Search

AbstractIn this study, tea saponin was used as an emulsifier to construct tea saponin-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion (TS-CNE) system by high-pressure homogenization nanotechnology. Preparation conditions of TS-CNE were optimized using single factor and response surface methods. The results showed that optimal TS-CNE had a particle size of 88.81 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.113 and 86.49% retention of cinnamaldehyde. TS-CNE was stored at 4 and 25 °C for 180 days and the nanosystem was stable. Antioxidant assay showed that TS-CNE had good radicals scavenging. Furthermore, antimicrobial assay showed that the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of TS-CNE was 1.95 mL/L against three pathogenic fungi (Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Geotrichum citri-aurantii) of citrus. TS-CNE (MFC and 10 × MFC) effectively suppressed disease development in citrus inoculated with the three fungi. Consequently, TS-CNE had good physicochemical properties and was a promising natural preservative for citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for essential nutrients provided by fruits has led to an increase in processed fruit products. However, this processing generates a significant amount of byproducts. Due to a lack of awareness about their nutritional and health benefits, these byproducts are often treated as waste, negatively impacting the environment. To address this, this review focuses on the potential health effects and industrial reusability of these byproducts and their bioactive compounds from commonly consumed fruits in the United States including apples, bananas, citrus, and watermelon. The reviewed studies showed that these by-products, including peels, seeds, pomace, skin, and rinds, are rich sources of bioactive compounds at higher concentrations than the fruit flesh, offering potential health benefits including antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Incorporation of these byproducts in foods improved their physicochemical and nutrition properties as they are rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols. While many studies show promising results in vitro and in animal models, further research is needed to understand their effectiveness in humans and their potential for sustainable food innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of the parasitoid species of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a cosmopolitan pest of citrus, was carried out in 2019 and 2020 in the major citrus production area of Tunisia. Four different Eulophidae species were found: Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (Narayanan), representing 81.82% of the identified parasitoids, Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (9.40%) and the native species Pnigalio pectinicornis (L.) (2.82%). Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a new report for the parasitoid entomofauna of P. citrella in the country, representing 5.96% of the identified parasitoids. It has probably spread naturally from other Mediterranean regions. Predation by generalist predators is the main mortality factor of CLM (up to 59.11% of the mortality was caused by natural enemies), followed by parasitism (oviposition) (22.47%) and host-feeding (18.42%). Second and third instar larvae of the CLM were the preferred stages for parasitism. Host-feeding and generalist predators' attacks were most common on first and second instars. Data highlighting the ability for C. phyllocnistoides to develop and disperse clearly predominates in Tunisian citrus orchards. Citrostichus phyllocnistoides may compete with S. petiolatus, exerting a complementary action to that of C. phyllocnistoides, particularly earlier in the season when the densities of the latter species are low. Further studies focusing on inter-specific relationships between these two exotic parasitoids are needed in order to test whether the observed field results could have been estimated from laboratory assays. This will be helpful in critically evaluating the results of the classical biological control programme developed against CLM in Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit splitting is a prevalent physiological disorder that has a significant impact on Daisy mandarin fruit production, posing challenges to farmers in terms of productivity and economic viability. Despite its impact, no prior research on fruit splitting in Daisy mandarin has been conducted. This study aimed to assess the effect of fruit splitting on quality, morphological characteristics, biochemical composition and nutrient content in Daisy mandarin. In 2022, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on both split and healthy Daisy mandarin fruits, budded on Rough lemon rootstock, to investigate their morphological characteristics, biochemical characteristics, mineral content and cell wall components. Additionally, the study examined the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD), cellulase (Cx) and polygalacturonase (PG). The Results indicated that split fruits exhibited larger fruit size and weight and increased water content in both the fruits and peel compared to healthy fruits. However, split fruits had thinner peel thickness and lower peel content. The peels of split fruits also contained higher level of total soluble sugars, amino acids, and proline content. Furthermore, the peels of split fruits displayed much higher activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes than those of healthy fruits. The nutrient analysis of the split fruits revealed a decrease in boron, calcium and potassium content in the peel compared to healthy fruits. The study provides crucial insights into the mechanisms underlying fruit splitting, identifying biochemical and physiological differences between split and healthy fruits. These findings offer valuable information for developing strategies to mitigate fruit splitting, enhancing fruit quality and reducing economic losses for citrus growers. