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The synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) using Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves extract was demonstrated in this study. The main components of Carica papaya leaves extracts were investigated through different phytochemical tests. These tests have been indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenoids, glycosides, and saponins in the extract. These secondary metabolites assist in the capping, stabilization, and reduction of metal oxide-based nanoparticles. Different analytical techniques were used to characterize CeO2 NPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of O-H, C = O, C-O, Ce-O, Ce-C, etc. on the surface of green synthesized CeO2 NPs. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of biologically synthesized CeO2 NPs were investigated using well diffusion method. For Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger, the zones of inhibition around the CeO2 NPs were 34, 28, 38, 44, 36, and 34 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In growing plant population, effect of stress is a perturb issue affecting its physiological, biochemical, yield loss and developmental growth. Protein-L-isoaspartate-O-methyltransferase (PIMT) is a broadly distributed protein repair enzyme which actuate under stressful environment or aging. Stress can mediate damage converting protein bound aspartate (Asp) residues to isoaspartate (iso-Asp). This spontaneous and deleterious conversion occurs at an elevated state of stress and aging. Iso-Asp formation is associated with protein inactivation and compromised cellular survival. PIMT can convert iso-Asp back to Asp, thus repairing and contributing to cellular survival. The present work describes the isolation, cloning, sequencing and expression of PIMT genes of Carica papaya (Cp pimt) and Ricinus communis (Rc pimt) Using gene specific primers, both the pimts were amplified from their respective cDNAs and subsequently cloned in prokaryotic expression vector pProEXHTa. BL21(DE3) strain of E. coli cells were used as expression host. The expression kinetics of both the PIMTs were studied with various concentrations of IPTG and at different time points. Finally, the PIMT supplemented BL21(DE3) cells were evaluated against different stresses in comparison to their counterparts with the empty vector control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Emerging evidence suggests that consumption of a well-balanced diet containing a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains can prevent the development of, halt, or reverse cancer progression. Carica papaya L. (papaya) has a wide distribution throughout many countries. Although the fruits of C. papaya are primarily consumed as food, various parts of this tree, including the bark, fruits, latex, seeds, and roots, have been used in traditional medicine for health promotion and disease mitigation. While numerous individual studies have investigated anticancer efficacies of various products and constituents of C. papaya, an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of available research data covering its role in the prevention and intervention of various human malignancies has not been conducted according to our knowledge. The purpose of this review is to present a systematic, comprehensive, and critical analysis of the cancer-preventive potential of C. papaya extracts, fractions, and isolated phytochemicals with a special emphasis on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Moreover, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles of individual phytochemicals of C. papaya, as well as current limitations, challenges, and future directions of research, have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the present work, we have used the stem extract of Carica papaya for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles were utilized in the decoration of reduced graphene oxide under ultrasonic conditions. The synthesized nanocomposite has been characterized using different analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray. The silver and graphene-based nanocomposite showed the specific capacitance of 254.8, 183, 151.8, 118.9, 97.3 and 81.3  F g−1 at scan rates of 10, 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 mV s−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit, well recognized for its nutritional value and many health benefits. It is frequently used in the preparation of processed products and extraction of papain enzyme. All of these processes discard the papaya seeds and peels which can reach 20% of the fruit weight. Consequently, there has been increasing interest in recovering valuable chemical constituents from papaya biowastes and producing value-added products. Papaya seed has been well-characterized for its nutrients, particularly glucosinolates content which contribute to its health effects. Additionally, the seed represents a rich source of lipids, proteins, and dietary fibers. Likewise, the peel has extra proportion of fibers and carotenoids.This review outlines the phytochemical composition of papaya fruit biowastes, their biological functions, application in functional food, bioenergy, and