cultivation and its product, ultimately raising new questions about the complicity of images in producing and obscuring colonial dynamics. To consider the myriad ways in which Sugar Conventions medially and figuratively elevates the physical, moral, and material costs of sugar, this article looks to the three layers, rendered on Plexiglas, that together comprise the work. This article suggests that each layer – background, middle ground, and foreground – negotiates visual, medial, and cultural tensions, which illuminate processes of creolization through the very forms and subjects that construct and perpetuate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le passage du milieu (France, 1999) or The Middle-Passage (US version, 2001) proposes in theoretical and conceptual cinematic language a visual and aural translation of the Creolization process on screen. Drawing on literary and theoretical imageries of the middle passage, Filmmaker Guy Deslauriers and his screenwriters replace plot-driven Western literary and visual constructions of la traite with an abstract and disorienting rumination on the slave trade to situate the film in a tradition of African diasporic discourses and to posit the ship as the first island and the original site of proto-creolization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zodíaco mariano is a well-known colonial text from New Spain, originally penned by Francisco de Florencia in the 1690s but later modified, amplified, and published by Juan Antonio de Oviedo in 1755. This essay concentrates on Florencia's contributions to this compendium of Marian images, specifically the symbolism of the four Marian bastions in the section on the Archbishopric of Mexico. It argues that Florencia invented a Marian cartography of Mexico City by drawing upon early modern Marian atlases, Marian chorography, and quadripartite descriptions of Mexico Tenochtitlan and Mexico City in colonial chronicles. The Marian bastions he imagines for the viceregal capital—the Virgins of Guadalupe, Remedies, Bala, and Piety—were shaped by both Christian astrology and cosmological visions of urban space shared by both the Mexica and Spaniards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite public outrage from some quarters, claiming that the city's history was being erased, in 2015 the (white) Mayor of New Orleans, with the support of the black-majority City Council, voted to take down four Confederacy statues. Constructed between 1870 and 1910, these Confederate monuments disseminated the Myth of the Lost Cause—that Southern men had fought the American Civil War in defence of a distinctive way of life— thereby failing to acknowledge the Confederacy's role in the history of slavery. Despite more than a century of segregation and oppression, African Americans in New Orleans confronted the message of white supremacy and created counter-monuments that offered alternative histories to those erected to the Confederacy. This article concentrates on two examples of counter-monuments in New Orleans: the tomb of the Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau and the Carnival dress of Black Indians. It demonstrates how these counter-monumental forms have historically rejected white entitlement, recalling an alternative vision of New Orleans history that centres on its black identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading Frieda Cassin's 1890 West Indian novel, With Silent Tread, this paper parses the use of tropical contagion to illuminate the colonial haunting of the English motherland. Collapsing fears of miscegenation into fears of leprosy, Cassin illuminates the anxieties surrounding the imperial decline of England and the subsequent infiltration of white creoles from the plantation colonies to their ancestral homeland. Leprosy and the white creole thus both inhabit the position of haunting specters that threateningly resurface in the colonial center. Employing Derrida's work on haunting and spectrality, this paper evaluates the white creole as the uncanny double who haunts and contaminates the idealized white English subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a little-known project in Fort-de-France, Martinique, by the French practice Candilis Josic Woods, as a starting-point for an anthropological framing of the cultural significance of modernist architecture and planning in Martinique between the 1960s and the present day. It responds to a dearth of research and scholarship on the modernist architectural legacy in the Caribbean region in general. Well known for its post-war mass housing projects in France and earlier experimental housing in Morocco of the 1950s, Candilis Josic Woods' work in the French Antillean territories during the postwar years is hardly documented. This paper draws on archival and literary sources to consider the historical and cultural significance of this output at two levels: (1) within the context of the practice's own commitment to an architectural approach founded in an anthropological understanding of culture and everyday life and (2) as part of the author's ongoing work to develop an anthropological framing of modernist architecture and planning as cultural heritage within the context of postcolonial discourses and concepts of creolization, and to argue the need for detailed ethnographic