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to fruit splitting and investigate potential interventions to improve nutrient management and fruit integrity in Daisy mandarin cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus trifoliate fruit (also known as Trifoliate orange) is one of the commercially-cultivated Citrus genus of plants belonging to the Rutaceae family. It has been traditionally-utilized in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the scientific evidence verifying this utilization needs further elucidation. Characterization of the bioactive constituents of C. trifoliata L. fruits extract and evaluating its effect on Parkinson's disease (PD) model. Rats were classified into 5 groups; control, PD, PD-treated by L-dopa/Carpidopa and PD-treated by oral Citrus trifoliata L. fruits extract (50 and 100 mg/kg). Deterioration in brain functions was evaluated through an in vivo open field, grid and catalepsy tests. The study also assessed the striatal neurotransmitters, oxidative stress markers and histopathological changes. Citrus trifoliata L. fruit extract has revealed motor improvement comparable to L-dopa and carbidopa. It has also effectively-improved oxidative stress via reduction of striatal malondialdehyde & nitric oxide along with replenishment of the striatal glutathione and superoxide dismutase. The extract caused significant reduction of the striatal myeloperoxidase activity and restoration of dopamine, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholinesterase. This effect was further confirmed by amelioration of neuronal apoptosis, microgliosis and peri-neuronal vacuolation. Metabolite profiling revealed 40 constituents, with flavonoids representing the main identified class. The neuro-protective effect of Citrus trifoliata extract was achieved through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of its flavonoids, particularly hesperidin and naringin. This neuro-protective effect was evident at the behavioral, histological and neurotransmitter levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt stress is one of the main obstacles to citrus production in arid and semi-arid regions, limiting fruit production and quality, making it necessary to use tolerant genetic materials to improve the quality of citrus production in these regions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruit quality 'Tahiti' lime grafted onto different rootstocks grown under salt stress and to evaluate different storage days. Three 'Tahiti' lime genotypes, two electrical conductivity of irrigation water, and two storage time were studied. Salt stress increased the fruit quality of 'Tahiti' lime. Storage for 10 days increases ascorbic acid and soluble sugars, independent of genotype and salt stress, while all genotypes have desirable postharvest fruit quality characteristics. Genotypes 2 and 3 are promising to be cultivated in semi-arid regions, in addition to maintaining the fruit quality in conditions of salt stress. Therefore, grafting is a technique to increase the postharvest quality of 'Tahiti' lime grown under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive soil acidity negatively affects citrus growth and development worldwide. However, less information has been presented on its tolerance to low pH stress (LPS). Here, the way in which citrus plants respond to LPS was investigated at morphological, physiological and molecular levels. Under LPS, the root length and diameter were significantly decreased. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly enhanced. LPS increased the root indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins (GAs) contents, and leaf chlorophyll content. Additionally, nutrient uptake was significantly affected by LPS. RNA-seq data revealed that a total of 1319 genes responded to LPS, of which 573 and 746 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly linked to carbon metabolism, reactive oxygen species scavenging, nutrient uptake and transport, and hormone synthesis/signalling. Taken together, our data provided an essential foundation for future elucidation of the LPS tolerance of citrus plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peel, as an effective component of citrus by-products, contains a large number of natural active components, including pectin, vitamins, dietary fiber, essential oil, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and so on. With the development of the circular economy, citrus peel has attracted extensive concern in the food industry. The exploitation of citrus peel would assist in excavating potential properties and alleviating the environmental burden. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) exist almost in citrus peel, which have remarkable biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity. Therefore, PMFs from citrus peel have the potential to develop as dietary supplements in the near future. Collectively, it is essential to take action to optimize the extraction conditions of PMFs and make the most of the extracts. This review mainly compiles several extraction methods and bioactivities of PMFs from citrus peel and introduces different applications including food processing, pharmaceutical industry, and plant rhizosphere to develop better utilization of citrus PMFs. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) represent sustainable bioactive compounds that profit for circular economy. Valorization of citrus peel PMFs will bring value-added environmental benefits. Novel techniques improve property and extraction efficiency of PMFs. PMFs obtained from citrus peel could be applied to tea or bakery food processing and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The young and old leaves of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) were examined for their essential oil (EO) compositions, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. The EO yields were 0.77% in young leaves and 0.26% in old leaves. The EO composition showed the predominance of sabinene (37.17%), E-β-ocimene (8.21%), δ-3-carene (7.71%), linalool (7.35%), and limonene (5.43%) in young leaves while of sabinene (47.47%), β-sinensal (5.71%), E-β-ocimene (4.98%), δ-3-carene (4.11%), and β-caryophyllene (4.06%) in old leaves. The EOs of both young and old leaves showed potent cytotoxic activities against human lung carcinoma (A549) and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells with IC50 < 0.1 µg/mL. The young leaf EO had higher antibacterial activity than the old leaf EO for all bacterial strains with inhibition zones (IZ) varying from 17 to 45 and 8 to 36 mm, respectively. The EOs of both young and old leaves had strong antifungal activity against all fungal strains with IZ = 90 mm. The young leaf EO was found to be the most active in protecting cells against Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection during the protection, absorption, and direct periods as compared to the untreated and treated Vero cells except the replication phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips are significant pest of crops, vegetables, and fruiting trees, and various species of thrips can infest citrus at fruit formation as well as new leaf sprouts. Thrips presence and damage can significantly reduce the export value of fruits, making them a major concern for citrus growers. Field studies were conducted to investigate the biodiversity and abundance of citrus thrips on an early fruiter citrus cultivar in experimental and commercial orchards of Morocco. In this study, we investigated the abundance, economic importance, dynamics, and seasonal fluctuations of citrus thrips in relation to citrus phenology. We identified four species of thrips that infest citrus orchards, including Frankliniella occidentalis, Pezothrips kellyanus, Scirtothrips sp, and Aeolothrips sp. Our results showed that the quantitative peak of thrips occurred during the blooming stage, and that the number of thrips caught on sticky traps during bloom could be a suitable predictive method for estimating final fruit damage. The population dynamics of thrips species were found to depend on several biotic and abiotic factors, including temperature, rainfall, and chemical interventions. We also observed that some citrus varieties were more susceptible to thrips attacks than others, with Washington navel and Maroc late being the most infested orchards with infestation rates of 32% and 24%, respectively. Our findings provide important insights into the abundance, economic importance, and seasonal fluctuations of citrus thrips, which can inform the development of effective control strategies to mitigate their damage in citrus orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Asian citrus psyllid, ACP) is a devastating pest due to transmission of Liberibacter spp. to citrus plants. We identified presumed entomopathogenic fungi (EF) naturally associated with field-collected adult ACP, both killed (mycosed) and alive, at 14 field sites in the Gulf Coastal Plain of NE Mexico. On dead ACP, five species of EF (Hypocreales) were observed: Hirsutella citriformis Speare (Ophiocordycipitaceae), Cordyceps javanica (Frieder. & Bally) Kepler, Shrestha & Spatafora, Beauveria cf. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and Akanthomyces cf. lecanii (Cordycipitaceae); also, Niveomyces J.P.M. Araújo & C. de Bekker (Cordycipitaceae), a hyperparasite of Ophiocordycipitaceae, in this case H. citriformis. The most prevalent fungi on field ACP were H. citriformis and C. javanica, on dead and on live, incubated insects, respectively. In laboratory bioassays, C. javanica and H. citriformis conidia from cultures killed >60% of ACP adults. H. citriformis, C. javanica, and A. lecanii killed >60% nymphs. Niveomyces was observed only growing on H. citriformis fructifications on field-killed ACP; it was absent from live incubated insects, indicating Niveomyces is a mycoparasite on H. citriformis. Niveomyces cultures (ARSEF 10230) on agar grew as a Pleurodesmospora synanamorph; its LSU rRNA region D1–D2 sequences (Genbank OM780101) were 99.81% identical to Niveomyces sequences. Conidia from Niveomyces cultures were entomopathogenic on ACP nymphs and adults. These are the first reports of Niveomyces associated with H. citriformis; of the in vitro dimorphic growth (synanamorphs) Niveomyces/Pleurodesmospora; and of experimental verification of entomopathogenicity of Niveomyces. Understanding the interactions of these fungi will support sustainable ACP management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scale insects are pests affecting citrus crops in the Mediterranean basin, but their significance is often overlooked in some countries due to insufficient information about the threat they pose to this type of cultivation. In Algeria, various studies have aimed to identify and highlight the most harmful species impacting citrus orchards. This research specifically focuses on compiling a list of species affecting orange orchards in three regions of Guelma province (northeast Algeria) which are Boumahra Ahmad, El Fedjoudj and Guelma. Branch samples with their leaves were collected from all cardinal directions of the trees as well as from the center of the canopy during the winter-spring period from 2014 to 2018 while examining the climatic influence on their presence. Seventeen species were identified, with Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879), Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) and Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana, 1914) being dominant and Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman, 1869), Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852) considered rare. Non-parametric richness estimators (Chao 1, Chao 2, Jack 1 and Boot) suggest the potential presence of additional species, reaching 20.15 ± 0.96, indicating that the count may extend to 21 scale insects in the surveyed orchards. Spearman correlation analysis applied to species and climatic conditions reveals their influence on species abundance, but not on their diversity. We observed a positive impact on relative humidity and a negative impact on average temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. Ex Tanaka) is widely cultivated in Asia. However, a system for variety identification has not been developed yet. RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify variants among five yuzu samples including a seedless variety. However, only four variants were found, suggesting that the seedless trait might originate from bud mutations. To identify more variants, whole-genome resequencing was performed. A total of 140 reliable variants were screened. Based on these variants, 30 high-resolution melting (HRM) markers were developed. After genotyping 265 yuzu samples using the HRM markers, the yuzu samples were classified into 18 types. Three yuzu-like samples (B-37-1, B-UK2, and B-MD6-8) showing different fruit morphologies and off-type HRM peak patterns were assumed to originate from interspecific hybridisation. To identify the parent species of these yuzu-like samples, nucleotide sequences of a hypervariable chloroplast genomic region and a nuclear CitRWP gene responsible for nucellar embryony were obtained. Chloroplast genome sequence analysis indicated that the maternal parents of B-37-1 and B-MD6-8 were yuzu, whereas the B-UK2 sequence was identical to that of sweet orange. Moreover, the CitRWP sequences indicated that the male parents of B-37-1, B-UK2, and B-MD6-8 were mandarin, yuzu, and pummelo, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most widespread juice produced and consumed globally, citrus juice (mandarin juice, orange juice, and grapefruit juice) is appreciated for its attractive and distinct aroma. While the decrease of characteristic aroma-active compounds and the formation of off-flavor compounds are easy to occur in processing and storage conditions. This review provides a comprehensive literature of recent research and discovery on citrus juice off-flavor, primarily focusing on off-flavor compounds induced during processing and storage (i.e., thermal, storage, light, oxygen, package, fruit maturity, diseases, centrifugal pretreatment, and debittering process), formation pathways (i.e., terpene acid-catalyzed hydration, caramelization reaction, Maillard reaction, Strecker degradation, and other oxidative degradation) of the off-flavor compounds, effective inhibitor pathway to off-flavor (i.e., electrical treatments, high pressure processing, microwave processing, ultrasound processing, and chemical treatment), as well as odor assessment techniques based on molecular sensory science. The possible precursors (terpenes, sulfur-containing amino acids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, and phenolic acids) of citrus juice off-flavor are listed and are also proposed. This review intends to unravel the regularities of aroma variations and even off-flavor formation of citrus juice during processing and storage. Future aroma analysis techniques will evolve toward a colorimetric sensor array for odor visualization to obtain a "marker" of off-flavor in citrus juice. (1) Processing and storage can cause the degradation of nutrients in citrus juice and the formation of off-flavor compounds. (2) Terpene degradation products, sulfur-containing compounds, phenols, acids, and furans are contributed to citrus juice off-flavor. (3) Nonthermal techniques such as electrical treatments, high pressure, microwave, and ultrasound processing is beneficial to preservation of the original aroma and sensory qualities of citrus juice. (4) Potential off-flavor compounds (especially trace level) explored by molecular sensory science also significantly impact the aroma of citrus juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picoxystrobin is a systemic fungicide widely used on potato, citrus fruit, and Dendrobium officinale. To provide information for the risk assessment of potato, citrus, and Dendrobium officinale, field experiments combined with QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS were performed to detect picoxystrobin. Picoxystrobin had good linearity (R2 > 0.99), the average recovery rate was 75 − 102%, and the relative standard deviation was 1 − 11%. Picoxystrobin was utilized as the test agent in field experiments, and samples were evaluated and analyzed at various times after the final application utilizing random sampling. The results showed that picoxystrobin residuals in potato and citrus (orange meat) were ˂ 0.01 mg kg−1, whereas those in citrus whole fruit, D. officinale (fresh), and D. officinale (dried) were < 0.05 − 0.084, 0.16 − 3.82, and 0.34 − 9.05 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on these results, both the acute risk quotient (2.77%) and chronic risk quotient (8.7%) were ˂100%, and the dietary risk assessment indicated that the intake of picoxystrobin residues in potato, citrus fruit, and D. officinale did not pose a health risk. This study can guide the reasonable use of picoxystrobin in potato, citrus fruit, and D. officinale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus essential oil isolation has vast potential to valorize waste from the agro-industrial and food sectors. The objective of this work was to develop a review of patents on essential oil isolation systems from any plant and citrus essential oil isolation systems and/or methods. The technological search was carried out in the patent databases of Espacenet, Patentscope, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Patents, LENS ORG, and USPTO from 2000 to 2021. The results highlight that most of the inventions are from China and consist of isolation methods for citrus essential oil. The USA´s inventions stand out as systems that can be produced on a larger scale. The patent shares of the educational and private sectors are 26% and 74%, respectively. About 10.53% of patents protect commercially exploited products. Finally, an opportunity was detected to protect methods and/or systems that integrate renewable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naringin is a flavonoid found primarily in citrus species with especially high concentrations being present in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), and pomelo (Citrus grandis). Because of its many positive effects on human health, naringin has been the focus of increasing attention in recent years. Recently, conventional extraction methods have been commonly replaced with unconventional methods, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and other, more eco-friendly extraction methods requiring little-to-no environmentally harmful solvents or significantly less energy. Naringin analysis is most commonly done via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) or a photodiode array (DAD) detector. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends developments in the extraction, sample preparation, and liquid chromatographic analysis of the compound originating from citrus fruits or their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Mexican species of Oragua Melichar, 1926 (O. balamisp. nov.) is described and illustrated from the Yucatán Peninsula based on specimens collected in Campeche (Campeche City and Castamay) and Yucatán (Ticul and Oxkutzcab) states. The new species is distinguished from other Neotropical species by the following combination of features: body color pale with orange marks on dorsum, head produced with anterior margin broadly rounded; pronotum narrower than head; forewing mottled with large orange spots; abdomen with inconspicuous apodemes; pygofer without appendages and dense long stout macrosetae over surface; aedeagus small, bulbous with one pair of twisted paraphyses with asymmetrical spines. A distribution map of available records of Oragua species recorded from southeastern Mexico is provided and a key to Mexican species is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is a vital macronutrient for continued growth and high fruit production. Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in Florida citrus production for controlling weeds, which can proliferate with Florida's high temperature and precipitation. The focus of the study was to monitor P and orthophosphate bioavailability, uptake, and adsorption in citrus in selected Florida soils. The study was performed under greenhouse conditions using varying amounts of P and glyphosate treatments separately and in tandem to assess the bioavailability, uptake, and adsorption of P in the presence of glyphosate. There were 36 young Valencia citrus trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb] for this experiment. There were nine different treatments with varying P and glyphosate rates and combinations with four replicates of each treatment. The P levels within the soil and the plant organs were measured. Significant differences within the plant tissue (p <.05) were observed that could suggest P was retained within the soil when glyphosate was applied with P. Results showed there was an additive effect when glyphosate and P were applied in tandem, moreover when P is applied with glyphosate, and did not inhibit citrus tree growth. This result could be used to establish effective rates of glyphosate and P when applied together in citrus production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chronic dietary risk assessment for 34 pesticides suspected of acting as endocrine disrupters in Iran was assessed by comparing TMDI with the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI). Of 34 investigated endocrine-disrupting pesticides (EDPs), 6 had TMDI > ADI. In addition, potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risk assessments were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. HQ in wheat was 17.40 and 20.29 in adults and children, respectively. Due to dimethoate residue in wheat, HQ was 2.78, and for fenitrothion residue, 3.22. HI was 21.22 for adults and 24.76 for children in wheat, more than 1. Total Carcinogenic risk (TCR) due to EDPs residues was 6.40 × 10−5 in apples, in citrus fruits 5.97 × 10−5, 3.33 × 10−5 in cucumber, 5.30 × 10−5 in lettuce, in potato was 2.36 × 10−5, in rice was 1.61 × 10−5, 1.78 × 10−5 in tomato, and due to epoxiconazole residues in wheat was 3.18 × 10−5, more than acceptable limit 1.0 × 10−6. Therefore, consumers were at significant risk of carcinogenesis. Abbreviations: PCBs: polychlorinated biphenyls; BPA: Bisphenol A; ED: Endocrine Disrupting; EDCs: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals; EDPs: Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides; ADI: Acceptable Daily Intake; TMDI: Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization; WHO: World Health Organization; MRL: Maximum Residue Limit; HQ: Hazard Quotient; HI: Hazard Index; CR: Cancer Risk; TCR: Total Cancer Risk; PPP: plant protection products [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though super-high-density plantation systems could maximise yield per acre and induce an early entry production, a few research studies have been conducted on citrus crops in the Mediterranean Basin. In this study, we assessed the suitability of 'Salustiana' orange trees (Citrus sinensis) on two dwarfing rootstocks [Forner-Alcaide 418 (FA418) and Forner-Alcaide 517 (FA517)] under super-high-density plantation systems. Tree growth, yield and fruit quality of 'Salustiana' on both citrus rootstocks were evaluated. Furthermore, the suitability of mechanical harvesting was evaluated using an over-the-row continuous canopy shaker for this citrus plantation system. For this last purpose, the effects of mechanical harvesting on fruit detachment and fruit harvested and tree damage were analysed. The results showed that 'Salustiana' orange on FA517 obtained a better response than on FA418 in terms of vegetative growth, effective yield and fruit quality under super high-density conditions, also displaying a better response to mechanical harvesting with a high detachment efficiency of fruits. It emphasised the relevance of proper mechanical pruning to reduce the tree damage and improve the detachment efficiency by this canopy shaker. Thus, although the over-the-row canopy shaker requires some technical improvements, it showed a high potential for harvesting super-high-density citrus crops for the juice industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted in two consecutive years to evaluate the terminal residue levels, dissipation trend of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. Analyses were carried out using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the concentration of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. The results showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.01 to 5.0 mg·L−1 (R2 = 0.9999). Average recoveries were 77.70%-105.25% for cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate at the spiked levels of 0.01, 0.1,1, and 5 mg·kg−1, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.23–7.22%. Half-lives (t1/2) of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate were 2.76–5.87 and 1.27–3.22 days in citrus and soil, respectively. The results showed that the final contents of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus peel were the highest while that of citrus pulp were the lowest. As for soil, the final contents range from < 0.010 to 4.081 mg·kg−1. The dietary risk assessment of citrus was evaluated with risk quotients. The risk quotient values were found to be significantly < 100%, indicating that using recommended doses of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus fruits poses risks to human health within acceptable risk levels. The results of this study contribute to the guidance of safe and reasonable use of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, leaf micromorphological features of 42 accessions of 12 species of the genus Citrus were assessed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate phylogenetically significant characters that delineate species. Morphometrical analyses were carried out using the leaf anatomical and micromorphological characters of at least five samples collected from different localities. Some leaflet anatomical traits (cuticle ornamentation, cyclocytic and tetracytic stomata, isobilateral mesophyll arrangement, number of palisade layers, shape of the midrib, sheath around vascular tissue) clearly support various clades defined by previous DNA-based phylogenetic work. Anatomical features of C. limetta and C. aurantifolia were identical, thus supporting the synonimisation of these two species. Leaf anatomy and morphology in the studied taxa reveal many characters high value for infrageneric classification of Citrus. This work provides useful background for further molecular and anatomical studies of Citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial essential oil obtained from the steam distillation of cold-pressed oil from Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle fruits (OCA), after chemical characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was investigated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and