other industrial uses. State-of-the-art valorization practices of papaya fruits biowastes are presented with suggestions for potential biorefinery applications. Different optimization techniques combining downstream biotechnology to develop maximal utilization of the non-edible parts of these major fruit crops are also reviewed for the first time. Abbrevations: Benzylglucosinolate (BG); Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC); Dry weight (DW); Gallic acid equivalents (GAE); High voltage electrical discharges (HVED); Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE); Microwave power (MP); Microwave vacuum drying (MVD); Papaya seed oil (PSO); Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); Pulsed electric field (PEF); Quercetin equivalent (QE); Response surface methodology (RSM), Solvent extraction (SE); Subcritical water extraction (SWE); Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature effect on the interaction between fungal isolates of papaya was studied. Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum cobbittiense, Fusarium pernambucarum, and Alternaria arborescens were grown in papaya agar in pairs, one against the other, at 13, 25, and 35 °C. The growth rate for each fungus was compared when grown alone or paired. Four types of interaction were observed: mutual intermingling, mutual antagonism on contact, dominance on contact, and dominance at a distance. At 13 and 35 °C, F. pernambucarum was more competitive whereas at 25 °C R. stolonifer does. In vivo validation showed R. stolonifer was the dominant fungus at 25 °C but coexists with C. cobbittiense forming a second infection. Then, a hierarchy may be established through a growth mechanism to infer which fungi may develop first and damage fruit to prevent postharvest losses. These findings could improve the management of papaya fruit in the postharvest stage. Several species of fungi are responsible for postharvest diseases in papaya. Diseases development depends on environmental and fruit physiological conditions. One species may dominate or inhibit other's or can coexist as well. Interactions between pathogenic fungi may be considered to infer fungi development. These results may help us to improve the postharvest treatment of papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya leaf extract and tested for larvicidal activity against Anopheles culicifacies. The C. papaya ZnO nanoparticles (CP-ZnONPs) were characterized using UV–Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, and TEM analysis. The hemolytic and antioxidant assays were also performed for the estimation of toxicity and the antioxidant potential of the CP-ZnONPs. The synthesized CP-ZnONPs were crystalline in nature with an average size of 20 nm. The observed LC50 and LC90 values against A. culicifacies larvae after 48 h of exposure were 92.17 ± 1.02 and 316.66 ± 1.24 µg/mL. CP-ZnONPs offered larval mortality of and 96.36 ± 1.15% after 48 h at 500 µg/mL. Free radical inhibition of 58.02% was observed at the highest tested concentration (100 mg/mL). The results strongly endorse the development of CP-ZnONPs as novel larvicidal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advancement in diagnostic and treatment approach, cancer still remains as the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Due to the heterogeneity of tumours, many targeted therapies and personalised medicine have become ineffective. Recently, researchers have been working on the discovery and development of "dirty drugs" which simultaneously target several key pathways and mechanisms to kill cancerous cells. The cancer hallmarks, which consist of 10 characteristics of cancer development, have become the guideline to investigate the potential of bioactive compounds to be a "dirty drug". As a locally-grown crops, Carica papaya has been explored extensively for their pharmacological activities including anti-cancer properties. This review provides an insight to the development of papaya extracts or their bioactive compounds as a potential broad-spectrum therapy for cancer by referring the mechanisms of actions against cancer hallmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural coloring agents obtained from plants, insects, animals, and minerals are used to color faces, hairs, textiles, and food preparations for centuries. This current review explained the role of traditional natural coloring agents in ancient times. It encompasses the advantages of natural dyes over synthetic dyes, their classification, and medicinal properties. The objective of review is to provide a retrospective study of natural colors for fibers based on their therapeutic potential. For the preparation of this manuscript, all the relevant information was gathered from accessible and inaccessible resources (Web, Books, Thesis, etc.). The information included in the article was downloaded from scientific engines and databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Science Direct, Publons, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Taylor & Francis online and Scopus indexed journals) using different keywords. Natural coloring agents like Carica papaya, curcumin, betalain, quercetin, lycopene, lawsone, crocin, juglone, anthocyanin, and several others