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Literature from various academic disciplines indicates that in recent decades, community resilience (CR) has evolved significantly in conceptualization and operationalization. However, the relevance and empirical inclusion of CR in social and health sciences research remain sparse and fragmented. This scoping review, therefore, aimed to assess the conceptualization of CR in social and health sciences research; determine the availability of tools measuring this construct; and identify the psychometric properties of available instruments. Findings highlight how CR has shifted from a peripheral ecological concept to a central goal in the psychosociological discourse. Though several common core elements were identified in the included literature, results indicated little consensus regarding the conceptual or operational definitions of CR. Furthermore, there is minimal evidence on robust metrics that comprehensively measure CR as a complex psychosocial construct. Review results thus highlight the importance, and provide pragmatic implications, regarding the inclusion of core elements of CR in community-based strategies and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introductory article to the volume Che Lives! provides a general primer to Che Guevara's thinking and practice in world politics. Situating Che's historical significance as a radical agent and thinker in the 1960s, it canvasses the various politicised readings of his legacy, suggesting focusing on shared textual evidence and widely agreed thematic areas can limit this problem for analysis. The article argues that, despite some apparent changes to world order, that Che's thought remains highly relevant because the so-called 'philosophy of plunder' still dictates much of the global economy and relations between states just as it did in Che's time. Focusing on Che's dialectical method that brings together class exploitation and the operations of neo-imperialism, the chapter shows how Che is of continued relevance for contemporary social movements fighting for a just world. The article concludes with a chapter summary of each contribution to the volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrollments in higher education have expanded greatly, but without elimination of all forms of inequality. Research in industrialized countries has shown that the path students follow in their transition from secondary school continues to be associated with their social class. This study provides quantitative evidence of that relationship in a non-industrial country like Chile. Multinomial logistic and linear regression of university admission data managed by the Department of Evaluation, Measurement and Registration describing 130,000 applicants for the years 2015 and 2017 were used to estimate the probability of a member of a particular social class choosing a given university and academic field of study. The results show differences regarding law programs and science, technology, engineering and mathematics programs. Class differences were particularly important in the choice of university. Working-class students were more likely to apply to public universities, avoiding elite and especially private institutions. The findings provide further support for Bourdieu's habitus explanation of class reproduction. They suggest more attention to the level of segregation in Chilean higher education and the factors that produce it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese cyberspace is vibrant with new expressions created and disseminated by Internet users. Generally light in tone, they have been viewed by numerous media scholars as constituting a playful and satirical form of speech which exemplifies "grassroots" netizens' carnivalesque resistance against the authoritarian party-state. Adopting a critical sociolinguistic perspective, the article focuses on the textual constructions of two online buzzwords diaosi and shamate to illustrate the ambivalent class orientation of Chinese Internet discourse. It argues that while the diaosi wordplay appears to signify an underprivileged or grassroots identity, its discursive construction is in effect characterized by an intermediate position which oscillates between identifying with the economically dominant and recognizing the truly subordinate social groups in contemporary China – such as rural migrant workers. The social stratification and hierarchy of Internet users, as well as the simultaneous cooption of digital culture by institutional forces must be taken into account so as to fully evaluate the political implications of playful online practices in China and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on social closure by way of marital homogamy within the upper class. It offers new insights into the social structuring of romantic partnerships, while drawing on research on assortative mating and contemporary elite and class analysis. The analysis is based on detailed data covering the entire Norwegian population. Our main point of focus is the upper class, whose patterns of partner choice have been little studied. By drawing on Bourdieu's model of the social space, we move beyond conventional operationalisations of class. The analysis demonstrates that romantic partnerships within the upper class are structured along three dimensions of class: (i) vertical inter-class closure (upper-class individuals are disproportionately more likely to have partners in upper-class positions); (ii) horizontal intra-class closure (a tendency for marrying within the same upper-class fraction); (iii) closure by class trajectory (upwardly mobile newcomers are disproportionately more unlikely to have upper-class partners). We also demonstrate how class divisions intersect with gender divisions. Among the men, there are important differences between the upper-class fractions: the cultural fraction is more homogamous than the other fractions, and the economic fraction is comparatively more likely to have partners from lower down in the class structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory of the state presupposes the conceptual demarcation between "internal" and "external" actors to the state. In Resnick and Wolff's theory of the state, the contestation between "external" actors (classes/groups) and the conflict between internal actors (state institutions) remains underexplored. This essay expands Resnick and Wolff's analysis by drawing from a case study of the postcolonial state of Pakistan in which the conflict internal to the state, the civil-military contradiction, plays an important role in mediating the political economy of the state-society. To make visible how internal conflict regulates state-society interactions, the essay synthesizes Resnick and Wolff's class analysis of the state with Henri Lefebvre's theory of state spatiality, arguing that the postcolonial state of Pakistan can best be characterized by the notion of "uneven state spaces" and thus illustrating that the state as a "site" is contested from both "external" and "internal" forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we make sense of the ways in which COVID-19 has developed and been responded to in the United States? How can nondeterminist class analysis help us to understand why the pandemic has impacted the United States so severely compared to other nations? What do these policies and experiences reveal about current capitalist economic and social relations within the United States today? Are there possibilities for interventions through a nonessentialist Marxist analysis and understanding? On a beautiful June afternoon, Rethinking Marxism coeditor Vin Lyon-Callo discussed these questions via zoom with his former professor, long-term RM board member, and host of the quite popular public intervention Economic Update, Richard Wolff (lightly edited for content and clarity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of workers' mobilisations in the 2011 Arab uprisings and – more recently – in the Algerian movement for democracy and social justice has encouraged a renewed interest in labour–state relations in the region. This article presents a class-based perspective on labour institutions, taking Morocco as a case study. In contrast to institution-based approaches, this research argues that it is problematic to treat the trade unions as analytical proxies for the working class, because this heuristic move conceals how class struggles – from below and from above – can transcend and transform labour institutions. The article proposes a framework to study labour–state relations, highlighting the relative autonomy of union officials from workers and vice versa. In this way, it shows how, in the neoliberal phase, the Moroccan state increased inducements to the unions while decreasing those to the workers and maintaining significant constraints on workplace organising. To use a simplified formulation, the regime included the unions to exclude the workers. In such a context of low union representativeness, the dangers of reducing the working class to the trade unions emerge clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a critique of the discourse of precarity that assumes that regulated era labor relations in advanced capitalist economies represent the norm, while 'irregular work' represents a historical aberration under capitalist employment. We argue that this approach fails to inform labor theorists in any meaningful way as it conceals the differences in the social relations under which work is performed. The catchall term 'precarious labor' makes it difficult to design policies for specific social groups who are non-homogenous in social relations. We propose a Marxian socio-spatial class framework that gives visibility to three key dimensions: 1) the manner in which surpluses are produced, appropriated, and distributed during the labor process; 2) the spatial component of where work is performed, and 3) the degree of market-orientation. Recognizing on the one hand that precarity will always be a ubiquitous feature of capitalist labor markets, and that there are differences within forms of work depending on the social context and location of work on the other, has a number of benefits for contemporary debates. These include a better appreciation of the multiplicity of processes in which labor participates and generates radically new ways of thinking about anti-capitalist resistance across national boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study tested tenets of the Pathways Model of problem gambling by completing a cross-sectional latent class analysis using an existing dataset. The sample in this study consisted of 125 first-time adult problem gamblers from Ontario, Canada who participated in the Quinte Longitudinal study of Gambling and Problem Gambling. A three-class solution was found to be the best fitting model. There was a class resembling Behaviourally Conditioned gambler (n = 40), demonstrating minimal rates of pre-existing psychopathology and social dysfunction; a class that shared consistencies with the Emotionally Vulnerable gambler (n = 56), showing intermediate rates of anxiety, depression, problematic substance use and social dysfunction prior to onset of problem gambling; and a class resembling the Anti-social Impulsivist gambler (n = 29) characterized by the highest impulsivity, social dysfunction, antisociality and pre-existing psychiatric illness. Overall the findings provide evidence for the etiological assumptions of the Pathways Model by demonstrating that problem gamblers can be sub-grouped on traits pre-existing the development of aberrant gambling. These findings have implications for prevention and clinical practice, as specific groups of problem gamblers may require tailored intervention and prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify an ideology gap in the Marxist EU (European Union) literature, which we then set out to narrow by identifying and analysing core elements of the particularising EU version of the global ideology of feel-good and ethical capitalism through which the EU interpellates certain subaltern classes towards identifying with the deepening and widening of neoliberal governance. We then show, by means of discourse analysis, how ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) secure but also occasionally undermine the ideological bloc of dominant and dominated classes. We conclude by arguing that the ideological dimension of EU foreign policy is becoming increasingly important as the EU's self-ascribed status as a uniquely normative power in world politics offers multiple opportunities for ISAs to obscure the reality of a materially increasingly polarised EU whose internal structure has acquired pronounced imperialist properties during the recent financial crisis. This does not harbour well for international order in Europe and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date most prognoses of older adults in the housing market have been based on average housing preferences and average housing market behaviour of all persons in a certain age cohort. Due to socialcultural and social-economic dynamics, the relationship between age and housing is expected to change for successive cohorts. This study sets out to improve housing preferences estimates by recognizing the growing differentiation among older adults. This heterogeneity is analysed by differentiating older adults on their lifestyles (operationalized as values), using latent class analysis as a clustering technique. These analyses result in older adults being classified into five segments on the basis of their viewpoints, motivations and attitude. Next, for each lifestyle segment a separate discrete choice model is estimated, offering insight in the relative importance that these segments give to various housing attributes. The findings demonstrate advantages over a traditional, single model approach and can be helpful in formulating contemporary housing policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disruption has been associated with increased risks for several major chronic diseases that develop over decades. Differences in sleep/wake timing between work and free days can result in the development of social jetlag (SJL), a chronic misalignment between a person's preferred sleep/wake schedule and sleep/wake timing imposed by his/her work schedule. Only a few studies have examined the persistence of SJL or sleep disruption over time. This prospective investigation examined SJL and sleep characteristics over a 2-year period to evaluate whether SJL or poor sleep were chronic conditions during the study period. SJL and sleep measures (total sleep time [TST], sleep onset latency [SOL], wake after sleep onset [WASO]), and sleep efficiency [SE]), were derived from armband monitoring among 390 healthy men and women 21-35 years old. Participants wore the armband for periods of 4-10 days at 6-month intervals during the follow-up period (N = 1431 repeated observations). The consistency of SJL or sleep disruption over time was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for repeated measures. Repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) was then used to identify subgroups among the study participants with different sleep trajectories over time. Individuals in each latent group were compared using GLMMs to identify personal characteristics that differed among the latent groups. Minor changes in mean SJL, chronotype, or TST were observed over time, whereas no statistically significant changes in SOL, WASO, or SE were observed during the study period. The RMLCA identified two groups of SJL that remained consistent throughout the study (low SJL, mean ± SE: 0.4 ± 0.04 h, 42% of the study population; and high SJL, 1.4 ± 0.03 h, 58%). Those in the SJL group with higher values tended to be employed and have an evening chronotype. Similarly, two distinct subgroups were observed for SOL, WASO, and SE; one group with a pattern suggesting disrupted sleep over time, and another with a consistently normal sleep pattern. Analyses of TST identified three latent groups with relatively short (5.6 ± 1.0 h, 21%), intermediate (6.5 ± 1.0 h, 44%), and long (7.3 ± 1.0 h, 36%) sleep durations, all with temporally stable, linear trajectories. The results from this study suggest that sleep disturbances among young adults can persist over a 2 year period. Latent groups with poor sleep tended to be male, African American, lower income, and have an evening chronotype relative to those with more normal sleep characteristics. Characterizing the persistence of sleep disruption over time and its contributing factors could be important for understanding the role of poor sleep as a chronic disease risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the development of Basil Bernstein’s theoretical armories and reinvigorates its relevance to social class analysis in education, while identifying some of the challenges and promises in doing so. The main arguments are grounded in an empirical analysis of the recent Liberal Studies reform in Hong Kong’s senior secondary education. An extended discussion of using a Bernsteinian approach to pedagogy-specific class explanations is developed: (a) transition of code modalities between stages of education; (b) differentiated pedagogic identities in the middle class; (c) pedagogic grammars of specialized habituses; and (d) possibilities for an interruption in the process of social reproduction. It is concluded that continuing to build on Bernstein’s legacy will allow us to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the ways that class works through different pedagogic contexts in order for the conception of an interruption of class reproduction to be useful in guiding transformative practices in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although demographers and family sociologists have long recognized the importance of ideational diffusion to family change, few studies have examined this relationship, especially in non-Western societies. Building on the world society theory, this article proposes a positive relationship between global interactions and family change. Using reform-era urban China as a case study, latent class analysis is first used to map out innovative family behaviors in the Chinese context. Next, a multi-level framework is used to empirically examine the relationship between province-level global interactions and the adoption of innovative individual-level family behaviors. Results from the latent class analysis suggest that the major family change in the Chinese context is the postponement of marriage and childbearing. Results from multi-level models confirm the hypothesis, suggesting that individuals living in provinces with higher levels of global interactions, as measured by foreign direct investment performance, have higher likelihoods of delaying family formation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores the changing contours of politics and democracy in our times by examining the ways in which populations and privileges are increasingly being distributed in cities and countries across the globe. In the light of these changing demographic and social conditions, it asks what are the appropriate terms for analysis of such population groups and their political aspirations, and suggests that we are working with outmoded analytical frames, concepts and languages that belong to another time. It goes on to a brief examination of the kinds of fault-lines that remain and that allow for a range of political initiatives and possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is an extensive body of literature on the demand for hospital services, little is known about the interaction between public and private hospitals in a mixed system. In this article, we (1) apply latent class analysis to identify distinct subgroups of patients who use the hospital market differently, (2) characterize each patient type by their personal characteristics and (3) link the patient type to future hospital admissions. We apply our analysis to individual-level longitudinal patient data from Australia, focusing on three popular procedures that are performed in both public and private hospitals. We find 4–5 patient types. The most common types use either a public or a private hospital almost exclusively and absorb a moderate level of hospital resources. The severe types represent 13–17% of patients. The type which uses both sectors makes up 10–20% and tends to have private health insurance coverage. The patient types are predictive of prospective utilizations as we find that patients tend to be admitted to the sector they have used in the past. By revealing how patients use coexisting public and private hospitals, our results have direct implications on health resource financing and allocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore patterns of drug use and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran. We surveyed 500 PWID in Kermanshah concerning demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and drug-related risk behaviors in the month prior to study. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to establish a baseline model of risk profiles and to identify the optimal number of latent classes, and we used ordinal regression to identify factors associated with class membership. Three classes of multiple HIV risk were identified. The probability of membership in the high-risk class was 0.33, compared to 0.26 and 0.40 for the low- and moderate-risk classes, respectively. Compared to members in the lowest-risk class (reference group), the highest-risk class members had higher odds of being homeless (OR = 4.5, CI: 1.44–8.22;p = 0.001) in the past 12 months. Members of the high-risk class had lower odds of regularly visiting a needle and syringe exchange program as compared to the lowest-risk class members (AOR = 0.42, CI: 0.2–0.81;p = 0.01). Findings show the sexual and drug-related HIV risk clusters among PWID in Iran, and emphasize the importance of developing targeted prevention and harm reduction programs for all domains of risk behaviors, both sexual and drug use related. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the class relations emerging in a contract farming scheme in Mozambique. Debates in the literature about contract farming characterise this market arrangement as leading to farmers losing control over production at the hands of capital. By discussing both the drivers and impacts of changes in the division of property and labour, this paper reveals a complex class structure in which the pressure of merchant capital on farmers is internalized within households and transferred onto workers and sharecroppers. This challenges the pertinence of conventional policy that prescribes empowering contract farmers without considering their varied class positions and interests. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article argues that class relations are constitutive of development processes and central to understanding inequality within and between countries. Class is conceived as arising out of exploitative social relations of production, but is formulated through and expressed by multiple determinations. The article illustrates and explains the diversity of forms of class relations, and the ways in which they interplay with other social relations of dominance and subordination, such as gender and ethnicity. This is part of a wider project to revitalise class analysis in the study of development problems and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay explores wage relations, social work, and the interplay of an array of class and nonclass processes in the context of NGOs in Bodhgaya, India, site of Buddha’s enlightenment. It argues that discourses of “social work,” “collaboration,” and “socially engaged Buddhism” have enabled foreign NGO directors, many of whom moved to India for humanitarian purposes, to rationalize wages below poverty level, to fetishize NGO projects as distinct from the work relations that have produced them, and to capitalize on exchange-rate inequalities in the name of producing as much “social work” as possible in a poverty-stricken area of the Indian state of Bihar. Though Bihari NGO workers have resisted this framing and have pursued NGO work as a source of employment and as an avenue for upward mobility, a scarcity of waged work opportunities has made it difficult for resistance to take forms other than absenteeism and jockeying for better-paying jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Identity formation is particularly challenging for stigmatized minorities. The minority stress model (MSM) posits that both negative stereotypes and their internalization represent stressors. There is evidence that this applies to the gifted, too. However, their status is ambiguous, given that both negative and positive stereotypes exist. Furthermore, individual wellbeing also hinges on one’s identity stage, as outlined in the Cass identity model (CIM). The CIM was applied to gifted identity development in a survey of 742 high-IQ society members (16–79 years). Identity stages could be reliably and validly assessed with a new measure and were related to adjustment and coping as expected. Latent class analysis revealed four groups, which resembled the CIM, but with a few notable exceptions. Ordinal-logistic regression showed that years since first suspicion and since diagnosis of giftedness predicted group membership. In sum, identity development in the gifted examined here shows similarities with the CIM stages (which are differentially related to wellbeing and feelings toward one’s own giftedness) but has its own specific characteristics, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steve Resnick championed overdetermination. He also understood that in spite of the unknowable, one had to take a stand and fight. He and Rick Wolff used questions such as the following to judge what was worth fighting for: What are the social consequences of different political views? During the U.S. war in Vietnam, they asked what were the social consequences of that war on the Vietnamese, on the American soldiers, and on the American and Vietnamese nations. Such questions persuaded Steve to be a courageous part of the antiwar movement even if it made him ineligible for an Ivy League career. Steve was a man of principle who stood for what he saw was just. He identified with those who are exploited and despised lies, pretense, and injustice on a personal, political, and social level. He was a deep friend, a mentor, and a mensch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay considers acts and representations of “passing” across boundaries of race, sex, gender, and sexuality as productive for queer theory and politics. Looking at classic literary texts of racial passing and narratives of transgender passing, the essay seeks to bring elements of class and materiality in these boundary crossings to the fore. A close reading of these texts on “passing” will highlight the material and class elements in performances and readings of sex, sexuality, gender, and race. And as “passing” has become a primary site and source of queer theory, queer politics and theory must therefore deepen their engagement with class analysis without being fully encircled by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although popular fictions are often separated from scholarly analyses, both discourses frame our understanding of the economics of household labor. This essay examines the ability ofClass Struggle on the HomeFront not only to bridge such arbitrary divisions but also to free the economic imagination in ways that allows us to reclaim the importance of household labor. In particular, this essay focuses on three interrelated contributions of the volume: the inclusion of class in narratives about work-family balance, the amplification of other scholars' work on these concerns in ways that push the conversation in new and imaginative directions, and the problematizing of oppositional thinking that privileges the masculine over the feminine in both literal and metaphorical ways. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Class Struggle on the Home Frontpursues a dialogue between feminism and nondeterminist Marxism. I will attempt to situate the book's postmodern contribution to this conversation by interrogating the history of these mutually constitutive discourses. Since the conversation between Marxism and feminism began with Marx and Engels, I first examine their early work together. I then compare Engels's later work with that of feminist critic of political economy Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Despite their differences, Engels and Gilman share a commitment to economic determinism. In the essay's second part, I argue that the theoretical advances of New Marxian Class Analysis (NMCA), along with empirical investigations by feminist sociologists and labor historians, demonstrate the insufficiency of Engels's and Gilman's economically determinist perspective on relations between gender, class, and power. Finally, I respond to comments by Barker and Rio, and particularly their shared emphasis upon economic and cultural processes as sites of struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This is a brief response to two essays inspired byClass Struggle on the Home Front(Palgrave Macmillan, 2009): Cecilia Rio's “The Magic of the Ouroboros: Reflections onClass Struggle on the Home Front” and Drucilla Barker's “Unstable Feminisms: A New Marxian Class Analysis of Domestic Labor.” Both essays illustrate the versatility and precision of the analytic approach they share, which can be referred to as antiessentialist class theory or New Marxism. Drucilla Barker's article discusses the complex strands that compose the social fabric of the various households presented in essays by Maliha Safri, Esra Erdem, and Graham Cassano. Cecilia Rio applies antiessentialist class theory to both economic and emotional labor within the domestic realm. The strands of meaning that both authors weave include class, race, gender, ethnicity, and psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is a brief reflection after the Rethinking Marxism conference book session onClass Struggle on the Home Front: Work, Conflict and Exploitation in the Household, edited by Graham Cassano (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Domestic labor has long been a major concern for feminist scholars seeking to understand both the causes of women's subordination and the collective well-being of industrialized societies. The importance of this essay collection lies in its use of New Marxian Class Analysis to consider persistent themes in feminist theory: the valorization of women's household labor, migration and labor market hierarchies, and the role of women's participation in the paid labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Noting the insights to be gained from Wolff and Resnick's lucid and insightful comparative explication of neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian economic theories, this paper reflects on new theories of human behavior in late neoclassical theory that open doors to socially contingent understandings of subjectivity. In theirContending Economic Theories, Wolff and Resnick illustrate that different methodologies and entry points matter with respect to understanding crucial social issues such as income distribution, poverty, capitalism, and the class composition of profits. They offer an avenue for appreciating the nature, conditions, and consequences of class processes without insisting on a totalizing ontology, centered subjects, or economism. This approach to Marxian class analytics is compatible with many insights of poststructuralist feminism and, as exemplified by the work of many within AESA, has provided fertile ground for a reinvigorated class politics interested in proliferating differences that enable alternative class, gender, sexual, and racial ways of being. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article intervenes into an ongoing debate on authoritarian regimes in the Arab world following the uprisings of 2011, in particular addressing the perceived failure of those uprisings to bring about “transition” to liberal democratic models. Drawing upon the method of comparative historical sociology used in seminal analyses of democratization and dictatorship in Europe, Asia and the Americas, the article seeks to explain the varying trajectories of the Arab Uprising states in terms of several structural factors, namely the balance of class forces, the relative autonomy of the state and the geo-political context. The article provides an empirical comparison of the cases of Egypt, Tunisia and Syria as points on a continuum of outcomes following the Arab uprising. The article mounts a critique of the absence of class analysis in mainstream transition theory and hypothesises instead an important role for workers’ movements in bringing about even basic elements of liberal democracy. The empirical comparison is shown to support this hypothesis, demonstrating that in Tunisia, the state where the worker's movement was strongest a constitutional settlement has been reached while Syria, the state with the weakest and least independent workers’ movement has descended into counter-revolution and civil war: the case of Egypt lying between these two poles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Participating in civic life is an important developmental task of adolescence and a central tenet of democracy. What motivates diverse youth in the United States to become involved in civic life? Using a mixed-method and person-centered approach, the authors (1) identified subgroups of participants based on their motivations for political and nonpolitical volunteering and (2) explored differences in civic motivations by ethnic and immigration backgrounds among Asian and Latino adolescents. Using latent class analysis, the authors identified four classes of motivation for political (n = 414) and nonpolitical volunteer (n = 1,066) activities: helping identity, instrumental, personal issue, and weak motivation. Overall, first- and second-generation Latino and Asian youth and nonimmigrants showed more similarities than differences in civic motivations. Survey and interview data revealed that youth from immigrant backgrounds were more motivated to volunteer by instrumental reasons compared to nonimmigrants. Qualitative analyses also revealed that immigrant youth from Mexican backgrounds were mobilized around issues of immigration reform whereas youth from Asian backgrounds were concerned with issues in their local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data, this paper conducts a comparative analysis of housing conditions in different European countries by focusing on social class. The variance in housing conditions by social class could provide further insights about the divergence/convergence hypotheses stemming from the comparative analysis of living conditions of European countries. To support this claim, two main dimensions of housing inequality will be identified: tenure and housing well-being. A micro-level data analysis was performed, in order to take account of individual and family costs of access and maintenance of ownership in settings and in periods (such as the present day) of rising housing prices and income resources that decrease in terms of amount and stability. The aim is thus to demonstrate that, despite the difference in well-being in Europe between owners and non-owners (on the average the firsts are better off), homeowners cannot be regarded as a privileged category per se. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An amalgamation of class structures, or a class hybrid, can be shown to occur in many economic sectors and at many sites. When a producer cooperative hires wageworkers or welcomes outside directors, one can no longer call that enterprise simply communist or capitalist. Such conflicting relations of production confront enterprise directors with a complex array of distribution pressures. Coexisting class structures create unique tensions between managers, merchants, and other revenue recipients. These contradictions can transform the nature of work. Although the concept of the hybrid has been recognized in class analysis, a systematic study of its forms and dynamics has yet to be developed. A theory of hybrid-directed enterprises reveals that communist class structures can be a spontaneous and successful enterprise component, as well as a catalyst for change today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hand clasping (HC) and arm folding (AF) are bilateral limb postures which are subject to lateral preferences. Previous research suggested that left HC and left AF are “canonical” among European populations, i.e., generally preferred by right-handers. However, evidence on the associations of handedness with HC and AF to date is sparse and inconsistent, with studies mostly relying on relatively small sample sizes and arbitrary classifications of handedness. Utilizing latent class analysis for handedness classification, we present data from two large and independent middle-European samples, a discovery (n= 7,658) and replication (n= 5,062) sample. Our results indicate that right HC, not left HC, is overall preferred and that right-handedness is associated with right HC/left AF, and left- and mixed-handedness with left HC/right AF. Moreover, lateral preferences increased with age, and men had a higher preference of right HC, independent of handedness. We discuss our findings with regard to the generalizability of previous results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Claims of the demise of class were in part fuelled by problems facing a class analysis of contemporary politics. Central to this was the emergence of the ‘new middle class’. Debates revolved around whether it would constitute a source of radicalism or conservatism. John Goldthorpe's concept of the service class has proven to be the most enduring contribution to these debates. The service class, Goldthorpe held, would constitute an essentially conservative element in contemporary society. Deviations from this expected conservatism were supposedly an intermittent, transitory phenomenon, devoid of structural basis. In this paper, I investigate the political attitudes of the Norwegian service class. Adhering to Clark and Lipset's insistence on the need for a more complex analysis of both class and politics, I take a multidimensional approach: political attitudes are seen within the two dimensions of economic and ‘post-materialist’ issues, and class divisions in terms of the two dimensions of volume and composition of capital, following Bourdieu. By applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis, I uncover a significant political heterogeneity with a structural basis in the different forms of capital,paceGoldthorpe. The fractions relying on cultural capital are markedly leftist, while their counterparts possessing economic capital constitute a right-wing. Also, service-class members with the most capital are more liberal than their counterparts with less overall capital. I argue that this points to the significance of a multidimensional concept of class, which in turn necessitates further work on how ‘Bourdieusian’ concepts can be synthesised with class analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on two 20th-century Marxist historians who studied Great Britain in the 19th century, E. P. (Edward) Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm, looking at what their work contributes to both British historiography and to research directions for contemporary historians. Topics include Thompson's book "The Making of the English Working Class," the place of class analysis in their work in comparison with more recent historical research, and their views of conservatism and liberalism.

