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Since the concept of sustainability (or sustainable development) became famous through its adoption in the UN's report, 'Our Common Future' in 1987, it has travelled widely to become a global and omnipresent key concept also in the field of heritage. The inclusion into this field was facilitated by the understanding of heritage as resource, which has become the norm within cultural heritage management discourses and strategies. This understanding is increasingly sustained by an associated vocabulary of concepts that promote cultural heritage sites as economically and socio-politically beneficial, emphasising their value as resources for us. This paper explores what happens when this conceptual repertoire of resource thinking is applied to WWII Wehrmacht sites in northern Norway, a heritage that previously has been othered and excluded. How does it impact on the understanding of this particular heritage and how may it be challenged and transformed through encounters with an unruly heritage that potentially defies and distances such conceptualisation? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of new tasks like those of cultural and natural heritage management into the mandates of UN peace operations is usually presented as a burden, 'a star on the top of the Christmas tree' at a time of scarce human and budgetary resources for contemporary UN peace operations. Through a comparison of MINUSMA in Mali and MONUSCO in DRC, this article aims to demonstrate how, on the contrary, heritage management can bring consistency to the broader 'stabilization' mandate mainstreamed in UN peace operations. By creating new links between the seemingly dichotomous activities it encompasses, namely 'support' and 'securization' activities, this new type of mandated task can increase complementarity between civilian and military components of UN peace operations with regard to local population. As part of their stabilization mandates, both MINUSMA and MONUSCO were charged to protect heritage. Ultimately, the most decisive factor as to why heritage management created a virtuous circle in Mali and a vicious circle in DRC, seems to be the failure or the success on the part of peace operations to include local communities in the heritage management process, a task which is so far better performed by the civilian than by the military component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Song was one of the principal methods of transmitting knowledge in the fundamentally oral societies of Indigenous Australia. As the breadth of song traditions has greatly diminished over the past 200 years, archival recordings of song now form a significant resource of intangible cultural heritage for Australia's Indigenous people. The song performances recorded in the past are now being rediscovered, remembered and in some cases revived. This paper presents findings from a recent project involving the return of a set of poorly documented recordings of songs to Kaytetye people in central Australia. These newly discovered recordings, the earliest ever made of Kaytetye singing, are shown to be an important heritage resource for these communities. Working collaboratively with senior song experts in order to gain a better understanding of the meaning and cultural significance of various songs, I document the how this discussion of audio material generated important social-histories and memories, reinforced local understandings of rights in cultural heritage, and revealed both continuities and changes in Kaytetye ceremonial and song practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) led 11 countries to inscribe falconry onto the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List. The aim of this article is to examine one of UNESCO's leading principles, interculturality, through the analysis of the processes that led to the first multinational inscription of falconry. It seeks to delineate, through the study of a multinational file, how the principles of interculturality were understood and implemented both by the countries and communities involved, and how falconry came to fit into them. Using the concept of cultural diplomacy, it tries to measure the scope of interculturality in the evaluation of the relations between communities, the national States, and the UAE as the leader of the candidacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing modes of engagement in the construction of public heritage knowledge emphasize participatory media and active collaboration with citizens. The City of Edmonton created the first historian laureate position in Canada in 2010, and related programs are still rare. This article considers the interaction of narrative content with social and technological contexts of production, viewing the role of the historian laureate as amateur historian and professional storyteller. The historian laureate operates primarily in accessible contexts of leisure, mediated in part through digital technologies, and can respond relatively directly to community interests as a heritage coordinator rather than expert. Rather than representing oppositional or disruptive power to official heritage discourses, the project enables the production of 'small heritages' through a series of story episodes. These stories focus on events, people, places and artifacts that typically fall outside the meta-narratives and monuments of a city's heritage landscape. The historian laureate, embodying or articulating local experience in ways amenable to leisure activity, demonstrates capacities to produce largely indeterminate, diverse and porous ideas of place and histories as part of a bottom-up social generation of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family, as a leisure unit, is an important museum consumer group. The literature on family leisure in museums concentrates on the cognitive and the learning aspects in science museums and art galleries in western contexts. It provides limited explanation of the leisure outcomes acquired from visiting museums. This work addresses this lacuna by exploring the benefits perceived by Chinese parents who take their children to a cluster of museums along China's Grand Canal, a world heritage site in Hangzhou. A review of museum and heritage research, combined with 17 on-site, in-depth interviews, generated information on a range of benefits which was used to design a questionnaire that was completed by 450 respondents. Five perceived benefits were identified using factor analysis. In order of significance, they are family bonding, community attachment, cultural awareness, restoration and personal growth. These perceived benefits have implications for museums and other public facilities catering to the family leisure market, as well as for governments, community organisations, the heritage sector and other stakeholders that are charged with managing cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis of multiculturalism is commonly associated with the intensification of international migrations and their consequences in the host countries. The relevance of this work - supported by exploratory research based on the implementation of multiple methods - is the proposal of an alternative to the current Western discourse on the phenomenon of international migrations and its political and sociocultural long-term impact. In this context, culture is an essential element to spread the values of tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. The role of culture and cultural heritage is thus emphasised not only within the process of integration of refugees and asylum seekers, but also as measure to overcome the identity crisis occurring in Western countries, which in turn we believe to be among the main causes of the crisis of multiculturalism. In this context, cultural heritage managers' new responsibilities are complex: on the one hand, to boost public participation in enhancing local heritage, on the other, to support migrants' cultures and the promotion of intercultural competencies within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the approach used to create the digital cultural heritage map (hereafter, c.h.) of the mountain village of Cancellara and its territory, located in Basilicata, Southern Italy. The map is thought to be an exhaustive georeferenced catalogue of sites of cultural interest to bring fresh insights and new life to the c.h. and support decisions for their protection, management and valorization by the municipality and public bodies, national and regional, designated to fulfil the duties in ensuring the protection and accessibility of cultural heritage. A digital c.h. map is also important and useful for scholars who conduct studies and investigations as well as for private companies and cultural associations which work in the field of Cultural and Creative Industry. This map allows access to information useful for the reconstruction of the history of the place, dispersed among various private and public archives or unpublished. The map includes a chart at the territory scale, and more detail for the built-up area and its historical centre. It summarises data from heterogeneous sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage has undergone a paradigm shift in recent decades. Museums in particular have changed from being a house of treasures to be admired by visitors, to being a place where objects provide the context for new interpretations. Today, visitors are provided with an opportunity to participate and co-create meaning. At the same time a UK government requirement for accountability has pushed the sector towards business management and professionalisation. This new context has forced conservators to respond by aligning themselves with these trends. In order to stay relevant conservators have to take on an active role in facilitating audience participation and increased access to collections, while at the same time improving their efficiency and accountability. Preservation frameworks have played a significant role in enabling conservators to respond to these changed needs within the sector. Crucially, preservation frameworks have encouraged conservation professionals to collaborate with colleagues from across an entire organisation. Having gained a broader understanding of the context within which they work, preservation frameworks have also allowed conservators to systematically collate and analyse data and present these to their stakeholders in a language understood by them. The review of a number of case studies reveals that preservation frameworks help conservators understand the bigger picture and be influential at the right levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of storage techniques for historical collection (STASHc) developed by the Foundation for the American Institute for Conservation (FAIC) and the Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC). Topics discussed include the design of the STASHc website for gathering and storing collections of cultural property, its use as an online resource for museum professionals, and description of the various articles and resources that can be found on the website.

The Reform of Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (L.171/2014) has resulted in the restructuring of the Ministry and its organization, redefining the relations between the central and peripheral bodies and external stakeholders. The study is focused on the reform process that involves the Italian state museums highlighting the changes that led to a strengthening of the process of decentralization, streamlining tasks, and granting autonomy. The study begins with an analysis of the evolutionary path of public reforms in the museum sector and analyzes the law texts related to the Italian state museums through the network governance perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the management of an industrial heritage site in Sweden, which local stakeholders and heritage planners have claimed to be successful. This status of excellence is investigated in relation to the general, county-wide applied heritage planning. The results show that key factors for successful management of the industrial heritage site are not related only to conservation work, but also to personal engagement, sense of responsibility, and well-being among participants. However, heritage planners generally lack methods to address immaterial values and socio-economic benefits of engaging in heritage activities, resulting in a separation between physical and communal aspects of heritage planning. The results highlight the issue of professional legitimacy and the challenges for heritage planners to address regional policy objectives, such as finding ways to utilise historic landscapes in destination-driven strategies and to simultaneously support civil engagement in heritage-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was presented at the 2017 Annual Conference of the National Association of Environmental Professionals, in Durham, North Carolina. The presentation described case studies for public properties being managed at the federal and state level, where significant historical resources and unique archeological resources are known to be present or have a high probability to be present. This article focuses on the exemplary and proactive investigation undertaken by the County of Los Angeles Department of Parks and Recreation to complete evaluations and prepare an inventory of structures, buildings, objects, and sites to assess their eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, the California Register of Historical Resources, and/or the County of Los Angeles Register of Landmarks and Historic Districts. The County of Los Angeles park system is in one of the nation’s largest municipal park systems, serving 10.02 million residents. The inventory was undertaken to identify those structures, buildings, objects, and sites that are eligible individually or as a historic district and provide guidelines for management consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’sStandards for the Treatment of Historic Propertiesand the National Park Service’sPreservation Briefs. In addition to the inventory and evaluation, the project led to development of a Worker Education and Awareness Program (WEAP) and a Cultural Resource Management Plan (CRMP). The case study and management approach will be outlined in a manner that would be suitable for application to federal, state, or local park systems or individual properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The management and preservation of heritage assets are important issues for their sustainability and further maintenance. Classical approaches mainly rely on human activities that are time consuming with high costs. In addition, mandatory actions required, often clash with the difficulty of access to the sites, high cost, and invasiveness of investigations. Mechatronic advanced tools can be developed and efficiently used as technological solutions to address the problem. Our project’s aim is to test low-cost technologies to monitor and manage cultural heritage trying to significantly reduce the acquisition and maintenance costs and widespread their use. Main features of these systems for automatic survey can be based on ground or aerial solutions to access heritage assets. Specifically, in indoor or underground survey, information on textural data of the materials constituting the various objects and the state of decay can be investigated. In outdoor survey, digital images can be collected to create a BIM. In this contribution, basic components and use of such tools are described. Experimental tests were performed in a historical small town in Valcomino by using a ground robotic system, an outdoor relief of the historical city center Borgo San Rocco located in Sora was used to build a BIM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tarr Steps is a footbridge across a river but it also bridges two temporal landscapes: the present and the ‘deep past’. Although the origins of the site are uncertain, the bridge is often represented as objectively authentic and ‘ancient’. The historicity of this claim is challenged by secondary production of the site. We unpack the discursive construction of the bridge and argue that Tarr Steps’ connection to the deep past is a cultural imaginary based on a selective interpretation of its morphology. This imaginary connection authenticates representation of the site as resembling the origin of a sequence of cultural evolution in Britain. We explore implications of this in relation to three metaphors of landscape used in the cultural heritage management tool called Historic Landscape Characterisation. In so doing, we raise questions about the future of the past, specifically in terms of the conceptualisation of temporality, authenticity and the politics of representation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the Enduring Civilizations/Encounters exhibitions organized by the Australian government. Topics include the condition of the Indigenous community, the problems faced by the First Nations, and the Australian laws related to the exhibition of cultural objects. The article also discusses the significance of cultural heritage.

This article explores the ways in which the archaeological excavations at Amphipolis, Northern Greece, were transformed into a ‘heritage spectacle’ during the summer of 2014. The article argues that the spectacularisation of Amphipolis excavations constituted a powerful, political medium for dis-orientating the wider Greek public from issues related to the severe economic crisis of the country. Although the practice of heritage spectacularisation is not new, the media spectacle of Amphipolis introduced an advanced mechanism for spectacularizing archaeological research and the past. The article deconstructs this mechanism through a thematic content analysis of about 100 newspaper articles published in the Greek press, filtered through the lenses of spectacle theory. As it is demonstrated, the spectacularisation process of Amphipolis excavations is embodied by emotive dramatisation, banal cultural symbols, escapism and power imbalances. The article concludes with an interpretive framework for heritage spectacles while highlighting ethical and practical implications regarding the role of archaeologists and heritage practitioners towards political ‘abuse’ of heritage in times of socio-economic and political crises. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Heritage is a highly malleable concept that is constantly in flux and whose substance and meaning are continuously being redefined by society. From such a dynamic perspective, it is inevitable that new approaches and practices have developed for dealing with heritage in the context of planned development. While most scholars acknowledge the existence of various heritage approaches, one of the major defining features is often neglected: their distinctive outlook on spatial dynamics. In this article, the shifting role and purpose of heritage conservation in Dutch spatial planning is analysed. A conceptual framework is introduced that frames three approaches to the planning treatment of heritage; the sector, factor and vector approach, respectively. Although these approaches have developed in a historical sequence, the new did not replace the old but rather gained ground amongst different actors. Thus, three quite different ways of treating the past in the present now coexist in Dutch planning practice. Although this coexistence can raise conflict, we argue that contemporary heritage planning does not call for a one-size-fits-all approach, but rather for a mixed-mode model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to confront monolithic perceptions of achievement and an educational narrative that defines communities of Color by their supposed deficits, the current study presents asset mapping as an example of culturally relevant pedagogy in action. Asset mapping is a pedagogical tool for students to visually represent personalized stories of their cultural assets and participate in a community-based gallery walk to showcase their maps. Interviews and focus groups with third- and sixth-grade teachers and students from an urban public school revealed learning about self, learning about others, and building community as emergent themes after completing the project. We present these themes and discuss asset mapping as a possible model for strength-based pedagogy that centers the lived experiences of students, their families, and their shared stories in classroom curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, we have witnessed an increased interest in Ecosystem Services (ES), including the so-called ‘cultural ecosystem services’ and its subcategory of ‘cultural heritage’. In this article, a review of academic literature of ES and cultural heritage is carried out. ES has primarily been developed by scholars from the ecological and economic disciplines, and in this article, we discuss how this impacts the way in which cultural heritage is used and conceptualised in ES literature. Based on the conceptual review, we initiate a discussion of what the implications for cultural heritage management could be if the heritage sector adopts the rationales in the ES framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twenty-first century has witnessed significant changes in heritage management practice and scholarship. This paper suggests that many of these innovations and changes have emerged as a consequence of protest or provocation from groups outside the established heritage profession. While the centre and the periphery are relative terms, the periphery in heritage can be regarded as geographic and spatial but also political, social and cultural. The periphery might therefore include regional or minority communities, indigenous peoples, regional and remote areas or even fields of scholarship. The periphery is thus a socio-political space that reflects power inequalities and differential rights from those at the centre. Where the periphery is able to critique the centre, the relationship between the two is renegotiated. This paper suggests that in moving between the centre and the periphery, innovations in heritage emerge. While heritage regimes have undergone significant reformation, this paper suggests that it is the periphery that has advocated, and acted as the catalyst, for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ziwa is an archaeological site that is located in Eastern Zimbabwe. The National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe (NMMZ) carry the legal mandate to manage this vast site, which lies in the heart of a sprawling heritage community. The mandate is derived from the NMMZ Act Chapter (25:11 of 2001), which gives the institution the power to protect, preserve and present the country's national monuments. In this article, our aim is to explain the contestations that stemmed from a policy that previously did not recognise the importance of community participation in the management of heritage sites. Because of this legislative flaw, tensions rose between NMMZ and the Ziwa community. For NMMZ, the random cutting down of trees at Ziwa was posing serious conservation challenges because most of the firewood was being harvested within the archaeological site. The community argued, however, that their forefathers used the site freely since time immemorial, and as a result the site itself has survived up to this very day. How was a solution found, to the satisfaction of both parties? How efficient has it proven to be in time? Our primary argument is that it is essential to define a policy that is conceptualised and articulated through the involvement of the local heritage communities in order to mitigate tensions. The steps that led to a collaborative management policy will be delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article articulates a post-human feminist museology within cultural heritage museums. It focuses on the entwined intra-actions of museum artifacts, traditional exhibition forms and technologies, and considers how sex/gender is enmeshed in entanglements of meaning and matter. Its aim is twofold: to introduce insights from scholars working within feminist studies of technoscience into museological theorisations, and to put such articulations to work through a case study of an exhibition at The National Museum of Iceland. Through Barad’s theorisations of agential realism and Haraway’s articulations of the cyborg, the article contributes to a diffractive mapping of intra-active cyborgian entanglements that make different possibilities possible and elucidates how materialities, discourses, technologies and nature come into being through ways that are always open-ended and uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While contests and conflicts are well recognized in heritage research, analysis of the specific circumstances and dilemmas that individuals and groups face when pursuing heritage goals and partaking in heritage contests can benefit from further methodological work. This paper presents a case and method for incorporating concepts from an emerging interactionist perspective on social movements into heritage research in order to better conceptualize and analyze the interactions and processes through which collective identity and heritage is co-produced. We examine the political and interpretive processes at the heart of heritage research, consider areas in which the language and concepts of social movements addresses existing gaps and disagreements, and identify a set of questions that will open new perspectives on heritage movements and contests. We apply these questions to a heritage contest over the World Heritage site of Pasargadae in Iran, emphasizing how heritage activists advanced their perspectives and claims, eventually leading to the incorporation of Iran’s pre-Islamic heritage within the official Islamic republic discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how municipal planning and management can enable South Sámi and Norse cultural history to contribute to local development in two sparsely populated mountain municipalities in south-east Norway. The authors’ methods comprised document studies of relevant planning documents and treatment of single cases, and interviews with actors at different levels, who were responsible for cultural heritage, land use planning, industrial development and reindeer husbandry. The findings revealed that the organization of cultural heritage management was extremely fragmented in terms of responsibilities, activities and localization. Responsibility for managing Norse and Sámi cultural heritage is divided between counties and the Sámi Parliament, and the municipalities have no legal responsibilities. This fragmentation contributes to the neglect and marginalization of cultural heritage management in general, and especially the management of Sámi cultural heritage. The discourse of attractiveness based on competing for in-migration from other municipalities holds a hegemonic position in both municipal master planning and regional planning. The authors conclude that a different approach based on local community development, namely the residential place, should be prioritized, whereby cultural heritage is used to strengthen the inhabitants’ knowledge, identity and ‘sense of place’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper seeks to unpack the politics of heritage preservation in post-1997 Hong Kong. Referring to international frameworks on heritage preservation, it seeks to position Hong Kong’s cultural resource management on par with international discourses for the advancement of heritage governance. Debates surrounding heritage are indeed a part of the wider picture of Hong Kong’s cultural and identity politics and the Hong Kong-China relationship. By examining various contested cases of heritage conservation, and by linking those debates back to the government’s responses within the context of cultural governance, we suggest that heritage management has become a hot stove for cultural politics in post-colonial Hong Kong with deep repercussions in the political, social and economic spheres. The paper examines the rising social debates concerning the removal and conservation of built heritage, and the various government attempts to address these debates. It argues that the current heritage governance mechanism has failed to meet social needs and provide an articulated heritage policy. We propose that a coherent organisational structure is required to better accommodate diverse and contradictory views and discourses surrounding heritage and cultural governance and to tackle the various cultural challenges in postcolonial Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article concerns structural funding for Polish cultural heritage for the years 2007–13, focusing on the largest operational program, “Infrastructure and Environment,” financed by the European Regional Development Fund. It presents the results of empirical research based on a questionnaire study of a specifically selected group of projects funded under this program. The objective of the study was to analyze the outcomes of this funding upon completion of the financial perspective, presenting tangible and intangible results as well as potential external effects. The empirical data allowed the development of conclusions and recommendations, stressing the importance of the continuing improvement and development of the funding scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Catastrophic disasters may cause irreversible damage to cultural heritage. This study identified the risk to cultural heritage sites in Taiwan posed by large-scale debris flow disasters. The cultural heritage sites that may be affected by debris flows were identified through risk identification and by using GIS. Subsequently, an on-site field survey was conducted to confirm the cultural heritage sites that are potentially vulnerable to debris flow disasters. The research findings are as follows: (a) the top three cultural heritage sites that are most affected by debris flows are municipal, county, and city monuments, historical buildings, and historical sites; (b) the number of cultural heritage sites affected is related to environmental exploitation; (c) the cultural heritage sites at high risk of being affected by disasters were primarily located in Taitung and Chiayi Counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the cultural components of a walking trail with the Theodoros Papagiannis collection of sculptures at its focal point. The latter is mainly housed in the Museum of Contemporary Art of Helliniko, a village nestled in the Municipality of Northern Tzoumerka, in Epirus, Greece. In addition to the collection of the Museum, a series of outdoor sculptures are displayed en route from the entrance of the Helliniko village, continuing toward the Theodoros Papagiannis Museum, and ending at the Byzantine Monastery of Tsouka (founded in the twelfth century), which is dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. The sculptures en route are the result of five summer sculpture symposia (from 2010 onwards) which were organized with the initiative of Theodoros Papagiannis himself. Up until the Helliniko sculpture promenade was created, the trail in question was popular in pilgrimage tourism. The research is carried out from the perspective of the cultural value of a walking trail and questions the way in which the sculptures give meaning to the cultural landscape. Furthermore, our exemplary case is intrinsically linked to the rural area, its coercive nature and its limited financial resources, as it serves the local area and is conducive to economic development. Essentially, the Museum and its outdoor sculptures turn a simply practical relationship with