fieldwork at the neglected peripheries of canonical modernism to support this line of enquiry through future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the so-called century of travelling, many Creole travellers went on a journey from Latin America to Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. This article outlines the travellers' impact on the construction of (supra)national identities, by highlighting the often alleged duality between "European civility" and "Latin American barbarism" within their travelogues. After a brief description of processes of nation-building in Latin America, the article focuses on the distinction between "civility" and "barbarism", as reflected in the travellers' observations of educational concepts. The travellers emphasised the need to distinguish between the notions of "education" and "instruction". The analysis of the travelogues revealed that many travellers were influenced by pre-conceived "ideas of Europe". This article highlights instances in which the circumstances in Europe conformed to the travellers' expectations, as well as instances in which the travellers suffered disappointment and irritation due to unexpected and non-conforming experiences. Particularly the non-conforming experiences possess an immense potential for further investigations. To outline this productive potential, this article will critically examine Rainer Kokemohr's theory of "Bildung". Kokemohr defines the processes of handling and converting experiences of crisis as "Bildung" if they lead to profound modifications of the experiencing subject's self- and world-conceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Cape Verde's independence from Portugal in 1975, young musicians based in the country's capital, Praia, and in Lisbon's metropolitan area created new popular-music aesthetics, reworking expressive genres from the island of Santiago that had been marginalised throughout Portuguese colonial rule. Based on the cultural emphasis of Amílcar Cabral's political thinking and on cosmopolitan musical influences, this creative process challenged the official notions of Cape Verdean creoleness (creolidade), culture and identity fostered by cultural politics at the time of establishing the postcolonial state. This article questions the legacy of Cabral's political thinking in postcolonial Cape Verde, especially its meaning for cultural politics and popular-music production. This strives to show how musicians interpreted Cabral's ideas of 'return to the source' and the 're-Africanization of spirits' to make audible the historical experience of a creolised blackness. While Santiago's expressive genres came to be integrated with the official national culture, cultural hierarchies based on the antinomies inherited from colonial rule (Africa-Europe, low-high, popular-elite), persist in political and popular practices and discourses. I argue that this legacy explains the contingent creoleness assigned to Santiago's population, which discursively slides between an excess and an absence of creole attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated in the Andean borderlands of the northwest of Argentina, the province of Salta was a military hotspot for many years after the wars of independence broke out in 1810. This article explores the portrayal of this turbulent landscape in El pozo del Yocci and La tierra natal, two texts by Juana Manuela Gorriti (c.1818–1892), who was born into a prominent Unitarian family that lived in the region until being exiled to Bolivia in 1831 after federal rule. Gorriti would not return until 1884 but nevertheless celebrated and memorialized Salta's natural environment and its historical and cultural significance, so marked by conflict, in narratives that mourn a lost world, resuscitate forgotten histories of Creole sacrifice, and counter the traditional relegation of the interior in Argentinian culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of Kriolu or Cape Verdean Creole as a black identity should be understood in terms of chronotope, a dynamic iteration that combines time and place in the name of collective identity. The case of Cape Verdean migrants in Lisbon, Portugal, contributes to current debates on blackness as a 'becoming' and a complex set of practices by underscoring the role of encounters, both mundane and structural, in racialized formations. I draw from my fieldwork with Cape Verdean rappers and archival research in Lisbon between 2007 and 2013 to suggest that the particularities of Kriolu hold general theoretical lessons on the importance of migrancy and, by extension, space and temporality, in the process of racialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legacy of French Creole culture in Missouri is particularly remarkable in the community of Old Mines, located in the North Eastern section of the Ozark Mountains. More isolated than the larger French village of Ste. Genevieve on the Mississippi River, this historically mining community has until recently retained a strong collective identity founded on the use of the French Creole language and specific cultural practices. Based on ethnographic and archival research, this article explores the role played by food and foodways in the perpetuation of this French Creole identity. I suggest that as the French language became