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Within the medieval guild workshop, small masters operated as class hybrids that personified a distinct economic form. Marx's Capital shows how these masters served as a thread stitching together the historical break that transformed Europe into an industrialized capitalist society. Despite their role in this transition, the proliferation of such hybrids has been undertheorized, even though the coexistence of different kinds of class structures is quite possible in today's corporations. Capitalist class structures may combine in the same enterprise with slave, feudal, ancient, or even communist class structures. To further understand such sites, this paper offers a basic class theory of hybrids. An immediate political importance arises from the possibility that collective-based employment may often develop only in a hybrid. As a result, a new theory and politics of transition beyond capitalism emerges. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, we use a latent class model (LCM) with prevalence modeled as a function of covariates to assess diagnostic test accuracy in situations where the true disease status is not observed, but observations on three or more conditionally independent diagnostic tests are available. A fast Monte Carlo expectation–maximization (MCEM) algorithm with binary (disease) diagnostic data is implemented to estimate parameters of interest; namely, sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence of the disease as a function of covariates. To obtain standard errors for confidence interval construction of estimated parameters, the missing information principle is applied to adjust information matrix estimates. We compare the adjusted information matrix-based standard error estimates with the bootstrap standard error estimates both obtained using the fast MCEM algorithm through an extensive Monte Carlo study. Simulation demonstrates that the adjusted information matrix approach estimates the standard error similarly with the bootstrap methods under certain scenarios. The bootstrap percentile intervals have satisfactory coverage probabilities. We then apply the LCM analysis to a real data set of 122 subjects from a Gynecologic Oncology Group study of significant cervical lesion diagnosis in women with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a histology-based evaluation, a carbonic anhydrase-IX biomarker-based test and a human papillomavirus DNA test. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Are capitalism's latest technological advances necessary/appropriate for a socialist society? Or can relatively technologically “backward” capitalist societies follow their own distinct path to socialism? Here I take Benedito Moraes-Neto's “On the Labor Process and Productive Efficiency: Discussing the Socialist Project” as a starting point for my own reflections on these questions, attempting to broaden the terms of the debate, elaborating on the class-biased nature of technical change, and laying emphasis on the dialectical relationship between technology and the relations of production. Taking a knowledge perspective on the labor process, I argue that premachinery manufacture and Taylorism-Fordism are aspects of the same class struggle, the attempt by capital to appropriate working-class knowledge and thereby create space for itself to control and manage the labor process. Finally, I question the “techno-optimism” which leads Moraes-Neto to assert that late-twentieth-century advances in technology are an exception to this rule. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay is an appreciative set of reflections on the bold intellectual work that Julie Graham helped to create. Throughout the essay I focus on the ways that this work is made possible by yet changes the coordinates of class analysis, by situating class within the more expansive field of the “community economy.” This new field of inquiry, knowledge, and social action is where subjects and economic representations are joined; it is the domain of economic subjectivity, in which we enact the economy and the economy inhabits us. This new problematic is made possible by class analysis, yet it also poses some challenges to class as an “entry point,” both for knowledge about the economy and for a conception of communism as the goal of political activity. My aim is to explore these links and examine the openings toward which they point us. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article seeks to place the debate about affluent working-class people in the inter-war and post-war periods within the broader context of long-term economic and social change. It explores why important structural changes were ignored for a long time, and how they came into view as the focus of professional social inquiry shifted following the Second World War, only to be reconceptualized as a new 'social problem' in the politically driven controversy about 'affluence' in the late 1950s. The article argues that we need to pay more attention to the gulf between official and vernacular understandings of social class in twentieth century Britain, drawing a distinction between everyday usage and professional languages of class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compare and contrast two different kinds of Marxism: traditional (orthodox) and overdeterminist. The argument pinpoints key theoretical and political consequences of each kind of Marxism for the history of the Left and for anticapitalist struggle today. Our preference, overdeterminist Marxism, places the elimination of class exploitation (conceived in surplus labor terms) back on the Left's agenda for social change where Marx had placed it. We explain why this