1. The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report
- Author
-
Simon A. Good, Roshin P. Raj, Tanguy Szekely, Yann Drillet, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Charles Desportes, M. Hamon, Irene Perez-Gonzalez, Sandrine Mulet, Lars Axell, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Owen Embury, Gerasimos Korres, Clement Bricaud, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Jean François Legeais, Quentin Dagneaux, Vidar S. Lien, Shubha Sathyendranath, Angélique Melet, Marie-Fanny Racault, Marcos García Sotillo, Pat Hyder, Aurélien Paulmier, Nathalie Verbrugge, Stephen Dye, Robert J. W. Brewin, Jun She, Mélanie Juza, Antonio G. Ramos, Laurent Parent, Elodie Gutknecht, Isabelle Pujol, Jérôme Gourrion, John Kennedy, Jason Holt, Antonio Bonaduce, Annette Samuelsen, Clotilde Dubois, Stephanie Guinehut, Florent Gasparin, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Jonathan Tinker, Benoit Meyssignac, Lars-Anders Breivik, Karina von Schuckmann, Peter Sykes, Enda O'Dea, Magdalena Balmaseda, Bengt Karlson, Michael Ablain, Fabrice Hernandez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro De Pascual, Lena Viktorsson, Emanuela Clementi, Herve Roquet, Urmas Raudsepp, Rosemary Morrow, Giulio Notarstefano, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Rebecca Reid, Cosimo Solidoro, Joaquín Tintoré, Marie Drevillon, Gilles Garric, Andrea Pisano, Dionysios E. Raitsos, Simona Simoncelli, Eric Greiner, Einar Olason, Coralie Perruche, Hélène Etienne, Fernando Manzano-Munoz, Claudia Fratianni, Nadia Pinardi, Bruno Levier, von Schuckmann, Karina, Le Traon, Pierre-Yve, Alvarez-Fanjul, Enrique, Axell, Lar, Balmaseda, Magdalena, Breivik, Lars-Ander, Brewin, Robert J. W., Bricaud, Clement, Drevillon, Marie, Drillet, Yann, Dubois, Clotilde, Embury, Owen, Etienne, Hélène, Sotillo, Marcos García, Garric, Gille, Gasparin, Florent, Gutknecht, Elodie, Guinehut, Stéphanie, Hernandez, Fabrice, Juza, Melanie, Karlson, Bengt, Korres, Gerasimo, Legeais, Jean-Françoi, Levier, Bruno, Lien, Vidar S., Morrow, Rosemary, Notarstefano, Giulio, Parent, Laurent, Pascual, Álvaro, Pérez-Gómez, Begoña, Perruche, Coralie, Pinardi, Nadia, Pisano, Andrea, Poulain, Pierre-Marie, Pujol, Isabelle M., Raj, Roshin P., Raudsepp, Urma, Roquet, Hervé, Samuelsen, Annette, Sathyendranath, Shubha, She, Jun, Simoncelli, Simona, Solidoro, Cosimo, Tinker, Jonathan, Tintoré, Joaquín, Viktorsson, Lena, Ablain, Michael, Almroth-Rosell, Elin, Bonaduce, Antonio, Clementi, Emanuela, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Dagneaux, Quentin, Desportes, Charle, Dye, Stephen, Fratianni, Claudia, Good, Simon, Greiner, Eric, Gourrion, Jerome, Hamon, Mathieu, Holt, Jason, Hyder, Pat, Kennedy, John, Manzano-Muñoz, Fernando, Melet, Angélique, Meyssignac, Benoit, Mulet, Sandrine, Buongiorno Nardelli, Bruno, O’Dea, Enda, Olason, Einar, Paulmier, Aurélien, Pérez-González, Irene, Reid, Rebecca, Racault, Marie-Fanny, Raitsos, Dionysios E., Ramos, Antonio, Sykes, Peter, Szekely, Tanguy, and Verbrugge, Nathalie
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Arctic sea ice decline ,State of the ocean ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Effects of global warming on oceans ,Antarctic sea ice ,Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser ,Oceanography ,Ocean reporting ,01 natural sciences ,Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources ,Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service ,Sea ice ,Operational oceanography ,Ocean climate variability ,14. Life underwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Arctic ice pack ,Sea surface temperature ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Thermohaline circulation ,Ocean variability ,Ocean monitoring ,Ocean heat content - Abstract
The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on expert analysis and provides a 3-D view (through reanalysis systems), a view from above (through remote-sensing data) and a direct view of the interior (through in situ measurements) of the global ocean and the European regional seas. The report is based on the unique CMEMS monitoring capabilities of the blue (hydrography, currents), white (sea ice) and green (e.g. Chlorophyll) marine environment. This first issue of the CMEMS OSR provides guidance on Essential Variables, large-scale changes and specific events related to the physical ocean state over the period 1993–2015. Principal findings of this first CMEMS OSR show a significant increase in global and regional sea levels, thermosteric expansion, ocean heat content, sea surface temperature and Antarctic sea ice extent and conversely a decrease in Arctic sea ice extent during the 1993–2015 period. During the year 2015 exceptionally strong large-scale changes were monitored such as, for example, a strong El Niño Southern Oscillation, a high frequency of extreme storms and sea level events in specific regions in addition to areas of high sea level and harmful algae blooms. At the same time, some areas in the Arctic Ocean experienced exceptionally low sea ice extent and temperatures below average were observed in the North Atlantic Ocean.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF