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AbstractThe goals of the current study are to analyze the technical efficiency of the Decision Making Unit (DMU) of the cocoa agroindustry and the relationship among technical efficiency, export performance, and competitive strategy in the cocoa agroindustry in Indonesia. Respondents in this study are production and marketing managers at 42 active DMUs. The results show that the average DMU technical efficiency value is 0.963 and 0.985 based on the models of Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS), with the distribution of the full technical efficiency category of 80.95%, the high category of 16.67%, the medium category of 2.38%, and the low category of 0%. This study finds a model for increasing the export performance of the cocoa agroindustry, in which the technical efficiency variable has a significant positive effect on the export performance variable with competitive strategy variables as an intervening variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we discussed covalent and non-covalent reactions between cocoa polyphenols and proteins (milk and cocoa) and the possible effects of these reactions on their bioaccessibility, considering environmental and processing conditions. Better insight into these interactions is crucial for understanding the biological effects of polyphenols, developing nutritional strategies, and improving food processing and storage. Protein-polyphenol reactions affect the properties of the final product and can lead to the formation of various precursors at various stages in the manufacturing process, such as fermentation, roasting, alkalization, and conching. Due to the complex composition of the chocolate and the various technological processes, comprehensive food profiling strategies should be applied to analyze protein-polyphenol covalent reactions covering a wide range of potential reaction products. This will help to identify potential effects on the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds such as low-molecular-weight peptides and polyphenols. To achieve this, databases of potential reaction products and their binding sites can be generated, and the effects of various process conditions on related parameters can be investigated. This would then allow to a deeper insight into mechanisms behind protein-polyphenol interactions in chocolate, and develop strategies to optimize chocolate production for improved nutritional and sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the relationship between cocoa-based tourist experiences and tourists’ perceptions of image, satisfaction and loyalty regarding a cultural destination. A quantitative approach was used, with data obtained via surveys distributed to tourists participating in a cocoa-based culinary experience in the Dominican Republic. The survey was designed with items adapted from previous research. The theoretical model of the study was examined using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results indicate that cocoa-based culinary experiences are closely linked to tourists’ cognitive and affective perceptions of the destination, improving overall satisfaction and contributing to loyalty intentions. Destination image and destination satisfaction mediate the relationship between cocoa-based culinary experiences and tourist loyalty, suggesting that immersive dining experiences are critical in shaping destination perception and visitor engagement. This research offers novel contributions to gastronomic tourism because it focuses on cocoa as a central element of gastronomic tourism, in addition to examining its effects on destination marketing outcomes. It is one of the first studies to analyze gastronomic tourism from the cocoa perspective. The results expand the existing literature on gastronomic tourism, as the experiential aspects of cocoa consumption with regard to tourist behavior and destination loyalty are integrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthropods play vital roles in ecosystem functions, yet their distribution is subjected to environmental factors. Hence, this study investigates the impact of habitat features on arthropod communities within cocoa smallholdings under different farming practices: agroforestry and monoculture systems. We conducted arthropod sampling using yellow sticky traps and assessed the habitat features at each plantation twice to capture temporal variations in arthropod populations. The study recorded 2945 individual arthropods belonging to eight different functional groups. The most abundant functional group was saprophagous, followed by phytophagous, parasitoid, predator, mycetophagous, frugivorous, palynivore, and nectarivorous group. Using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs), we found that the abundance of phytophagous and predatory arthropods increases with leaf litter, while it decreases with saprophagous arthropods. Our findings suggest that tree-crop diversification within cocoa smallholdings can play a significant role in preserving higher arthropod biodiversity, particularly when these smallholdings remain free from chemical insecticide use. Canopy cover was also found to positively affect the variability of arthropods indicating that it is a crucial factor affecting arthropod biodiversity. This study underscores the significance of integrating agroforestry systems into cocoa production landscapes, particularly those utilizing agrochemicals, to support diverse arthropod communities and promote sustainable cocoa production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many epidemiological studies have shown the beneficial effects of a largely plant-based diet, and the strong association between the consumption of a Mediterranean-type diet with healthy aging including a lower risk of cognitive decline. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high intake of olive oil, fruits and vegetables and is rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols – both of which have been postulated to act as important mediators of these benefits. Polyphenols are large molecules produced by plants to protect them from environmental threats and injury. When ingested by humans, as little as 5% of these molecules are absorbed in the small intestine with the majority metabolized by the gut microbiota into absorbable simple phenolic compounds. Flavan-3-ols, a type of flavonoid, contained in grapes, berries, pome fruits, tea, and cocoa have been associated with many beneficial effects on several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cognitive function and brain regions involved in memory formation. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that these brain and heart benefits can be attributed to endothelial vascular effects and anti-inflammatory properties among others. More recently the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential modulator of the aging brain and intriguingly polyphenols have been shown to alter microbiota composition and be metabolized by different microbial species. However, there is a need for well controlled studies in large populations to identify predictors of response, particularly given the vast inter-individual variation of human gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the impact of agricultural cooperatives on poverty depth of cocoa farmers' poverty levels in Southwestern Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used in selecting 362 cocoa farmers in the study area. The results of a two-step control function quasi-maximum likelihood revealed that age, household size, farm size, and farming experience positively influenced the poverty depth while cooperative membership negatively influenced the depth of poverty among cocoa farmers. This study concludes that cooperative organizations have the potential to reduce poverty effectively, provided their values and principles are respected. Hence, an advocate for continued policy incentives targeted at encouraging farmers to form as well as participate in agricultural cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theobroma cacao beans are cultivated in Fiji by smallholder farms in low volumes, mainly for export. Cocoa beans are often processed