overdeterminist focus on reorganizing the production and distribution of the surplus (eliminating exploitation) is different from traditional Marxism's focus rather on eliminating private ownership of the means of production and/or empowering workers. The conclusion suggests why and how overdeterminist Marxism can help to restructure society so as to achieve a new kind of class democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Until now, there is no consensus about variations in governance roles. This consensus is necessary to enable researchers to examine how network are governed well. In this article, the governance roles are considered to be clusters of consistent choices on a top-down versus bottom-up continuum, regarding nine governance activities. Our results reveal that three governance roles can be discerned: top-down, intermediate and bottom-up governance roles. Furthermore, these roles are applied by municipalities with specific (network) characteristics. Our results open the black box of network governance and might facilitate municipalities to make choices regarding their role in the new network era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes an exploration of the distinction between typological and factorial latent variables in the domain of personality theory. Traditionally, many personality variables have been considered to be factorial in nature, even though there are examples of typological constructs dating back to Hippocrates. Recently, some reconceptualizations of typological constructs have emerged due, in part, to the availability of more rigorous methodological tools for identification of types (or nominal latent traits). These tools include multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) and latent class analysis (LCA). Two studies, involving application of these methods, are discussed in this article. The first study uses data collected using a questionnaire based on the five-factor model (FFM) of personality. The second study is based on data collected to investigate the relationships between technology use and literacy skills. The findings of both studies indicate that, while a clear preference for a factorial or a typological model may exist in the literature, a choice between the two merely based on statistical criteria may not be as clear-cut. Moreover, typological and factorial models of individual difference may coexist in certain domains of individual differences research. The article closes with a series of recommendations for future research to better understand the nature of psychological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meaning of class, like many other things, is conferred by historically specific chains of signification or discourses that constitute the identity and significance of class as a social reality. Therefore, much of the conceptual purchase and explanatory power of class will be lost when the concept is taken out of the theories in which it is embedded. This is exactly the case with the use of class in the People's Republic of China in the last two or three decades, when the Marxist approach to class has been rejected and ‘forgotten’ by the social analysts and the Chinese Communist Party—even though the latter continues to pay lip service to Marxism—in favour of alternative concepts, methodologies and theories that sidestep class relations. The point of departure here is not so much sociological as political-ideological. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is about public toilets for women. Drawing on data provided by the textual material posted in women's toilets in Victoria, Australia, it is argued that in western nations, toilets represent more than instrumental facilities for the disposal of waste products. Because they also serve as repositories of social anxieties about bodies, gender, cultural and religious differences and health/death, public toilets are sites used to order the disorder of women's bodies and activities. Cultural intolerances have problematised differences in ablution practices and ‘correct’ toilet behaviours are frequently prescribed. As unique examples in the west of cultural and gendered practice, women's toilets offer rich material on the discipline and meaning of gendered space in a range of different environmental settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article proposes a permutation procedure for evaluating the performance of different classification methods. In particular, we focus on two of the most widespread and used classification methodologies: latent class analysis and k-means clustering. The classification performance is assessed by means of a permutation procedure which allows for a direct comparison of the methods, the development of a statistical test, and points out better potential solutions. Our proposal provides an innovative framework for the validation of the data partitioning and offers a guide in the choice of which classification procedure should be used [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large percentage of the students who drop out of K–12 schools in the United States do so at the end of high school, at some point after grade 10. Yet little is known about the differences between types of students who drop out near the end of high school. The purpose of this study is to examine a typology of high school dropouts from a large nationally representative dataset (ELS:2002) using latent class analysis (LCA). We found three significantly different types of dropouts; Quiet, Jaded, and Involved. Based on this typology of three subgroups, we discuss implications for future dropout intervention research, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay is divided into an “Introduction to the Concept of Class,” “Data and Categorizing Classes in Yugoslavia 1945–75” which treats of the working or lower classes, an approach to the ruling class, the “middle classes,” and women, and ends with “A Hypothesis: The Involution of the Ruling Class.” In the wake of Marx it concludes that a ruling class existed but was for ca. 20 years a classin statu nascendi. It concludes with “An Excursus on Classophobia,” analyzing writings by Kardelj, and a hypothesis on “Two Yugoslav Singularities.” The first or splendid plebeian singularity was the double liberatory course of the 1941–45 partizan insurrection and of the postwar attempt at a socialist democracy. The second or miserable singularity was the stasis and then the suicide of the ruling partitocracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]