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The important pharmacological components of Bupleuri radix include saikosaponins a-d. A multivariable approach with experimental design was employed in this study to determine four saikosaponins in different species of Bupleuri radix by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Compared to traditional multiple-parameter investigations, the current experimental design can shorten the time necessary for method development, and the multivariable approach can be used to evaluate the separation capability of the method and to explore the interactions of the different parameters. The significant influences of two experimental variables, including the concentration of γ-cyclodextrin and the percentage of methanol, on the responses were investigated using chromatographic resolution statistics. The optimized conditions were as follows: 25 mM of borate (pH 9.18) containing 50 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 5 mM of γ-cyclodextrin, and 15% methanol (v/v) as running buffer. After the separation conditions were optimized and good resolution was acquired, solid phase extraction was performed to reduce the interference of crude extracts of Bupleurum kaoi and Bupleurum chinense DC. The simple and rapid analytical method was successfully applied, allowing for the determination of four saikosaponins and the identification of species of Bupleuri radix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed regioselective C(5)–H arylation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles was achieved without ligand under microwave conditions in 1 h, generating 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles with good to excellent yields. The obtained molecules can be easily converted into 4,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles through the debenzylation process with one-pot manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Scaphiodonichthys acanthopterus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). This mitochondrial genome, consisting of 16,612 base pairs (bp), encoded genes for 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and one non-coding control region as those found in other vertebrates, with the gene order identical to that of typical vertebrates. The control region, of 941 bp in length, is located between tRNA Pro and tRNA Phe. The overall base composition of the heavy strand shows T 25.23%, C 26.85%, A 31.96%, and G 15.95%, with a slight AT bias of 57.19%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Onychostoma barbatulus is a small cyprinid fish and distributed mainly in Taiwan and mainland China. The total length of O. barbatulus mitogenome is 16,597 bp, and had a gene content consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region. The determination of O. barbatulus mitogenome would play an important role both in the delineation of phylogeographic history and population genetic structure, as well as reflection of conservation efforts on the genetic diversity and population vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Onychostoma alticorpus, which is known as an endemic freshwater species in Taiwan, by using long polymerase chain reaction method. The total length of O. alticorpus mitogenome is 16,680 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region. The overall base composition of O. alticorpus is 30.88% for A, 23.57% for T, 16.56% for G and 28.99% for C, with a slight AT bias of 54.45%. Gene location and specific usage of distinct termination codon types characterize typically the vertebrate mitochondrial genome. The determination of O. alticorpus mitogenome would play an important role not only in the delineation of phylogeographic history and population genetic structure, but reflection of conservation efforts on the genetic diversity as well as population vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]