are reported to have medicinal values. The present review summarizes the application of natural dyes for coloring fibers and pharmaceutical preparations is beneficial over synthetic dyes based on their additional therapeutic effects. The use of synthetic dyes for fibers can cause toxic effects as it contain heavy metals and causes pollution and damage the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the first record of the effect of cereal bait formulated with papaya seed powder (PSP) on reproductive functions of female Bandicota bengalensis. Treatment baits prepared using WSO (wheat, sugar, oil mix) bait and PSP in ratios 97:3, 95:5 and 90:10 were fed to three groups of rats for 30 days in no-choice with one group as untreated control. The average weight of rats used was 235 g. Rats were evaluated immediately and after 30 days of treatment withdrawal. Acceptance of treatment baits by different groups was 79.06–89.45%, leading to the ingestion of 68.36–186.23 g/kg bwt of PSP. Results revealed significant (P <.05) anti-fertility effects of 10% PSP based bait in the reduction in the relative weight of the uterus; the number of primordial and pre-antral ovarian follicles, breeding success, litter size, duration of the estrous stage, and prolongation of proestrous and diestrous stages further indicated by significantly (P <.05) reduced levels of estradiol, 17β-HSD, ACP and ALP. The present study revealed anti-reproductive effects of 10% PSP-based cereal bait, which were recovered after 30 days of treatment withdrawal, thus suggesting further studies using higher concentrations of PSP for long-term irreversible effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at producing and characterizing physically, chemically, microbiologically, and sensorially extra apple (Malus communis) and papaya (Carica papaya) jams. The extra fruit jams were produced at proportions of pulp: sucrose 50:50 and with total soluble solids of 65 ºBrix. The jams were characterized through physical and chemical analyses, microbiological analyses and sensory analyses. The apple and papaya jam production was viable and presents itself as an alternative for making the best use of the fruit production surplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on mycelial appearance time (tv) for Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from papaya rots by predictive mathematical models and to evaluate their performance in predicting fungal growth. The Baranyi and Roberts models were used to estimate the radial growth rates (µ). The cardinal model with inflexion was applied to model µ as a function of the temperature for A. alternate. A polynomial function was used to model tv for A. alternata, whereas the Arrhenius-Davey model for C. gloeosporioides. Simulations of tv were conducted with data obtained on the papaya fruit. The resulted models seem satisfactory to describe tv. The model provides insight into the dynamics of postharvest fungal disease and forms the basis of a predictive model to be used by transporters to determine how long a fruit can be conserved before the infection starts. The main postharvest rots of papaya are C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata. The time of mycelium appearance may be useful to determine the shell life. Correlations exist between fungal growth in vitro and in the real matrix. The results may help us to improve the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiotic association of the leaf-cutter ants with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus implies that the negative impact on the fungi will affect the survival of the ants. After a promising antifungal bioactivity, Carica papaya was studied leading to the bioassay-guided isolation of squalene, 4,5-dihydrohumulen, the flavanol-glycosides quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, and the alkaloid carpaine. Carpaine and squalene were found to have a moderate individual activity, which increased when evaluated together. Based on the presence of these compounds, standardized extracts were formulated for field tests on nests of Acromyrmex octospinosus. All the nests treated were negatively affected evidencing a promising lead for the integrated management of leaf-cutter ants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in papaya yields and fruit quality between papaya growers in Keaau, Hawai'i are mainly caused by differences in nutrient management. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify soil chemical properties and plant mineral compositions and their correlations in commercial papaya orchards; (2) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient concentrations between papaya orchards with low, medium and high fruit yields; (3) compare soil chemical properties and plant nutrient composition between orchards with low, medium and high fruit quality; (4) determine the difference in soil chemical properties, plant nutrient composition, and papaya yield and quality between new and long-term papaya land. Between 2016 and 2018, soil and plant tissue samples were collected from 100 commercial papaya orchards. Soil pH, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were below and phosphorus (P) was above the recommended range for papaya. Petiole