the region into an advantage, both on a national and international level. Our case makes up a significant part of the very sources that define the cultural heritage of the region and could greatly contribute to its economic and touristic development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the Western New York's Library Resources Council's Ask the Lawyer Program. The program provides a timely model for local cultural heritage communities, such as archives, to collectively retain a lawyer in a non-representational capacity to answer both specific and hypothetical questions that arise as a result of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of social values is essential to understanding relationships between people and place, particularly in Indigenous cultural heritage management. The value of long-term ethnographic studies is well recognised, however, such approaches are generally not possible in many heritage studies due to time or other constraints. Qualitative research methods have considerable potential in this space, yet few have systematically applied them to understanding Indigenous peoples’ relationships with place. This paper reports on a qualitative study with Alngith people from north-eastern Australia. It begins by exploring the embodied, experiential nature of Alngith peoples’ conception of Country and their emphasis on four interrelated themes:Respect,Care,InteractionandClosenesswhen describing relationships to Country. We suggest that Alngith people-to-place relationships are underwritten by these ideals and are central to local expectations for respectful, inclusive heritage practices. The results also reveal new perspectives and pathways for Aboriginal communities, and heritage managers dissatisfied with the constraints of ‘traditional’ cultural heritage assessment frameworks that emphasise archaeological methods and values. The paper further demonstrates how qualitative research methodologies can assist heritage managers to move beyond the limitations of surveys and quantitative studies and develop a deeper understanding of Indigenous values, concepts and aspirations (social values). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2008 the Republic of Ireland entered an economic crisis as part of the global economic crisis. It was met with austerity measures, and Ireland has since experienced large cuts in state spending on health, education, and heritage. Across Europe, the effects of the crisis on heritage have mostly been highlighted in general or supposed terms rather than empirically analyzed. Based on interviews with state and non-state actors in the heritage sector, this paper investigates the effects of the economic crisis and austerity within Irish official heritage management. The crisis has brought changes to the ways heritage is conceptualised and dealt with from a state perspective. These changes are important to track because one key part of the continuous process of production of heritage and its values in society is the ways state heritage management frames and works with heritage. The analysis focuses on four implications: budget cuts; how the crisis creates uncertainty, pauses, and short-termism; an increasing instrumentalization of heritage; and an increasing involvement and dependency on non-state actors. Economical logics, expertise, legal liabilities, short-term emergency responses, and skills in making persuasive arguments grow in importance, while long-term strategies and projects that may not lead to measurable revenues in terms of tourism or employment get put aside. The study opens up critical questions of (in)equality and changing influences within heritage management, of what and who is, should, and can be included in and supported by state heritage management, and by which logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-processual archaeology claimed to represent a new ethical agenda for the socio-politics of archaeological practice and culture heritage management; one that would include multiple “voices” and those from indigenous populations. This article explores the polarizing dichotomy between so-called “exclusivist” and “inclusivist” research trends in socio-political archaeologies that has resulted from this paradigmatic shift. Its critical focus is archaeologies of empowerment/inclusion, i.e. those approaches within the post-processual paradigm that claim empowerment and/or multi-vocality to be their primary mission. It reveals this claim to be philosophically incoherent and to have often failed to work in practice. It concludes that moves toward inclusion and multi-vocality have, in many cases, become complicit with political quiescence and a de-politicization of archaeology. Mapping general tendencies and marrying academic theory and popular culture, this paper exposes a caricatured image of the uses of the past in the present, uses that result in tensions and paradoxes that impact negatively on present-day socio-political archaeologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cultural heritage policies of China and explains heritage preservation through different approaches. Topics addressed include management of cultural heritages, world heritage sites' preservation by encouraging public involvement and establishment of programs to train volunteers for protection of world heritage sites.

The article presents a discussion on cultural heritage plans of Beijing, China including the development of the industrial structures and the social administration. Also discusses the standards system for cultural heritage conservation, lack of trained professionals and the requirements for the cultural heritage conservation.

The article discusses management of the qualifications for cultural heritage conservation surveying and designing. Particular focus is given to the protection of cultural heritage in China. Also included are the cultural heritage conservation professionals, required qualifications to represent the cultural heritage conservation laws and regulations, and the management of the cultural heritage conservation.

The article discusses the detailed rules for implementing the cultural Heritage Protection law of the people from the Republic of China. Other topic discussed include the archaeological excavations, the sites protected for their historical and cultural value and storage of cultural heritage in museums and libraries.