prohibited at school and as the nearby populations increasingly stigmatized this culturally distinct population, socio-culinary practices allowed French Creoles to continue enacting symbolic boundaries between surrounding English-speaking communities and themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscardo’sLetter to the Spanish Americansinaugurates a tradition of nonconformist political writing against Spanish colonial rule during the second half of the eighteenth century, a period characterized by the Crown’s attempt to reorganize several aspects of the colonial administration. As an ex-Jesuit living in exile after the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from all Spanish territories in 1767, Viscardo had a political as much as a personal motive in designing a project that would cut the colonial ties between Spain and the New World. His plans for emancipation included the instauration of a monarchical form of government, but his design was out of touch with reality and would have hardly been taken seriously by the inhabitants had a British-backed expeditionary force reached the coasts of Chile and Peru, as he had planned. While Viscardo’sLettermay have stirred a sense of creole patriotism some years after his death, the political scruples of theancien regimebased on social privileges and racial distinctions were too strong to be dismantled by mere ideals of freedom, justice and equality. Thus, effective political participation was restricted to the creole elite, whom Viscardo saw as the legitimate guarantor of social order and economic prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we critically examine the polysemous term, creole, used at different times and various geographical areas to describe diverse identities, languages, peoples, ethnicities, racial heritages, and cultural artefacts. Our objective is twofold: (1) to describe the historically contested nature of the term and its connection to broader trends in defining race in the United States and (2) to suggest that a deeper understanding of racially situated terms such as creole can help to highlight the contextualized character of racial/ethnic divisions, trends, and labels. Our analysis shows that in many ways the Creole people of the United States Gulf Coast Region truly represent the "melting pot" mantra in espoused American ideology and exemplify a direct challenge to bygone racial ideologues which espoused the idea that mixing produces hybridized, impudent, weak, and sickly offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In colonial Latin America, notaries played a critical role in the generation of written, objective truth in an uncertain world. But were notaries indispensable? By the mid-seventeenth century, Spanish communities in the eastern Andean borderlands of the Audiencia of Charcas had not only begun to do without notaries, but even actively and sometimes violently kept them out of their jurisdictions. Borderland communities became spheres of legal activity where the ability to create law without notaries implied not only the transfer of writerly resources to new agents, but also a shift in the modalities of power and authority within the frontier. The impact of such a legal regime was not merely local. At times, frontier officials used their ability to create un-notarized documents as a tool to resist the spatial hierarchies of center and periphery, sometimes neutralizing the claims of officials in the Audiencia of Charcas to jurisdiction over local matters, while actively promoting local ties to the king. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

France's overseas territories have received greater political autonomy these past three decades. In the Arts sector, the centralised government as well as local governments have developed many cultural policies. Yet, a close examination, through postcolonial lenses, reveals that these policies are imbued with a colonial logic and that colonial patterns are being maintained. These policies hide and deny processes of creolisation that represent a potential for resistance and emancipation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The island societies of the southwest Indian Ocean offer rich worlds that reveal shared discourses regarding the natural environment, politics and identity the region. This article draws on anthropological research and in particular, recorded video for its aesthetic analysis of voicework in Mauritius and Seychelles to discuss the role of voicework in revealing cultural regionalization and identity politics. It is proposed that the Sega (a musical genre), its lyrics and performance, foreground shared identity and responses to historical oppression in the region. The songs invoke the islanders’ resilience by referring to enduring elements in the natural environment. African descendants in the islands use the Sega and its performance, to locally (and naturally) embody resistance to the historical elite. Following literatures on bodywork in the social sciences, this article offers two concepts: voicework and voicescape. Voicework is multisensory, trans-contextual, impromptu and discursive expression in Sega music. The voicescape refers to the often island-specific political and cultural context generated by voicework. The article emphasizes the embodied nature of voicework, anthropological research experience and embodied social expression in the Indian Ocean region (IOR). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using a creative interdisciplinary method of enquiry, this article seeks to exorcise the spectres of revolutionary creolisation embedded in George Washington Cable’s 1880 novelThe Grandissimes. It probes, in particular, the secreted traces of the Creole diaspora triggered by the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, and attempts to peel back the manifold layers of ideological occlusion embedded in the (ostensibly white, Anglo-American) narrative frame of Cable’s omniscient narrator and his protagonist Joseph Frowenfeld, which suppress the connections between inter-American identities across diverse, revolutionary, creolistic worlds in Louisiana and the Gulf South. Unlike other studies examining traces of the Haitian Revolution inThe Grandissimes, which tend to focus on the parallels between fictional and historical figures in Cable’s southern romance, this article dissects the subtle allusions to the revolution and the attendant diaspora found in the plantation infrastructures and the urban landscape of Cable’s Louisiana. In so doing, it demonstrates how Saint-Domingan migrants affirmed and reinvigorated the cultural landscape of the ‘Creole’ South and ‘circumvented’ the ideological spread of ‘Americanness’ at the time of the Louisiana Purchase, and during successive moments thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study, based on an extensive notarial database, demonstrates the significance of slavery in Central Mexico during the seventeenth century. Thousands of bills of sale from Mexico City and Puebla – the largest and most lucrative slave markets in the region – show that the slave trade did not collapse with the end of the Portuguese asiento in 1640. A growing population of American-born creoles sustained the market during the subsequent decades, along with a modest number of new African arrivals. In 1700, slavery remained integral to Central Mexico's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses how Spaniards born in Europe (peninsulars) and the Indies (creoles) identified Spain's mainland possessions in the Americas during its centuries of rule. It emphasizes that the shift to relabeling the "kingdoms" as "colonies" effectively started in Spain in the 1760s. It states that this change reflected the latter term's growing popularity there via translated foreign publications, as well as some royal ministers' ambitions to modernize the empire.

Archaeological research conducted on the Rio Pongo, Guinea, has explored the setting of the nineteenth century “illegal” slave trade and its consequences for the European, American, and African traders engaged in that commerce. Excavated material, coupled with mapping of archaeological features, is employed to investigate the degree to which the trading entities and the local residents were entangled in the Atlantic World that spanned four continents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Creolization accounts are richly diverse as they are multifaceted. During the era of the Slave Trade, they were ever more unique. However, its mutually reinforcing nature and complexity across the Atlantic World have remained relatively unexplored until recently. Creole formation was nevertheless ubiquitously taking place as much in the New World as in Africa prior to the enslaved forced migration. Informed by historical debates on such cases, this article revisits constructions of cultural structures and their alterations throughout the Transatlantic Diaspora that lead to a better understanding of identity claims to an ‘African heritage.’ This article builds on the contact with certain synchronisms, but through new views of creole formations, I underscore the importance of African studies and African American studies working conjointly to foster a better understanding of Atlantic World History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roper Kriol is a major variety of the largest Indigenous Australian language, Kriol, yet its phonology remains under-described and it has never been examined instrumentally. Reports suggest high variability. We present a lexical survey with native Kriol speakers followed by two acoustic studies of the obstruent inventory with literate speakers, and finally an acoustic analysis of naturally occurring speech. We conclude that the obstruent inventory has inherited features from the substrate languages and English. It has contrastive stop voicing using Voice Onset Time differences in an English-like manner. It also has contrastive fricatives, but no voicing distinction in these phonemes. Like some of the substrate languages, stops also contrast in constriction duration to a much greater degree than English. There is no evidence that voicing is a variable phenomenon, and we suggest that the reported variability is due to language shift over several generations from a situation where it was primarily an L2 used by speakers of the substrate languages to the stabilized L1 form of Kriol described here. We argue that the creole continuum is unlikely to apply to true phonemic inventory differences, as opposed to surface phonetic forms and other aspects of grammar such as lexical