under ambient conditions by farmers and cocoa processors. Postharvest processing includes natural fermentation from six to ten days in wooden boxes, followed by sun – drying in the open for up to 14 days. The impact of fermentation conditions on key quality parameters of Fijian cocoa beans, such as temperature profile, pH, and total extractable polyphenol content (TPC) are presented in this study. The quality of fermentation was assessed using a standard method, such as a cut test followed by fermentation index (FI) measurement. A temperature increase to 40°C and variations in the pH of the bean mass were evident during natural fermentation. TPC in the cocoa beans was sensitive to temperature and pH. Fermentation was variable due to weather conditions between harvest seasons. The dry season had the best conditions for fermentation as the peak temperature of the bean mass was 40°C and the FI was high (1.39 ± 0.04) There is a need to improve fermentation during the rainy season. This can be achieved by providing training to Fijian cocoa farmers on using better fermentation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific countries of Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu account for less than 2% of the world's cacao dry bean production. To capitalise on the rapidly expanding origin craft cocoa market, understanding the genetic attributes of Theobroma cacao in the Pacific is essential. A six-year ACIAR-funded project collected 1647 dried leaf samples from research stations and smallholder farms to identify the population ancestry of T. cacao in the partner countries. Using SNP marker profiling, the study identified germplasm high in Amelonado, which represents the majority of material throughout the Pacific. However, the study also identified samples high in the remaining nine genetic groups, including Criollo, Nanay, IMC (Iquitos), Guiana, Parinari (Marañón), Nacional, Ucayali (Contamana), LCT EEN (Curaray), and Purus, which were distributed throughout the Pacific. The results, if utilised in local selection trials, could reposition growers in the Pacific countries, allowing them to supply the growing origin craft cocoa market, with genetically unique beans. Cocoa genetics was one aspect of a project incorporating production and postharvest research to refocus the commodity based cocoa industry to a supplier of high-quality beans of unique Pacific cocoa origin to the rapidly expanding craft 'bean to bar' cocoa industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We assessed cocoa farmers' access to, demand for, and satisfaction with five innovation support services and the factors shaping them. Design/methodology/approach: We used data from 10 focus groups and a survey of 421 farmers in Central Cameroon. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and regression models. Findings: Results showed that farmers mostly receive training and advice whereas inputs, credit, and equipment are the most demanded services. Training and advice obtained the highest perceived quality score. Conflicts around distribution and capture by leaders were relatively frequent regarding inputs and equipment. Farmers' satisfaction with service outcomes increased with the number of services received and any services above training and advice yielded higher outcomes. Location, involvement in certification, seniority, and leadership position in farmers' organisations were significantly associated with access and demand for at least two services while satisfaction with quality was mostly influenced by prior services received and the extent to which they matched expectations. Practical implications: Farmers' demands for services are diverse, hence the importance of providing them with either service bundles or options from which they can choose. Additional efforts are needed from service providers to create an enabling environment for the implementation of the disseminated sustainable management practices. Theoretical implications: Farmers' satisfaction with services can be analysed from different perspectives. Both endogenous and exogenous factors determine access to, demand for, and satisfaction with services. Originality/value: This research is the first to assess the provision of innovation support services in the cocoa sector using an analytical framework that combines demand, access, and satisfaction with five services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cash crop producing countries, policy changes towards organic agriculture are critical for sustainable agriculture. This study explores the perceptions and reasons behind the lack of deliberate policies promoting organic cocoa production in Ghana and Ivory Coast, despite its potential benefits. In this qualitative study, 16 policymakers and experts were interviewed, and these data were thematically analysed using planned behaviour theory as the theoretical framework. The study reveals that policymakers perceive organic cocoa production favourably. The slow pace of research, innovation and development (RDI) remains one major barrier to the adoption of organic cocoa policy in Ghana and Ivory Coast. This implicitly leads to organic cocoa production being perceived and promoted as a ‘niche’. The study findings indicate that in emerging economies that solely depend on raw material production output to generate revenue for development, governments may not push through policies that encourage cocoa farmers to convert from conventional to organic cocoa production due to economic considerations. This study recommends the abandonment of the notion of organic cocoa production as a niche to enable Ghana and Ivory Coast to adopt organic cocoa policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) is biomass waste from plantation activities which have the potential to be used as a companion fuel for low-rank coal (LRC). This study aims to find out the characteristics of combustion using the TGA-DTA testing. This experiment was carried out by testing the crushed CPH and LRC raw materials with a particle size of 40 mesh based on ASTM standards, then CPH was added to the LRC. The composition of adding CPH into the LRC is 10%, 30%, and 50%, respectively. The results of this experiment presented that there is an increase in combustion performance as a result of adding the CPH into the LRC. This is a result of a decrease in the burning temperature of volatile matters and ignition temperature. The optimum amount of addition which gives a significant increase in combustion performance is obtained by adding 10% CPH into the LRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to propose probable scenarios for the year 2030 for the cocoa value chain in the department of Antioquia (Colombia), based on functional approach to analysing territorial innovation systems (TIS). TIS in the cocoa value chain was analysed by comparing two rural municipalities as case studies, where different actors respectively participated. Prospective analysis approach, Delphi method, MICMAC program and morphological analysis were combined for the construction of scenarios. Case study comparison indicates that analysis at the territorial level is an appropriate perspective to identify key aspects of the TIS functions that lead to different scenarios for promoting local innovation in agri-food value chains. The results provide specific scenarios including short-, medium- and long-term strategies for the promotion of territorial innovation systems. This approach has the potential for multiple heterogeneous TIS actors to explore different innovation pathways and prospective scenarios that contribute to action planning to reduce uncertainty and promote innovation in TIS. This study contributes with a new way of approaching the functions of TIS, where dynamics that occur in the local geography are highlighted. Also based on the prospective analysis, scenarios are configured that arise from a set of aspects analysed by local and external actors of the territories. The study generates important knowledge about TIS and the functional approach regarding the design of prospective scenarios to promote innovation in agri-food value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roasting is an essential process in cocoa industry involving high temperatures that causes several physicochemical and microstructural changes in cocoa beans that ensure their quality and further processability. The versatility in roasting temperatures (100 − 150 °C) has attracted the attention of researchers toward the exploration of the effects of different roasting conditions on the color, proximal composition, cocoa butter quality, concentration of thermolabile compounds, formation of odor-active volatile organic compounds, generation of melanoidins, production of thermal processes contaminants in cocoa nibs, among others. Some researchers have drowned in exploring new roasting parameters (e.g., the concentration of water steam in the roasting chamber), whilst others have adapted novel heat-transfer techniques to cocoa nibs (e.g., fluidized bed roasting and microwaves). A detailed investigation of the physicochemical phenomena occurring under different cocoa roasting scenarios is lacking. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of art of cocoa roasting, identifies weak and mistaken points, presents research gaps, and gives recommendations to be considered for future cocoa studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi-parental hybrids (BPHs) are recommended cocoa planting materials in Ghana and other West African countries. However, the inability to produce enough BPHs to meet farmers' demand makes it almost impossible to avoid open-pollinated families (OPF) in the supply chain. To study the effects of OPF on cocoa production, parentage analysis, vigor, and precocity of seven BPHs generated from a 4 × 2 North Carolina II (NC II) incomplete mating design were compared with eight OPFs. The 15 cocoa progenies together with two checks of Guiana (GU) origin were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across five contrasting locations for stem diameter increment (SDI) and number of pods per tree (NP). Parentage analyses at 75 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of leave samples from the 17 progenies revealed that the BPHs were of the appropriate female and male parents, while the OPF had varying number of male parents. The pollination effect (bi-parental vs open-pollinated progenies) was not significantly different for both traits, but the BPH was relatively better and surpassed on average the OPF by 3.5% for SDI and 7.8% for NP. Crosses involving GU 144/ C, T63/967, and T65/238 as females in both the OPF and BPH showed predominantly higher performance than those with PA 7 and T79/501 for both traits. Among the promising female parents, GU 144/C is the only one that is not in the seed gardens and could be added to parental clones currently used in producing cocoa varieties in the seed garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, gut microbiome has evolved as a focal point of interest with growing recognition that a well-balanced gut microbiota is highly relevant to an individual's health status. The present review provides a mechanistic insight on the effects of cocoa chemicals on the gut microbiome and further reveals in silico biomarkers, taxonomic and functional features that distinguish gut microbiome of cocoa consumers and controls by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. The polyphenols in cocoa can change the gut microbiota either by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut such as Clostridium perfringens or by increasing the growth of beneficial microbiota in the gut such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This paper demonstrates the holistic effect of gut microbiota on cocoa chemicals and how it impacts human health. We present herein the first comprehensive review and analysis of how raw and roasted cocoa and its products can specifically influence gut homeostasis, and likewise, how microbiota metabolizes cocoa chemicals. In addition to that, our 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis revealed that the flavone and flavonols metabolism, aminobenzoate degradation and fatty acid elongation pathways represent the three most important signatures of microbial functions associated with cocoa consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, mirids, stink bugs and coreid bugs are the most important insect pests of cocoa in Ghana. The populations of these insect pests are known to be influenced by the availability of food and breeding sites, as well as the macro and micro climates in cocoa farms. The study investigated variations in the population dynamics of these pests and their damage trends within a square mile (259 hectares). Pest numbers and damage were assessed monthly on 100 trees per plot from 2015 to 2020, each plot measuring one acre (0.4 hectare). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in pest numbers and damage symptoms of the different pest species for the various months of assessment. Populations of each pest species (mirids, stink bugs and the coreid bugs) and their associated damage in the various cocoa plots were significantly different (p < 0.05). The study showed that relying on the pest activity in one cocoa plantation to determine pest management activities in a nearby cocoa plot may not always lead to accurate and effective pest control. The need for pest surveillance and monitoring at the farm level as a basis to design effective Integrated Pest Management in cocoa production is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate-Smart Cocoa (CSC), a strategic offshoot of the wider Climate-Smart Agriculture, is gaining ground in Ghana, a cocoa export-dependent country. CSC is imperative, given the rapidly declining forests, prolonged periods of drought, pest and disease infestations, and fluctuating cocoa yields attributed to climate variability and change. Although many interventions are instituted to restore sustainable cocoa production, they are largely technicist because they do not pay attention to gender relations of production in the communities. Given the context of the embeddedness of gender inequality in access to resources, we used some CSC interventions in Ghana to reflect on the lingering questions of CSC production practices. We relied on CSC project documents, extant literature, farmer surveys and qualitative data to highlight the need for climate-smart agricultural approaches to be sensitive to structural and systemic issues that exclude female farmers. We argue that transforming norms that perpetuate unequal access to land, labour, input and extension services between men and women should be central to approaches that aim to promote sustainable and ecologically sound agricultural practices in cocoa production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Mass expulsion’ was rarely so ‘mass’ in its application. It was often enforced through exceptions as much as the rule, through the ad-hoc actions of individual citizens and migrants, as much as by the executive branches of independence-era governments. On November 18, 1969, Kofi Abrefa Busia, the newly elected Prime Minister of Ghana, issued the Aliens Compliance Order, requiring all undocumented immigrants, those without valid residence permits, to leave the nation within fourteen days. Since mass expulsion orders are enacted by decrees such as Busia’s, they are overwhelmingly analyzed as tool of executive authority. But this analytical glossing lends too much authority to the state’s executive branch, overlooking the role of West African peoples’ thoughts, expressions, and interpretations in the process of mass expulsion. Petitions for exemptions to the expulsion order in Ghana’s cocoa industry, the nation’s leading export crop, reveal how various segments of the Ghanaian government (cabinet ministers, union leaders, and members of regional security councils) and society (Ghanaian chiefs, farm owners, and alien laborers) pried open the Order’s contradictions to shape both the targets of expulsion and the ad-hoc means by which it was carried out. Mass expulsion was a relational process; not a singular event but an iterative renegotiation of political mobilities. This article turns our attention, more broadly, to how diverse members of African societies at independence shaped ‘state’ policies as well as the meaning and measure of African citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cocoa swollen shoot virus disease persists in Ghana in spite of the implementation of an eradication campaign against the disease by the government since 1948. Two major factors are identified as limiting the success of the eradication campaign. First, the extension problem, namely, the low level of growers' knowledge (know-why) concerning the disease, including knowledge of the causal agent (3.8%), the vectors (2.3%), and the recommended preventive measures (8% to 67%). Second, the implementation problem, namely, the failure of growers and government-employed labourers to follow the recommended policy of cutting-out and replanting cocoa farms. Thus, about half (51%) of the affected farms were not correctly treated, despite the specialized labour provided and paid for by the government to implement treatment. In addition, about 73% of the growers who treated their affected farms without government support did so incorrectly. Other factors include the direct treatment cost (US $513.00 ha−1) to be borne by growers, as well as land tenure arrangements, and the waiting time of at least three years before the first harvest after replanting. A more researcher-grower collaborative approach in managing the disease could enhance growers' knowledge and the adoption of recommended practices to limit the spread of the disease. In addition, policy decisions on a nationwide disease management strategy that require growers' collective efforts should consider growers' socio-economic conditions like land tenure arrangements and disease treatment cost (direct and indirect) incurred by growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is the most weather-dependent and risky sector where it is unpredictable when a season will be profitable during harvest. Droughts and floods may increase the risk of weather-related catastrophes in agriculture. Weather index Insurance has been widely recommended for decades to control weather risk. 600 Ashanti cocoa producers were surveyed to see how weather index insurance adoption affects cocoa output in Ghana. The endogenous switching regression (ESR) technique coupled with probit models were employed in this study. Cocoa bean production was 30.8 percent whiles only 15.8% of cocoa farmers knew about weather index insurance. The average annual farm income, off-farm, and remittances were 7.40, 7.26, and 6.61, respectively. Weather index insurance adoption and cocoa output were positively influenced by cocoa farm age, gender, education, awareness, and access to finance. We found that weather index insurance negatively influences cocoa output in Ghana due to inadequate information on insurance among farmers, lack of education, lack of awareness, and access to credit. Our findings will help Ghana Agricultural Insurance Pool and the government improve accessibility, affordability, and awareness for cocoa growers in the region and beyond. The findings will add to weather index insurance literature and improve agriculture risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional approaches for assessing supply chain vulnerability do not capture endogenous disruptions emanating from chain actors' decisions that might increase value chain vulnerability. These approaches adopt a reactive analytical explanation of vulnerability, rather than one that considers issues of feedback effects. To address this issue, this paper adopts a system dynamics modelling approach to identify the precursors of vulnerabilities in Ghana's cocoa value chain. The paper assesses the vulnerability levels of the cocoa value chain by adjusting the baseline values of several key parameters that can be influenced by chain actors. Results of the sensitivity analyses indicate that the precursors of vulnerability situated upstream of the cocoa value chain have varying impacts on chain vulnerability, but the same magnitude of effect on the vulnerability levels of chain actors. However, precursors of vulnerability that are situated midstream of the cocoa value chain have an unequal magnitude of effect on the vulnerability levels of chain actors. Results suggest that policies governing cocoa trading can become countervailing factors that obstruct the government's call for upgrading along the cocoa value chain. The system dynamics model presented here enables a proactive assessment of vulnerability which can facilitate collaborative planning among stakeholders in the value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation platforms promote interactions among actors in an innovation system. Given the importance of the cocoa sub-sector to the Ghanaian economy, having an innovation platform is imperative for increasing innovative performance. Using qualitative data collection tools we obtained in-depth information on the roles and linkages of actors to provide options for the establishment/strengthening of the cocoa innovation platform in Ghana. Findings from the thematic and social network analysis suggest that stimulating the participation of farmer groups, actors in research, extension, policy, and the private sector is important as they have the power to attract and sustain relevant actors to the network and hold the structure of the cocoa innovation platform together. The study contributes to the literature by being the first study that has applied the SNA tool to the cocoa innovation system in Ghana and also by emphasizing the prominent role farmers and private sector actors play in such networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current study examines the specific role of governmental support of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the agritourism domain for the country of Honduras. Theoretical underpinnings from the resource-based view of the firm and structural equation modeling were used to test the direct proposed relationships. A sample of 220 questionnaire respondents who were owners or managers/supervisors within agritourism businesses was analyzed. Results suggest that governmental support of product certifications and governmental marketing efforts to assist the businesses are significantly related to intentions to engage in agritourism. However, community branding efforts and financial support of these businesses were not found significant. These findings extend previous research on SMEs and agribusiness by focusing on the importance of governmental support to drive engagement outcomes in developing economies like Honduras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa currently faces differentiation processes toward niches of specialty products, leading to greater competitiveness for producers who must compete with products differentiated by their integral quality regarding their organoleptic characteristics, such as fine-flavor cocoa and their functional characteristics. Quality is influenced by the genetic variety of the cultivars on the one hand, and the correct postharvest processing operations of cocoa seeds, on the other. During the transformation operations, the native chemical compounds of the seeds, especially proteins, carbohydrates, and polyphenols, are transformed and generate other compounds called flavor precursors, which are responsible for defining the product quality. In this sense, the analysis of the most relevant chemical compounds in cocoa is essential to guarantee higher overall quality. Similarly, understanding the fundamental aspects that affect fine-flavor cocoa production is crucial for improving transformation processes. Therefore, reliable and robust analytical techniques are required to detect and quantify these chemical compounds. This review highlights the main techniques used to analyze essential cocoa metabolites and derived products throughout all postharvest transformation stages: from cocoa seeds to chocolate bar, offering an overview of the sample preparation methods and the analytical and imaging methodologies often employed to characterize qualifying cocoa products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, it was evaluated whether microencapsulated cocoa supplementation could attenuate endothelial dysfunction caused by eccentric exercise in healthy subjects. Thirteen volunteers were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), blood