The Digital Public Library of America enables the discovery of digitized content held by the U.S. cultural heritage institutions by aggregating metadata contributed from participating organizations. Significant interoperability issues exist when gathering metadata at a national scale, which the Digital Public Library of America mitigates through use of its metadata application profile. In its latest release, the metadata application profile permits the storage of uniform resource identifiers, helping the Digital Public Library of America make the move to linked open data. This article examines these Digital Public Library of America developments through a case study of the Missouri Hub, which facilitates the aggregation of metadata from Missouri-based institutions into the Digital Public Library of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the significance of the debate concerning the participation of local communities in the reuse and management of industrial heritage sites has grown considerably. However, the question of how participation takes place in practice has received little attention. This article shows how participation in the reuse of industrial heritage sites has functioned in the planning process in Berlin-Oberschöneweide. The article is theoretically grounded on debates on labour and community heritage. The field of planning, which is closely interwoven with that of heritage management, provides another important theoretical horizon. The qualitative investigation consisted of interviews with different actors. The findings show that Oberschöneweide’s industrial heritage site is important to the local community. Thus far, the community has been able to participate in the reuse and development process in a number of ways. In addition to the provisions made for community participation by the relevant authorities, and local initiatives have exerted an influence on the development of the area. Nevertheless, this participation has been limited and is in some respects problematic. Furthermore, the participation process referred not only to the industrial zone itself, but to the development of the district as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community involvement is arguably a key component behind sustainable heritage management. Under strict government control, however, local community-led initiatives are difficult to find in China. Nonetheless, through remittances and philanthropic contributions to their respective communities, the Chinese diaspora have long been seen as an important source of foreign capital and a driving force behind homeland development. A transregional study (mainland China, Hong Kong and Canada) was carried out to explore the relationship between local communities in China and the diaspora, how each party was involved (or not) and the factors that affect their engagement in a government-initiated clanship heritage project in post-reform China. Investigating how different ‘associated people’ perceive, construct and even manipulate heritage, this study found that participation is not only related to wealth, success or status, but also to residential orientations, self-perceptions of the motherland and notions of authentic and/or symbolic roots. The study offers insight into the nature and politics of heritage management in contemporary China. Furthermore, it contributes to our understanding of how multiple homes can affect diasporic interpretations of, and connections with, the homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of cultural planning is relatively well-established in many countries as a tool which enables municipalities to use their potential in local development, yet still not well-known and debated among scholars, practitioners, or the wider public in Central Europe, including in the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to present the findings from the application of cultural planning in two small/mid-size Czech towns where cultural planning was defined as a participative approach to urban planning based on communication, cooperation, and the mapping of cultural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term integrated conservation first entered the lexicon of urban heritage in the 1975 Council of Europe European Charter, recognising that the future of the architectural heritage depends on the weight attached to it within the framework of urban and regional planning. Since then, the agendas of sustainability, sustainable development and climate change have entered the debate, and various attempts have been made to re-position urban heritage from a specialist to a mainstream activity in the European context. In 'The Geography of Urban Heritage', we argued that the quantum of urban heritage recognised and appreciated today underscores a level of responsibility for the maintenance and processes of continuity whose realisation is beyond the scope and capacity of a specialist field. Additionally, that the complementary values of community, heritage, resource and usefulness, harnessed to common purpose, afford a potent combination for responding to the challenge. That article promoted the thesis that for urban conservation to become a mainstream activity, heritage professionals need to nurture relationships centrally within the broad discipline of geography - the core discipline of urban planning; and reciprocally, geographers need to recognise the vital role of urban heritage beyond a limited perception of its compass. The 2010 European Union Toledo Declaration acknowledged the importance of urban heritage, and defined the multiple dimensions of sustainability as economic, social, environmental, cultural and governance. Governance at the municipal level is the key to integrated urban planning policy and practice. This article explores current initiatives in the field and proposes directions for further research and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological heritage is part of a global identity; the need to preserve this heritage is important, not only to the local communities in which it is present but also to national and international communities. In recent years, digital recordings of monuments and buildings have provided significant contributions in the preservation, presentation and dissemination of cultural heritage. Digital recording of cultural heritage is a multidimensional and complex process: not only does it require researchers to address the problem of 3D digitisation of the monuments but also other aspects of handling this new digital content, such as management, representation and reproduction. Various techniques have been proposed and different technologies have been developed: some based on laser scanning, others on photogrammetric techniques, some using simple empirical methodologies and others based on imaging techniques. However, these techniques focus on cultural heritage assets which are still in existence. For lost, destroyed or damaged heritage, all that remains in a visual context are archived images. We investigate the use of photogrammetry on archived images, to attempt to create 3D reconstructions of lost heritage assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage management is employed by many countries to facilitate site development as well as to assist in the preservation of