choice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the twentieth century, sport, and especially soccer, was turned into a kind of universal modern language and was simultaneously transformed into a repository for constructing specificities (continental, national, regional, local). In the last two decades, this process has become a theme of reflection for anthropologists, sociologists and historians. In Brazil and Argentina, certain authors have been debating how, by using soccer, the nation is represented in its specificity, thus generating enough academic analyses to be able to compare certain results. The objective of this essay is to compare the construction of a national identity through soccer, in Brazil and in Argentina, by using some of these analyses. Certain interfaces will be explored, including, for example, the value attributed to individual players considered exceptionally talented, as well as certain peculiarities, such as distinct traditions invoked in constructing these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tayo, the Pacific's only documented French-based creole, is the community language of Saint-Louis, a village on the outskirts of Nouméa. Tayo has a short, yet very complex, history. Initially represented as a purely endogenous Melanesian creation by Corne and Ehrhart in their various publications throughout the 1990s, this view was challenged firstly on linguistic grounds by Chaudenson (1994) who saw similarities between Tayo and Réunionnais. Speedy's (2007a, 2007b, 2008, 2009, 2012) socio-historical studies demonstrated an extensive and hitherto unknown contact history between Saint-Louis and immigrants from Reunion which led to the conclusion that Réunionnais was one of the input languages into the emerging local creole. However, these are but two of the Tayo stories. This paper discusses different scenarios for the development of Tayo, including the parts the Marists, the mission school-educated girls and local pidgins had to play in its evolution, and considers the role of inside and outside influences as well as universals in the stories of its genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the past four decades, several scholars have proposed lists of typical creole features: e.g. Taylor (1971), Bickerton (1981), Markey (1982), McWhorter (1998), Holm and Patrick (2007). However, when these were tested against individual creoles or sets of creoles, the results were, at best, mixed: there are no creoles that adhere to all the features selected by these authors, and worse yet, quite a few of the proposed features are only found in a minority of creoles. Nevertheless, the studies by Parkvall (2008) and Bakker et al. (2011) clearly point in the direction of a specific typological profile for creoles: creoles are overall less complex than non-creoles (Parkvall 2008), and selections of different sets of structural properties all suggest distinctive properties of creoles (Bakker et al. 2011). These authors, however, have not been able to pinpoint the individual features that distinguish creoles from non-creoles. In this paper, we continue along the lines laid down by Parkvall (2008) and Bakker et al. (2011). We will show that three structural features are sufficient to distinguish 18 creoles reliably and unequivocally from a sample of hundreds of non-creole languages worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the difficulties in studying contact-induced language change is that from a strictly linguistic point of view contact leads to unpredictable outcomes. One possible explanation for this is that factors external to the linguistic systems in question play a role in the outcome of their interaction. Using Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory as a point of departure, I examine socio-cultural factors relevant to the ethnolinguistic vitality of Kwinti and Ndyuka, two closely related languages which are mainly in contact with the same languages, Surinamese Dutch and Sranan. A number of linguistic variables are then examined in corpora of language data gathered in 2010 and 2011. I argue not only that Kwinti is more susceptible to contact-induced influence, but that differing social and cultural factors are correlated with, and are probable contributing factors in the unique outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since the beginnings of creole studies in the late 19th century, our understanding of what creole languages are and how they came about has increased tremendously. The discipline is now fully recognized in wider linguistic circles and has contributed time and again to the global advancement of general linguistic theory. The field is interdisciplinary by nature, which is reflected in this collection of papers. The main focus of the special issue is on creole languages and touches upon subjects that range from traditional comparative work to computational studies, from research investigating a specific phenomenon in one particular language or groups of languages to studies encompassing the global diversity displayed by these high-contact varieties, from studies that deal with Atlantic creoles to investigations on creolized languages spoken in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean, and on the links that exist between them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]