flow and muscle O2 saturation (StO2) were evaluated by ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), respectively, before and after microencapsulated cocoa supplementation. The eccentric exercise was performed after microencapsulated cocoa supplementation to generate vascular dysfunction. Eccentric exercise significantly reduced FMD in the PLA condition, but cocoa attenuated this exercise effect. No significant effect was observed on muscle StO2 and blood flow after eccentric exercise and nutritional supplementation. In conclusion, the present study showed that a single dose of microencapsulated cocoa ingestion attenuated FMD-induced eccentric exercise. These findings suggest that a single dose of microencapsulated cocoa may be an alternative nutritional strategy to attenuate vascular dysfunction induced by eccentric exercise in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of liming and fertility properties of biochar on acid soil was studied in this work. Selected soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable acidity (Ex Ac), exchangeable Al (Ex Al), exchangeable Fe (Ex Fe), available P and, soil organic carbon (SOC) were examined under the effect of biochar amendments. The acid soil was treated with biochar issued from coffee husk (CH) and cocoa pods (CP) pyrolyzed at 350°C and 550°C for 4 hours at amendment rate of 0, 20, 40 and 80 g kg−1 and an incubation time of 7, 14, 30, 40 and 60 d. Biochar amendments significantly increased soil pH, soil EC with respect to control and decrease in exchangeable acidity was observed. Results show that biochar improved available P in acid soil, though re-adsorption occurred with increasing incubation time. A significant increase in SOC is observed as compared to control. The impact of biochar on these acid soil chemical properties is due to the properties which are dependent on the biochar type and pyrolysis temperature. Thus, biochar can play the dual role of a liming agent and a source of P fertilizer nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-segregated kinetic model is proposed to describe a fermentation process of agro-industrial residues derived via cocoa (mucilage juice) by Pichia kudriavzevii. The novel proposed hybrid model is based on a multiple coupling reaction mechanisms (structured) to describe the kinetics of substrate consumption, biomass, carbon dioxide, and ethanol, coupled to an unstructured model for the activity enzyme. The parameters of the kinetic model are estimated by non-linear least-squares curve fitting using the Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm. In addition, numerical simulations were compared with the experimental data via residual graphs. The effectiveness of the model was statistically evaluated using dimensionless efficiency coefficients under different initial conditions. A global sensitivity analysis was applied (Fisher's information matrix). The experimental results of the batch reactor showed a maximum ethanol concentration of 29 g/L, with a yield of 0.48 g-ethanol/g-glucose and a productivity of 0.30 g/L h. The method determined that the cell formation coefficient and the specific substrate consumption rate ( θ 1 and θ 2 ) directly influence most of the states of our system. The proposed scheme is particularly suitable to assist in the rational design of cell factory properties or fermentation processes because it can represent the complex biochemistry in more detail and under different initial experimental conditions; the above reveals that the generated model is robust and can be considered for control and optimization purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global cocoa-chocolate chain, sustainability certification became the most widely applied industry tool to respond to sustainability challenges, such as extreme poverty among cocoa producers, and related issues of child labor and deforestation. This contribution analyzes how sustainability certification shapes broader social dynamics in targeted communities by applying the concept of social cohesion. This framework allows for the discussion on the appropriateness of sustainability certification to foster the needed societal conditions for community empowerment and collective action, both of which often regarded as key for a broader sustainability transition. Insights from key informant interviews in two Ghanaian cocoa communities targeted by a Rainforest Alliance cocoa sustainability project indicate that there is an enhanced interaction between scheme participants leading to new ingroup-outgroup patterns among community members. Further, while some informal institutions and one particular societal group are negatively affected by the sustainability intervention, no broader effect on communities' overall social cohesion was measured. Finally, despite contributing to the greening of cocoa production, certification implements measures that risk to hamper the spread of collective action and may dilute the "societal glue" in targeted communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the impact of the adoption of cocoa hand pollination (CHP) on the welfare of smallholder cocoa producers. Using data collected from 1200 cocoa farmers in Huni Valley and Kejebril districts of Ghana, we employed endogenous switching regression, propensity score matching and inverse probability weighted adjustment techniques to assess the impact. The two-step Cragg was used to examine the determinants of the decision and intensity of adoption. The results showed that education, marriage and farm size positively influenced both the decision and intensity of adoption of the CHP technique. The result further showed that the cost of labour for implementing the technology, age, education, family head, economic active members, age of the cocoa tree, off-farm work, credit access and farm size significantly determined the impact of adoption on smallholder cocoa producers' welfare. Additionally, there is a positive impact of CHP adoption on productivity, income and food security. Careful consideration should be given to these factors including collaborations between government and stakeholders in the cocoa industry through the regular sensitization and trainings for farmers on improved technologies as the CHP to increase productivity, household income and reduce food insecurity of smallholder cocoa farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers' knowledge of major insect pests and their occurrence in cocoa plantations in Ghana as well as common practices of farmers to control these pests were assessed. It was found that 52%, 41%, and 74% of the respondents could not recognize mirid bug (Sahlbergella singularis), stink bug (Bathycoelia thalassina), and coreid bug (Pseudotheraptus devastans), respectively, when they saw these insects in pictures. Also, over 50% of the respondents could not describe the damage symptoms of mirid bugs. Farmers who accurately identified insect pests mostly observed a peak in the presence and damage of mirid bugs in August, and high presence of stink bugs and coreid bugs from April to June on cocoa farms. Most respondents (72%) mentioned the use of insecticides for pest management in their farms without any support by local institutes. Training is needed to enhance farmers' knowledge of the biology and behaviour of key pests in cocoa for effective pest management. A participatory research approach is also necessary to increase farmers' competence in the identification of those key pests and improve pest control practices. Consideration of these observations from farmers is necessary to support a review of the insecticide spray recommendation on cocoa farms in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chocolate biscuits are one type of biscuit that contains antioxidants, albeit in small amounts. Incorporating functional compounds into the product is an option for enhancing its quality. This study investigated chocolate biscuits' physicochemical, antioxidant, and sensory properties incorporated with encapsulated mangosteen peel extract in percentages of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The increase in mangosteen peel extract microcapsules significantly affected the total value of polyphenols, flavonoids, peroxide number, color, and texture profile. But, there were no significant differences in the organoleptic characteristics of color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, texture profile, a* and b* values, and browning index were all positively correlated with increasing the concentration of encapsulated in the formula. However, there was a negative correlation between antioxidant activity, peroxide number, and L*. It obtained the best recipe for its physicochemical, organoleptic, and antioxidant properties at 5%. Overall, the panelists approved the chocolate biscuits with mangosteen peel extract microcapsules. This product's development is an alternative to antioxidant-rich functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the popular imaginary, cocoa-derived products, like chocolate, represent a panacea for mood and affectivity. However, whether this is a myth or a fact has yet to be clarified. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to investigate the effect of cocoa-derived food on depressive and anxiety symptoms, positive and negative affect. We searched Web of KnowledgeTM and PsycINFO up to April 3, 2020. After screening 761 records, we selected nine studies. Two trials evaluated the long-term effects of cocoa consumption (>1 week), two studies the short-term effects (3 days), while five studies were conducted in acute (single administration). Random-effects meta-analyses found an overall significant effect of cocoa-rich products on depressive (Hedge's g = −0.42, 95% CI −0.67 to −0.17) and anxiety symptoms (Hedge's g = −0.49, 95% CI −0.78 to −0.19). Moreover, both positive (Hedge's g = 0.41, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.77) and negative affect (Hedge's g = −0.47, 95% CI −0.91 to −0.03) significantly improved. In all meta-analyses, the effect size was medium, while heterogeneity was low. Our findings suggest that the consumption of cocoa-rich products may improve affect and mood in the short term. However, given the short duration of trials, our results cannot be generalized to long-term intake of cocoa-derived food. Cautious interpretation is also needed due to the low number of participants and studies included in the meta-analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present work, a sample pre-treatment method based on a combination of homogenous liquid–liquid extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been proposed for the extraction of some organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa powder before their quantification by gas chromatography–electron capture detection. To extract the analytes, a mixture of acetonitrile and potassium hydroxide solution is added to cocoa powder. In the following, an appropriate amount of sodium chloride as a phase separation agent is added and the mixture is vortexed. After centrifugation, the supernatant phase (acetonitrile containing the extracted analytes) is separated and mixed with chloroform (as an extraction solvent). This mixture is rapidly injected into the deionised water which its pH is 6.4. By this action, a cloudy solution is obtained and after centrifugation, an aliquat of the sedimented phase is removed and injected into the quantification system. Under optimum conditions, limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were found to be in the ranges of 0.024–0.041 and 0.081–0.138 ng g–1, respectively. The obtained extraction recoveries varied between 50 and 89%. Also, intra – (n = 6) and inter–day (n = 4) precisions, experiments as relative standards deviations were less than 8.9% for the studied pesticides at different concentrations (0.2, 1.0, 100 and 250 ng g−1, each analyte). Finally, the suggested method was applied to determine the studied organochlorine pesticide residues in various cocoa powders gathered from groceries in the East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Abbreviations: DLLME, Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction; ECD, Electron capture detector; ER, Extraction recovery; EF, Enrichment factor; GC, Gas chromatography; HLLE, Homogenous liquid–liquid extraction; LOD, Limit of detection; LOQ, Limit of quantification; LR, Linear range; RSD, Relative standard deviation; OCP, Organochlorine pesticide [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Natural color; natural fibers; color fastness; sunflower; onion; cocoa; ; ; ; ; ; EN Natural color natural fibers color fastness sunflower onion cocoa ZH 7470 7479 10 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction More and more attention is drawn to textile products where natural fibers dyed with natural dyes are used, due to the ecological fashion existing in recent years (Khan, Hussain, and Jiang [9]; Lee, Kim, and Cho [10]), where is important a healthy lifestyle and conservation of cultural heritage (Jahangiri et al. [6]). Color fastness of fibers dyed with sunflower petals extract For dyeing with sunflower petals extract. Color fastness of the fibers dyed with purple onion peel extract For dyeing with the extract of the purple onion peel, a dependency was noted between the strength tests with the type of dyed fiber (Table 3). [Extracted from the article]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most required nutrients in cocoa production. Unlike in many other crops, there is limited knowledge on genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in clonal cocoa. We therefore evaluated the effect of nitrogen application on cocoa NUE in 10 clonal cocoa scions that were top-grafted on 4-month old rootstock seedlings of cocoa clone MCC 02. Grafted seedlings received either 0 or 2.3 g/plant of N at the beginning of the experiment, which lasted for five months and was arranged in a nursery of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) in Jember, Indonesia. A factorial randomized block design was used with four replications. We found that clones significantly affected rootstock stem diameter and dry biomass both in roots and shoots. Nitrogen application decreased rootstock stem diameter and root biomass but increased shoot-root ratio. Following the N application, we observed significantly higher N concentration and uptake both in roots and shoots. This higher N concentration and uptake contributed to significantly lower NUE in both roots and shoots. We did not observe clonal differences in N concentration, uptake, NUE in either roots or shoots and ANR (Apparent Nitrogen Recovery). Nitrogen application influenced P, K, Mg, and Ca uptake in both roots and shoots. There was a clonal effect on P, K and Mg uptake and on P and Mg use efficiency in both roots and shoots. This implies that the studied clones vary in their P and Mg nutrient use efficiency but not in NUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although evidence of the limiting role of pollination in cocoa production is mounting, concern about the potential harm of insecticides to pollinators is also increasing. However, effort at examining farmer knowledge and practices on pollination and insecticide use aimed at promoting cocoa pollination is limited. This study assessed farmers' knowledge and practices on pollination and insecticide usage in four cocoa-growing communities (two organic and two conventional) in the Eastern region of Ghana. Data from interviewing cocoa farmers (200) with a structured questionnaire were analysed using various statistical techniques. Less than 50% of the farmers had knowledge of pollination and its influence on yield. Only 1% of the respondents identified midges as pollinators of cocoa, while 11% and 19.5% identified honey bees and ants as pollinator agents, respectively. Less than 50% of respondents believed insecticide application might impact on beneficial insects, including pollinators. Farmers' responses were highly influenced by farming system, educational background, farmer groups and extension officers. Our findings show that educating smallholder farmers on pollination and judicious insecticide use is crucial in improving long-term cocoa yields. These findings have implications for pest management policies and farmer sensitization on the impact of indiscriminate insecticide application on the environment and pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving productivity of cocoa farms while ensuring forests sustainability through cocoa agroforestry is increasingly gaining the attention of policy makers. Using data from cocoa farmers in rural areas of Southern Ghana, the present study analyzes farmer perceptions on economic and ecological benefits of cocoa agroforestry shade levels with non-parametric tests, and economic performance of cocoa agroforestry shade levels with a cost-benefit modeling approach. The results from the study show that apart from market forces, farmers' ecological perceptions play a crucial role in the establishment of agroforestry shade levels. There is also evidence to suggest that the medium shade cocoa agroforestry has a higher economic performance. Policies that promote awareness creation and increase knowledge on cocoa agroforestry shade levels are essential ingredients for forest sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption has dominated the very limited discussion of the AIF's liquid intake, but there has been no study of the totality of the role of various beverages in the health and well-being of the diggers. This article explores the physical and cultural context of all beverages consumed by the AIF, noting the successes and failures of official army supply. This article reveals that alcohol, while dominating contemporary accounts of the AIF and prevailing ideas about digger identity, was actually subject to contests over its utility and legitimacy, in part due to the influence of the temperance movement. Meanwhile, non-alcoholic beverages such as tea, water, cocoa and coffee made far more important contributions to the physical and emotional well-being of soldiers than previously recognised, and have been routinely overlooked in scholarly and popular accounts of the AIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiji exports dried Theobroma cacao beans based on global demand for high-quality Fijian cocoa beans. Standard processing protocols for cocoa beans are fermentation and sun drying for 14 days. The ideal moisture content for quality dried cocoa beans is between 10% and 7% on a wet weight basis. The extended drying time and intermittent drying conditions cause quality losses, particularly from mould growth. Drying can be controlled by using solar dryers integrated with a desiccant wheel for the dehumidification of air. The drying process can be numerically expressed using a drying model to predict the process conditions and drying time for cocoa beans. This study was the first to develop a mechanistic model using PDE to predict the drying kinetics for Fijian cocoa beans over a 36-hour dehydration period (i.e. two drying days and an intervening night). Drying consisted of preconditioning (6 h), followed by overnight tempering, and drying under dehumidification at 45 and 55°C to a final moisture content of <10% (w.b). Drying at 55°C under 15% relative humidity projected a final bean moisture content of <10% (w.b). The model is useful for predicting the quality of dried Fijian cocoa beans under differing drying conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of appropriate instrumental and/or sensory analyses is essential to gain insights into the flavor profile of cocoa products. This three-part review is compiled of an overview of the most commonly used instrumental techniques to study cocoa liquor and chocolate flavor, their perception by a trained panel and the potential relationship between them. Each part is the result of a thorough literature study, principally focusing on the assumptions, features and limitations of these techniques. Reviewing of the literature revealed that cocoa matrix effects and methodology restraints were not always considered when instrumentally analyzing cocoa flavor. With respect to sensory analyses, various studies lacked reporting of accomplished trainings and performance of panelists. Moreover, a discrepancy was noticed in the descriptive flavor lexicon employed. Finally, when linking instrumental and sensory data, linear modeling is regularly applied, which might not always be appropriate. This review paper addresses the challenges associated with flavor assessment, intending to incite researchers to critically study cocoa flavor and apply standardized protocols and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A is a highly toxic mycotoxin and has posed great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and wide contamination, great efforts have been made to develop reliable determination methods. In this review, analytical methods are comprehensively summarized in terms of sample preparation strategy and instrumental analysis. Detailed method is described according to the food commodities in the order of cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit and spice. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances, especially reported in the last decade. At last, challenges and perspectives are also discussed to achieve better advancement and promote practical application in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the perception and adoption of artificial pollination among cocoa farmers in Ghana. It used cross-sectional data collected from 206 cocoa farmers selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, Likert Scale and the Tobit regression model were the methods of analysis. With an adoption rate of 49%, the study revealed that cocoa farmers have a positive perception towards adoption of artificial pollination technology. The results also showed that age of farmer, extension visits, yield and household size have significant positive effects on the probability of adoption of artificial pollination among cocoa farmers, whereas farm size has a significant negative effect on adoption. Leveraging on the positive perception generated, we encourage extension agents to sensitize farmers on the importance of artificial pollination through continuous awareness creation and promotion of the benefits of adopting the technology. Furthermore, given cocoa farmers' positive perception on artificial pollination, Ghana's cocoa production and marketing regulatory body (COCOBOD) should take steps in implementing the technology. Implementers of this technology should also target younger farmers since age has a negative influence on adoption of artificial pollination. Finally, this paper contributes to the literature by focusing on the perception and the factors that influence adoption of artificial pollination in cocoa production which currently has not been researched and documented in the cocoa production literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contributions of the agricultural sector to economic growth of developing countries of which Ghana is no exception cannot be overemphasized. Despite the sector being the mainstay of the Ghanaian economy, it is still confronted with several challenges. As a result, several agricultural policies such as, cocoa sector strategy, cocoa disease and pest control and cocoa high technology programmes have been implemented over the years. This study therefore examines the impact of these policies on cocoa production as well as on export. Using annual time series data over the period 1961–2017, the interrupted time series analysis is employed to address the objective of the study. The results reveal that cocoa sector strategy, cocoa disease and pest control, and cocoa high technology have boosted cocoa production. With regard to the export of cocoa, it is revealed that only the cocoa sector strategy policy has promoted cocoa export. The policy implication of the results is that there is a need for the sustainability of these agricultural policies. In terms of contribution and novelty, this paper investigates the impact of all three agricultural policies [cocoa sector strategy (CSS), cocoa disease and pest control programme (CODAPEC) and cocoa high technology programme (CHTP)] that Ghana has implemented over the years regarding cocoa production, which previous studies have not considered. This paper is also the first study to examine the impact of these agricultural policies on export of cocoa in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa farmers in Ghana are aging, and this threatens