heritage. Heritage management is particularly complex because public and private, and sometimes local communities are involved. Despite the fact that some literature is devoted to the protection and management of heritage sites, little research has compared the management practices between natural and cultural heritage and detailed comparative studies that are undertaken from this perspective are rare. Thus this study can be considered as one of the few, internationally, and possibly the first, locally, that compares the management process in the two main types of heritage: cultural and natural. Specifically, this study focuses on two main aspects of the management process, namely: the administrative and heritage legal system and local community involvement, aspects that have not been investigated in any prior research in Jordan. The study selected two case studies from Jordan: Umm Qais as a cultural heritage and Ajloun Forest Reserve as a natural heritage. The researchers adopted two methods in order to collect the required data. Personal interviews and direct observation were carried out at the archaeological site of Umm Qais as a cultural heritage site and Ajloun Forest Reserve as a natural heritage site. The study reveals that while Ajloun Forest Reserve is putting a lot of effort to manage its natural heritage, the main aim at Umm Qais is to attract more tourists. The study establishes that the heritage legal and administrative system in Ajloun forest reserve is stronger than the system applied at the archaeological site of Umm Qais, and that local community involvement is more well rooted in Ajloun Forest Reserve management policies than in Umm Qais. However implementing integrated legislation and involving the local community helps heritage managers towards public action and thoughts. Thus, this study may aid heritage operators to improve their policies in regard of heritage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern computerised railway control methods are making traditional railway signal boxes obsolete and most signal boxes owned by Network Rail in Great Britain will close by 2026. Many of these signal boxes have a listing as buildings of architectural or historical significance. Listed buildings should ideally remain in their original location and this particularly applies to signal boxes, where the railway environment is an intrinsic aspect of the listing. However, there is pressure to relocate redundant listed and heritage signal boxes. Primary research methodology is by focusing upon key exemplars to determine the actual situation against theoretical conservation policy and practice. Findings are that while relocation affects the building's conservation integrity, presentation of relocated signal boxes in a heritage railway environment provides for interpretation of railway history. The conclusions identify that there are contradictory requirements and pressures in conserving heritage signal boxes. These pressures materially affect the conservation process and there is a need to redefine accepted conservation theory to cope with the realties of signal box preservation. This will necessitate engagement by all interested parties and a systematic identification of all affected signal boxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecomuseums are attracting increasing attention as means of preserving heritage and also impacting positively on social and economic issues. This paper contrasts ecomuseums with previous forms of cross-sector partnerships. The authors focus on the governance, strategy and leadership of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum. The findings have lessons for ecomuseums and other cross-sector partnerships both in and outside the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Archaeologists around the world face complex ethical dilemmas that defy easy solutions. Ethics and law entwine, yet jurisprudence endures as the global praxis for guidance and result. Global legal norms articulate 'legal rights' and obligations while codes of professional conduct articulate 'ethical rights' and obligations. This article underscores how a rights discourse has shaped the 20th century discipline and practice of archaeology across the globe, including in the design and execution of projects like those discussed in the Journal of Field Archaeology. It illustrates how both law and ethics have been, and still are, viewed as two distinct solution-driven approaches that, even when out of sync, are the predominant frameworks that affect archaeologists in the field and more generally. While both law and ethics are influenced by social mores, public policy, and political objectives, each too often in cultural heritage debates has been considered a separate remedy. For archaeology, there remains the tendency to turn to law for a definite response when ethical solutions prove elusive. As contemporary society becomes increasingly interconnected and the geo-political reality of the 21st century poses new threats to protecting archaeological sites and the integrity of the archaeological record during armed conflict and insurgency, law has fallen short or has lacked necessary enforcement mechanisms to address on-the-ground realities. A changing global order shaped by human rights, Indigenous heritage, legal pluralism, neo-colonialism, development, diplomacy, and emerging non-State actors directs the 21st century policies that shape laws and ethics. Archaeologists in the field today work within a nexus of domestic and international laws and regulations and must navigate increasingly complex ethical situations. Thus, a critical challenge is to realign approaches to current dilemmas facing archaeology in a way that unifies the 'legal' and the 'ethical' with a focus on human rights and principles of equity and justice. With examples from around the world, this article considers how law and ethics affect professional practice and demonstrates how engagement with law and awareness of ethics are pivotal to archaeologists in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, Australian cultural heritage practitioners and conservation scientists collaborated on a national underwater cultural heritage (UCH) reburial project, known as the Australian Historic Shipwreck Preservation Project (AHSPP) funded by the Australian Research Council. This resulted in the excavation, documentation and reburial of the 'at risk' shipwreck Clarence. Following the excavation, the site and associated artefacts were reburied and subsequently covered by shade cloth and finally, with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tarpaulins. After completion of the in situ reburial, a number of critical issues were put into sharp relief including: what constitutes the accurate identification of a site as being 'at risk'; and the implications of 'rapid reburial'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author reflects upon the value of national cultural heritage. Particular focus is given to how this relates to the country of Sweden, its government, and The Swedish National Heritage Board. Additional topics discussed include the types of items that are relevant to Swedish national cultural heritage, efforts to keep Swedish cultural heritage in the country and export control within the EU (European Union).