P, K, Ca, and sulfur (S) concentrations were below the recommended range. Fields with low fruit yields and low fruit quality were deficient in P, K, Ca, and zinc (Zn). Long-term papaya land had significantly (p < 0.05) lower soil pH, total carbon (C), K, Ca, Mg, and sodium (Na), and higher concentrations of soil P than new papaya land. Nitrogen (N), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) was significantly higher and Ca was significantly lower in petioles from papaya crops grown on long-term papaya land compared to new papaya land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study aimed with isolation, identification, estimation of piperine in the Trikatu & detection of dried seeds of Carica papaya Linn. (C. papaya) for its quality assessment. C. papaya a common adulterant of Piper nigrum (P. nigrum) and its formulations. Marker isolation from Trikatu, its characterization and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry was established for the quantification of piperine and detection of an adulterant. Spectral evaluations identified the isolated piperine from Trikatu. The HPTLC data revealed that Rf 0.40 for the standard matched with Rf 0.40 ± 0.03 of ingredient and formulation. Piperine was estimated to be 1.38/100g at λ 254 nm in the formulation at 09-36 per ng with 0.99854 a correlation coefficient. Detection of adulterant was carried out by HPTLC analysis in toluene: ethyl acetate v/v in 5:1.5 ratio at three illuminations. Six bands for P.nigrum have similar Rf values and fingerprints as that of formulation in contrast to C. papaya. Rf 0.43 at 565.2 AU and 0.40 at 636.9 AU for P. nigrum and Trikatu, respectively matched with Rf 0.40 of standard, while it was found absent in C. papaya. This confirms the presence of piperine and absence of dried seed of C. papaya in Trikatu. It advocates the use of genuine raw material in in-house preparation and recognized it of fine quality without any adulteration. The data may be use as a set parameter for standardization, quality control & for controlling the adulteration in integrative medicines. This enhance the safety, efficacy, and authenticity of various commercialized Trikatu and other herbal formulations of P. nigrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocorrosion inhibition of mild steel in the crude oil-water environment was investigated in the absence and presence of Carica papaya peel extract, Musa paradisiaca peel extract, and Moringa oleifera leaf extract as potential biocidal-green inhibitors using gravimetric, polarization, and surface analysis (Inverted metallurgical microscope and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy) methods. Kinetics and adsorption behaviors of the extracts were determined and evaluated. Results revealed that each of the extracts functioned as biocidal-green inhibitors in the crude oil-water environment and that biocorrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) of each extract increased with increase in extract concentration and exposure time. Maximum IE% of 97.7, 96.5, and 99.2% was achieved with Musa paradisiaca peel extract, Moringa oleifera leaf extract, and Carica papaya peel extract, respectively, at 4000 mg/l extract concentration and 35 d exposure time. Polarization studies indicated that each of the extracts acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. Mild steel susceptibility to biocorrosion was significantly reduced by each of the extracts through biofilm development suppression and extract adsorption onto the mild steel surface which obeyed Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Flory-Huggins isotherm models. Kinetics of mild steel biocorrosion inhibition followed a Monod form of kinetics (Type A). Gibbs free energy of adsorption values for Musa paradisiaca peel extract (−9.65 kJ/mol), Moringa oleifera leaf extract (−9.57 kJ/mol), and Carica papaya peel extract (−9.71 kJ/mol) showed that each extract adsorption was spontaneous and of physical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the absolute (100%) and aqueous (80%) methanolic extract of Carica papaya Linn processed seed flour samples in terms of their antioxidant properties and their phenolic compounds was investigated. The antioxidant properties were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and metal chelating assay methods. The protein isolate exhibited higher radical scavenging activity power as compared to other samples. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol-3-glucoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quercetin-3-galactoside were phenolic compounds isolated with ferulic acid as high as 0.62 mg/DWg. Carica papaya seed isolates and concentrate demonstrated potent antioxidant activity and could be of nutraceutical importance in the pharmaceutical and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bacterial blight disease of cowpea, caused byXanthomonas axonopodispvphaseoli, has been identified as the most important biotic constraint to cowpea production worldwide. Continuous and indiscriminate application of chemical pesticides has necessitated the search for an environment friendly method of control.Azadirachta indica(neem),Acalypha wilkisiana(red acalypha) andCarica papaya(pawpaw) extracts were field-tested against common bacterial blight disease. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete-block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Cold extracts of 6.67% concentration of the plant leaves were sprayed on cowpea (variety ‘Ife brown’) foliage. Streptomycin sulfate of 0.2% concentration was applied as a positive control and sterile distilled water as a negative control. Incidence of common bacterial blight ranged from 20.00 to 43.74% and severity from 1.02 to 2.00 on a 1–6 scale, where 1 = no symptoms of common bacterial blight and 6 = necrotic lesions on more than 75% of the leaf area. A combination of extracts of pawpaw, neem and red acalypha reduced disease incidence by 73.68% and improved yield by 1.58 tons/ha (a 73.49% increase) compared with untreated control.Azadirachta indica,Acalypha wilkisianaandCarica papayaextracts, both singly and in combination (Pawpaw + neem +Acalypha, Pawpaw + neem, Pawpaw +Acalyphaand neem +Acalypha), reduced incidence and severity of common bacterial blight disease and increased yield of cowpea. Thus, these plant extracts could serve as viable alternative to synthetic chemicals to controlXanthomonas-caused diseases in cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chronic inflammation is linked with the generation and progression of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory drugs therefore have the potential to assist in the treatment of these conditions.Carica papayais a tropical plant that is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments including inflammatory conditions. A literature search was conducted by using the keywords “papaya”, “anti-inflammatory and inflammation” and “immunomodulation and immune” along with cross-referencing. Bothin vitroandin vivoinvestigation studies were included. This is a review of all studies published since 2000 on the anti-inflammatory activity of papaya extracts and their effects on various immune-inflammatory mediators. Studies on the anti-inflammatory activities of recognized phytochemicals present in papaya are also included. Althoughin vitroandin vivostudies have shown that papaya extracts and papaya-associated phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, clinical studies are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared physiological and physico-chemical changes in shreds of green papaya (Carica papayaL. ‘Kaek Noul’), taken from inner and outer mesocarp tissues, during storage at 7ºC for up to 8 d. Reductions in the flesh firmness of shreds, microstructure, colouration, dry matter content (DMC), and fresh weight (FW) loss, and in the rates of respiration, ethylene production, and enzyme activities were measured. The rapid loss of firmness of green papaya ‘Kaek Noul’ shreds taken from the inner mesocarp was attributed to the larger and more loosely arranged cells of the inner mesocarp compared to the smaller and compact cells of the outer mesocarp. Shreds taken from the outer mesocarp had a higher DMC [6.21–6.77% (w/w)] than those from the inner mesocarp [5.83–6.34% (w/w)] during storage at 7ºC. FW loss was higher for shreds from the inner mesocarp than from the outer mesocarp (0.89–1.12%vs. 0.39–1.00%, respectively). Colour values (h°) were lower at the end of storage for shreds from the inner mesocarp than shreds from the outer mesocarp (104.38° and 111.94°, respectively). Moreover, scanning electron micrographs of shreds from inner mesocarp and outer mesocarp tissues showed that the slower loss of firmness in shreds from the outer mesocarp could be attributed to having smaller and more compact cells, as well as to lower ethylene production by the outer mesocarp. However, this was not related to cellulase activity. This study indicated why processors prefer to use shreds from the outer mesocarp of green papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Carica papayalipase is a versatile biocatalyst that is employed for many biotechnological purposes. Its lipase activity was first observed to be tightly linked to the insoluble fraction of latex. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that this activity is also present in the fruit peel and seeds, suggesting that the lipase activity occurs in other parts of the plant. In the present work, the hydrolytic activity on trioctanoin was determined in various plant by-products, including latex, leafs, petioles, meristems, fruits, and the stem. The most hydrolytic activity was found in the latex (11 U/mL), followed by the petioles (1.7 U/mL). The hydrolytic selectivity was determined using triacetin, tripropionin, tributyrin, and trioctanoin. The enzymes present in the latex showed a higher rate of hydrolysis of tributyrin, while those present in the petioles had a preference for tripropionin, possibly indicating the occurrence of at least two different triacylglycerol hydrolases. Five self-immobilized biocatalysts were obtained: lyophilized latex (LL), lyophilized petioles (LP), bagasse from petioles (BP), and, after a simple cold water washing treatment, treated lyophilized latex (TLL), and treated lyophilized petioles (TLP). This procedure yielded a 5- and 10-fold increase in the latex and petiole activity, respectively, on tributyrin. The selected biocatalysts, TLL and BP, were tested for the synthesis of oleic acid esters (OAE), reaching conversions over 80%. Unexpectedly, only BP preferentially synthesized dodecyl oleate (DO) and showed the highest thermostability. Therefore, BP was further assayed for DO synthesis in a packed bed reactor (PBR), achieving 96% conversion over 40 h. This study shows the great potential ofC. papayaby-products, particularly BP, as biocatalysts for the synthesis of OAE. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Papaya leaf curl disease (PLCD) was recorded with 5–35% incidence at six districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh during survey. The characteristic symptoms observed were severe downward leaf curling, swelling of veins, twisting and reduction of petioles, inverted leaf bowls and stunted growth of the entire plant which bore only few small and distorted fruit. The virus isolate was identified asPapaya leaf curl virus(PaLCuV).The PaLCuV isolate was successfully transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) but not by mechanical (sap) transmission onCarica papayaplants. Plants could be proved efficiently from infected to healthyC. papaya, Capsicum annuum,Lycopersicon esculentum,Nicotiana tabacum,Crotalaria juncea, Ageratum conyzoides, Zinnia elegans, Datura stramoniumandPetunia hybrida. Symptomatic samples of these plants were tested with polyclonal antiserum ofTomato leaf curl New Delhi virusby DAC-ELISA test showed the positive relationship of the samples withgeminivirus.On the basis of symptomatology, whitefly transmission, host range studies and serological relationship, the isolate was identified as whitefly transmittedgeminivirus. To identify potential varietal resistances source to PaLCuV, five cultivars ofC. papayawere tested against PaLCuV using whitefly insects to transmit the infection. Results revealed that two cultivars (Washington and Ranchi Dwarf) were found to be moderately resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essentially, the most effective control of plant parasitic nematodes involves the use of synthetic nematicide. However, apart from their very high cost, increased concern on the environment has necessitated a reduction in the amount of nematicides used for nematode control. In view of these, this research work was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of root extract ofTamarindus indicaandCarica papayaat different concentrationsS(100% concentration), “S/2” (50% concentration), “S/10” (10% concentration) and “S/100”(1% concentration) in the inhibition of egg hatch and mortality of larva of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita.The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design and replicated four times. Combination of equal proportion ofT. indicaandC .papayaroot extract indicated that all the concentrations inhibited egg hatch. The standard solutionSof all the selected botanicals were more toxic and effective at (p ? 0.05) than the other concentrations. Similarly, combinations of root extracts ofT. indicaandC. papayawere the most effective of all the selected botanicals in the inhibition of egg hatch and larvae mortality, followed byT. indicaroot extracts and thenC. papayaroot extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papayaL. has found importance to mankind as fruit and herb, but the recent outbreak of pawpaw foot-rots, which causes severe attack and huge losses to theC. papayaplantation in Nigeria needs to be investigated. Therefore, this study evaluates the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) onPythium aphanidermatum, the causative pathogen of pawpaw foot rot. In the open field pot experiment arranged in a complete randomised design, the treatment ofP. aphanidermatumalone showed significant (p < 0.05) reductions in the growth parameters ofC. papayaseedlings, while the two AMF used in this study;Glomus mosseaeandGlomus deserticolasignificantly (p < 0.05) suppressed the pathogenic effects ofP. aphanidermatumand also enhanced the seedling growth when applied alone. However,G. deserticolarecorded higher significance (p < 0.05) effect in this study. Apart from the biocontrol activities of the two AMF onP. aphanidermatum, they are also excellent bio fertilisers that significantly (p < 0.05) enhance the growth ofC. papayaseedlings. Thus, the unique potentials of AMF especiallyG. deserticolashould be harnessed in crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perishable nature of papaya fruit (Carica papayaL.) is a major disadvantage for its transport to distant places and storage in the market. The effect of two carbohydrate-based coating materials, carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan, on the storage life and qualitative characteristics of papaya fruit stored at 25 ± 5°C for 21 days was investigated. The treatments of carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan delayed the changes in weight loss, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, decaying percentage, sugar content, phenols, and ascorbic acid in papaya fruit. It was evident from this study that both carboxymethylcellulose and carrageenan (in their higher concentrations) have the ability to extend the shelf life of papaya fruit, while retaining its nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Papayas are popular in tropical and subtropical regions and are being exported in large volumes to Europe, the United States, and Japan. The fruit has a sweet, exotic flavor and is rich in vitamins A and C and antioxidants. However, due to its highly perishable nature, it has not emerged as a major traded fruit. Papayas are highly susceptible to qualitative and quantitative postharvest losses. Maintenance of papaya fruit quality during the supply chain depends on orchard management, harvesting practices, packing operations, postharvest treatments, temperature management, and transportation and storage conditions. Postharvest losses are attributed to mechanical damage, rapid flesh softening, decay, physiological disorders, pest infestation, and improper temperature management. The aim of postharvest technology and management in the supply chain is to provide favorable conditions to extend storage life and retain quality and nutritional attributes. This review focuses on the available research findings to retain overall papaya fruit quality and to reduce postharvest losses during the supply chain via adopting appropriate or novel postharvest technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents information on a research which was conducted to determine the influence of seasonal variations on components of pawpaw intercropped with okra mixtures. It informs that several characteristics of juvenile and mature pawpaw including plant height, stem girth, and canopy spread has been influenced by seasonal variations. It also informs that a significant difference can be observed in seasonal number of flowers, fruit yield, and fruit setting rate.

Tropical papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) fruits are characterised for their strong and particular aroma. The aroma of both fruits is different and dominated by esters, which are synthesised by alcohol acyltransferases (AATs). The ability to produce esters is contrasting, V. pubescens (VpAAT1) being a very active enzyme towards the production of benzyl acetate, whereas C. papaya (CpAAT1) is more active towards the production of ethyl butanoate and methyl butanoate, but not benzyl acetate. In order to understand the mechanism of action at the molecular level, the structural model of CpAAT1 protein was built by comparative modelling. Conformational interaction between the protein and several ligands was carried out by molecular docking. CpAAT1 structure showed two domains connected by a large crossover loop, with a solvent channel in the centre of the structure. CpAAT1 and VpAAT1 proteins showed similar 3D structures, including their catalytic sites, but their solvent channels showed differences in size and shape. CpAAT1 solvent channel is larger, in agreement with its higher selectivity for large acyl-CoA substrates. In addition, the most favourably predicted substrate orientation in CpAAT1 was observed for methanol and butanoyl-CoA, showing a perfect coincidence with the high production rate of methyl butanoate of C. papaya fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of ozone in combination with hydrothermal treatment and wax on physical and chemical properties of papayas. The ozone concentrations used in this study were 2 and 4 mg/L. Heat treatments were applied with a hot water brushing system at temperatures of 45, 55 and 65 °C. No mold was observed under the wax film of fruits treated with hot water, ozonated water and wax, indicating that the combined treatment effectively disinfected the papaya fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Diabetes mellitus is a global disease that is increasing in an alarming rate. The present study was undertaken to study the antidiabetic effect of the ethanol extracts of Carica papaya and Pandanus amaryfollius on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the body weight of the treated groups when compared to diabetic control. Whereas, there was significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the blood glucose level of the plant-treated groups compared to the diabetic control. Histologically the pancreas of the treated groups indicated significant regeneration of the β-cells when compared to the diabetic control. The liver tissues of the treated group indicated a reduction in fatty changes and pyknotic nucleus. The kidney tissues of the treated groups indicated significant recovery in the cuboidal tissue. The results from the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponin and tannin in C. papaya and P. amaryfollius. The antidiabetic effect of C. papaya and P. amaryfollius observed in the present study may be due to the presence of these phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The antiviral agents namely Boerhaavia diffusa root extract and Clerodendron aculeatum leaf extract were found to be significantly effective in inducing systematic resistance against papaya ring spot virus in papaya. However, B. diffusa root extract showed more efficient properties as compared to C. aculeatum leaf extract. Maximum reduction in disease incidence (72.25% and 74.00%), maximum plant height (119.05 and 126.61 cm), number of fruit (20.04 and 24.05 plant-1) and fruit yield (22.86 and 25.93 kg plant-1) were observed