the sustainability of the sector. Using a qualitative approach, this study assessed how the youth-centred training programme has changed existing negative perceptions on youth participation in cocoa farming. The results confirmed that youth disinterest in cocoa farming is partly influenced by the perception that cocoa farming is an activity for the aged. The positive effect of applying the knowledge and skills beneficiaries received in enhancing the quality of cocoa farms and improving cocoa yield have changed existing negative public perceptions. Youth-centred interventions inspire hope in the revitalisation of Ghana's cocoa sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa's placenta, a by-product of cocoa bean extraction has a potential to increase value as a food additive or ingredient due to a high fiber content among other nutritional benefits. The use of this neglected material can be a significant source of income for small to medium producers. As bread is a staple food, it can be used as a vehicle to incorporate cocoa placenta. So, the objective of this study was to add cocoa placenta, to a sourdough bread made with variations of levain, liquid and stiff. The sourdough breads enriched with placenta from cocoa presented good technological functionality and a higher fiber content. Image analysis of the final breads showed that liquid levain yielded a higher mean cell area in the bread crumb that the stiff levain counterpart. It was also perceived as less acidic according to Sensory analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa consumption as a diet has been shown to improve cardiometabolic biomarkers for T2D, but results were inconsistent. A comprehensive search from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library to identify the randomised controlled trials investigating the impacts of cocoa products consumption on cardiometabolic biomarkers in T2D was performed up to December 2020. Twelve trials involving 9 long-term and 3 short-term studies were included. The cocoa products significantly decreased low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (WMD: −9.955 mg/dL, 95% CI: −17.408, −2.501, p = 0.009), triglyceride (WMD: −15.364 mg/dL, 95% CI: −23.383, −7.346, p < 0.001), blood glucose (WMD: −9.105 mg/dL, 95% CI: −15.022, −3.189, p = 0.003), and C-reactive protein (WMD: −0.978 mg/L, 95% CI: −1.687, −0.269, p = 0.007) in long-term. The results indicated the beneficial long-term effects of cocoa products intake on cardiometabolic biomarkers for T2D, especially on blood glucose, lipid metabolism (LDL-C and TG), and inflammation (CRP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to estimate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the nutrients and energy contained in banana peel, cassava peel, cocoa husk, copra waste, and sugarcane bagasse in GIFT Nile tilapia (initial body weight 22.38 ± 0.33 g). A reference diet was formulated to satisfy the nutrient requirement of the fish. Five test diets were formulated to contain 70% of the reference diet and 30% of each test ingredient. The experiment lasted 42 days. The ADCs of dry matter (DM), crude lipid (CL), ash, crude fiber (CF), total carbohydrate (TC), and gross energy (GE) were 16.19%, 6.56%, 11.40%, 38.98% and 15.68% for banana peel; the ADCs of DM, crude protein (CP), CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 69.11%, 31.61%, 61.07%, 68.88%, 73.14%, 71.24%, and 69.00% for cassava peel; the ADCs of DM, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 10.56%, 0.84%, 28.70%, 2.82%, and 8.459.69% for cocoa husk; the ADCs of DM, CP, CL, ash, CF, TC, and GE were 63.08%, 20.14%, 66.60%, 32.53%, 69.70%, 66.21%, and 64.06% for copra waste; and the ADCs of DM, CF, TC, and GE were 15.22%, 36.71%, 34.34%, and 15.55% for sugarcane bagasse in tilapia respectively. This experiment generated basic information for the use of these ingredients in diet formulation for tilapia. However, considering the relatively low ADCs of nutrients observed in the present experiment, further processing could be an interesting avenue in improving the nutritional value and digestibility of these ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different dehydration conditions (sun drying; hot-air drying at 60, 80 and 100 °C; vacuum drying at 60 °C, 80 and 100 °C; infrared drying at 35, 40 and 45 °C; microwave drying at 270, 450 and 720 W) on the retention of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.). The finding shows that microwave drying at 720 W took shortest drying time (0.83 h) and retained the highest levels of total phenolics (12.22 mg GAE/g dried sample) and total saponins (31.51 mg EE/g dried sample), which exhibited the greatest antioxidant capacity in terms of ABTS radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (12.30, 5.81, 12.40 and 8.57 mg TE/g dried sample, respectively). HPLC analysis of methanol extract from cocoa pod husk prepared by microwave drying at 720 W found seven phytochemical compounds including gallic acid, theobromine, theophylline, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. The outcomes obtained from this study reveals that cocoa pod husk is a rich source of phytochemical compounds for further application in the nutraceutical or functional food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of adding 10 g of cocoa-rich chocolate (99%) to the habitual diet on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. Following a randomised controlled parallel clinical trial, a total of 140 postmenopausal women aged 50–64 were recruited. The intervention group (n = 73) consumed daily 10 g of chocolate (99% cocoa) in addition to their usual food intake for 6 months, whereas the control group (n = 67) did not receive any intervention. Attention and executive functions, verbal memory, working memory, phonological fluency, category fluency and clinical variables were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Trail Making Test B execution time showed a decreased of −12.08 s (95% CI: −23.99, −0.18; p = 0.047) in the intervention group compared to the control group, after adjusting for age, educational level, time elapsed from the beginning of menopause and daily energy consumption (Cohen's d = −0.343). Attention, immediate or delayed verbal memory, phonological or category fluency, and working memory remained unchanged. The consumption of cocoa-rich (99%) chocolate in addition to the habitual diet could be related to a slight improvement in cognitive performance regarding cognitive flexibility and processing speed in postmenopausal women, with no changes in the rest of the cognitive performance variables evaluated.Trial registration: This clinical trial has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03492983. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses perceptions, determinants, and constraints of 'Asaasenufosuo' organic fertilizer adoption by cocoa farmers in Ghana. Primary data were sourced from 200 cocoa farmers. Perception index, Cragg's double hurdle model, and Kendall's coefficient of concordance were employed. In addition to a high level of awareness among farmers, there is a general positive perception about 'Asaasenufosuo' organic fertilizer for cocoa production. However, less than half of the cocoa farmers had adopted 'Asaasenufosuo' organic fertilizer. Education, experience, farm size, income, secondary occupation, distance to agro-input shop, and extension contact are the factors that determine the incidence of adoption of organic fertilizer for cocoa production. However, intensity of adoption was found to be influenced by farmer location, nativity, income, source of information, and group membership. The major constraints to using 'Asaasenufosuo' organic fertilizer were found to include slow release of nutrients into the soil, high transportation cost, emission of offensive odour, high cost of product, and limited availability. To improve the uptake of organic fertilizers in cocoa production, manufacturers should take steps to reduce the offensive odour of the product. Also, sellers of the product should make it readily available to farmers by expanding the distribution network into cocoa growing communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]