with the application of B. diffusa root extract as seed treatment + nursery treatment + field treatment during 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 respectively. However, maximum disease incidence (78.79% and 70.56%) minimum plant height (87.46 and 92.40 cm), number of fruit (11.36 and 13.50 plant-1) and fruit yield (9.85 and 11.03 kg plant-1) were recorded with the application of B. diffusa root extract as seed treatment + nursery treatment + field treatment during both the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pawpaw ( Carica papaya ) fruit is highly perishable; hence, conversion into a value-added product such as juice concentrate will be useful. Pawpaw fruit is, however, high in pectin; therefore, its juice extraction is difficult without an extraction aid such as the addition of pectic enzymes. Our laboratory has developed a simple enzymatic method that enables the extraction of pawpaw juice with considerable ease. Pectic enzymes were obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 52712) cultured in pawpaw juice for 6 days at room temperature (25–28°C) and centrifuged to obtain the enzyme in the supernatant. Addition of this enzyme (32 mg total protein) to 200 g pawpaw mash and incubation for 30 min resulted in significant (P [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity of the alkaloid extract of Carica papaya Linn seed on male reproductive physiology was investigated. Male rats were divided into two groups. Each group of 20 male rats was further divided into 4 subgroups of 5 rats. Each rat was treated with C. papaya seed extract (10, 50, and 150 mg kg -1 day -1 ) daily for 3 days for fecundity study, semen analysis, and testis histopathology, respectively. Twenty male rats treated with C. papaya seed extract (10, 50, and 150 mg kg -1 day -1 ), abstained from sex for 7 days and divided into 4 groups, were mated with fertile female rats: another set of 30 male rats, divided into 4 groups, treated with the seed extract (10, 50, and 150 mg kg -1 day -1 ), respectively, was used for semen analysis and testis histopathology. The results showed that oral administration of C. papaya seed extract prevented ovum fertilization, reduced sperm cell counts, revealed sperm cell degeneration, and induced testicular cell lesion. These observations led to the conclusion that C. papaya seed extract oral administration could induce reversible male infertility and therefore could be used for pharmaceutical development of a male contraceptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activity of Carica papaya Linn, (commonly known as paw-paw) seed extract in liver physiology of albino (Wistar) rats was studied. The MeOH extract of C papaya seeds were Soxhlet extracted. Tolerated doses of C papaya were estimated in acute toxicity studies and administered orally, single or repeated doses, for 30 days to adult male rats weighing between 190 and 200 g, which were divided into four groups of five rats per group. Group 1 received 10 mg/kg; group 2 received 50 mg/kg; group 3 received 200 mg/kg; group 4 received normal saline (1 ml/rat) as control. Twenty-four hours after treatments, the animals of all groups were sacrificed and blood samples collected by heart puncture into centrifugal tubes. The blood samples were allowed to coagulate before centrifuged at 400 rpm at 4°C for 15 min to separate the serum for enzyme assays. A portion of liver was cut off and fixed in 10% normal saline. The result showed that C. papaya seed extract treatments caused elevation of rat serum levels of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate amino transferase (AST). Also revealed was mild to severe metaplasia of hepatocytes in a dose-related manner as well as proliferation of Kupfer cells and hepatic cells cirrhosis. These biochemical and pathological changes indicated liver cell damage and malfunction. These results, therefore, suggest that seeds of C. papaya should be used in herbal medicine with care to avoid toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA fingerprints and phylogenetic relationships were established for ten Carica papaya L. genotypes based on RAPD markers. The plant materials included seven parents from the Solo and Formosa groups and three hybrids from the cross between these two groups. Some genotypes could be fingerprinted by the presence or absence alone of some bands, but in general the DNA fingerprint could only be obtained by a set of RAPD markers. The phylogenetic analyses showed greater similarity among the parents of each group and the intermediary position of the hybrids, as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA fingerprints and phylogenetic relationships were established for ten Carica papaya L. genotypes based on RAPD markers. The plant materials included seven parents from the Solo and Formosa groups and three hybrids from the cross between these two groups. Some genotypes could be fingerprinted by the presence or absence alone of some bands, but in general the DNA fingerprint could only be obtained by a set of RAPD markers. The phylogenetic analyses showed greater similarity among the parents of each group and the intermediary position of the hybrids, as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]