related signaling pathways in dystrophic muscle cells. The chemical composition of OCA showed 24 compounds with a predominance of monoterpenes, such as limonene (42.6%), cymene (11.8%), α-terpineol (11.8%), terpinolene (5.3%) and γ-terpinene (4.6%). DPHH and ORAC assays showed a significant antioxidant activity of OCA. Because the OCA is rich in limonene, it exhibited marked anti-inflammatory (as indicated by the reduction of TNF- α and NF-κB levels) and antioxidant effects (as indicated by the reduction of 4-HNE-protein adducts, SOD-2, GSR and H2O2 levels) on dystrophic muscle cells. These effects appear to be mediated through the activation of PGC-1α pathway. Therefore, OCA can be considered a promising bioactive for therapeutic applications in dystrophinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties of the methanolic extracts from bigarade (Citrus aurantium L.) leaves at two development stages. Ferulic acid, naringin and naringenin were the principal phenolic components of young and old leaves. The highest total antioxidant capacity was obtained in young leaf extracts (YLE). These latter also exhibited the highest antiradical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) activities, while the highest iron chelating and reducing power activities were observed in old leaf extracts (OLE). The potent anticancer activity was observed in YLE for human lung carcinoma (A-549) and in OLE for colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells. YLE showed the highest virucidal effects as compared to OLE and the positive control acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) propagation in Vero cells during the absorption and replication periods. The young and old leaves might be a source of natural antioxidants and protective agents against oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Florida sweet orange production has declined largely due to Huanglongbing (HLB) disease. The causative agent, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) bacteria, lowers tree performance by reducing water and nutrient uptake. HLBaffected trees have a fibrous root density loss of about 30 to 50%, which increases as HLB symptoms develop in the canopy. Currently, no guidelines exist for optimal nutrient concentrations in citrus roots. This study aimed to develop root nutrient and fertilization guidelines for HLB-affected sweet orange trees. The research was conducted on two sites with 5- to 6-year-old 'Valencia' sweet orange trees grafted on 'Swingle' rootstock. The two sites were representative of the different soil characteristics of the state of Florida, namely Ridge and Flatwood regions. Seven treatments were tested using a randomized complete block design. The Ridge soils site has a high density of trees of about 1359 trees ha-1 while the Flatwoods soils site of southwest Florida has a lower tree density of about 716 trees ha-1. The experiment began in May 2019 and concluded in May 2021. Foliar, root and soil samples were collected from both sites twice a year and nutrient concentrations were analyzed. No significant patterns were observed; however, differences in soil nutrients were found between sites. The obtained data represent trends that could become significant over a longer-term study which encompasses the two different citrus-growing regions in Florida. These lengthier trials are especially needed in the age of HLB in order to curb the declining citrus production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of organic materials in arid and semi-arid regions not only improves the physicochemical and biological characteristics of the soil but also increases plant growth. In this study, the effect of individual and combined application of humic acid (HA) (150 mg kg−1 soil), wood vinegar (WV) (75-fold dilution), and biochars (corn straw biochar (CSB) and cotton residue biochar (CRB) each at 2% wt.) on the soil Zn chemical fractions and its uptake by Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings were investigated in a calcareous soil. The results showed the CRB was more effective in increasing the Zn concentration in fractions with high bioavailability (soluble+exchangeable (WsEx) and organic (OM) forms) than the CSB. This may be due to its higher organic carbon content (74%) and electrical conductivity (3.52 dS m−1) than those for the CSB. There was no significant difference between HA and WV in terms of the effect on soil Zn chemical fractions. The CRB+WV and CRB+HA were the best treatments for enhancing the soil Zn bioavailability. The greatest increase in the shoot dry matter yield (2.5-fold) and Zn uptake (29%) was associated with the combined treatment of CRB+HA compared to the control. Furthermore, the shoot dry matter yield of Sour Orange seedlings had a significant and positive correlation with the Zn-WsEx fraction and Zn uptake. It could be concluded that among the treatments, the combined application of CRB+HA was the best in enhancing soil Zn bioavailability, Zn uptake and shoot dry matter yield of Sour Orange seedlings in the calcareous soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to report Fusarium species associated with Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) collected from citrus leaves from an agroecological polyculture in Brazil, assess sexual reproductive mode of the species with unknown sexual stages, and provide an augmented description of F. volatile, for which we discovered a sexual stage. Nineteen Fusarium isolates were recovered from A. woglumi. These fungi belong to three species complexes, i.e., the F. chlamydosporum species complex (FCSC), the F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), and the F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC). Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses, the species were identified as F. annulatum, F. chlamydosporum, F. pernambucanum, F. sulawesiense, F. verticillioides, and F. volatile. Our results suggest that three species whose sexual stages are unknown (F. chlamydosporum, F. sulawesiense, and F. volatile) are also heterothallic. Intraspecific crosses of F. sulawesiense and F. volatile produced protoperithecia, whereas 66.7% of F. volatile crosses produced fertile perithecia. We provide an augmented description of the latter species to include characteristics of its sexual morph and those observed in the asexual morph that had not yet been described for the species. This study highlights the potential of researching insect-associated fungi to increase knowledge about the diversity, taxonomy, and versatility of Fusarium in ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjunan is a novel broad-spectrum fungicide developed in China. However, its excessive use may lead to the accumulation of toxic residue and increased health risks. In the present study, a simple method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established, and multiple experiments were conducted in 12 regions of China to characterise the risk assessment of Xinjunan residues in cucumber, tomato, citrus (pulp), and citrus (whole). The calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient (r) >0.9951. The recovery rates of Xinjunan in three crops at different spiking levels (0.01 ~ 1 mg kg−1) were 77%~102%, with a relative standard deviation of 1%~10%. The terminal residues of Xinjunan in cucumber, tomato, citrus (pulp), and citrus (whole) were below 0.033, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.041 mg kg−1, respectively. The results showed a low concentration level of Xinjunan residues in cucumber, tomato, and citrus than the recommended dosage. The Chinese dietary structure and terminal residue analysis under field conditions showed the risk quotient (RQ) of Xinjunan to be 0.044, which was significantly lower than 1, suggesting the risk to be acceptable. Overall, the results indicated that Xinjunan in these crops exhibited no significant risk for the human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-industrial wastewaters from citrus packaging plants are a significant source of pollution. Looking for a solution, lab-scale biobeds were evaluated for the remediation of fungicides from citrus agro-industry wastewaters. They were constructed under controlled conditions, using an 'in-house' designed bio-mixture containing soil, peat and cereal bran (1:1:2). The degradation of imazalil, prochloraz, propiconazole and pyrimethanil was studied individually, as a mixture and in real wastewater from a citric packing house facility. The pesticide behaviour was assessed using a novel validated dispersive sample preparation. The extraction was performed with ethylacetate and a salting out step with sodium tetraborate. The clean-up was performed with MgSO4 and Al2O3. The instrumental determination was carried out by LC-MS/MS in MRM acquisition mode. When studied separately, all the pesticides were dissipated. Particularly, propiconazole showed a 90% concentration reduction after 60 days. Two metabolites of prochloraz of environmental concern: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and N-formil-N'-propil-N'-2(2,4,6 trichlorophenoxy) ethyl urea were detected, and their chemical structures were confirmed through mass spectrometry experiments. The bio-mixture was also efficient in dissipating the four pesticides when applied together in a single biobed. Real wastewaters from a citric agro-industry containing pyrimethanil and imazalil were tested using the same conditions. Both compounds dissipated 50% and 79% respectively, within 70 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient element for the growth of citrus tree. The accurate estimation of leaf nitrogen content (LNC) is important to guarantee fruit quality and yield. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing has shown great potential for monitoring the LNC of crops. However, the number of training samples is always limited due to the high cost and time consumption of acquiring LNC samples. Obtaining satisfactory results is difficult for most machine-learning models with insufficient samples. Thus, a semi-supervised regression model is designed in this paper to improve the performance of estimating citrus LNC from UAV images under the condition of small samples. First, the local binary pattern (LBP) operator is employed to fully extract textural features in UAV images. Second, semi-supervised cooperative regression models based on ridge regression (Ridge), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF) are constructed by combining spectral and textural features. Finally, the best learning model is used to realize the accurate limited sample LNC estimation from the available training samples. The experiments confirm that the semi-supervised cooperative regression model has better and promising results than other machine-learning methods under the condition of small samples. The RF-based cooperative regression model (CoRF) performs best among other models, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.716 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.620 g·kg−1. The CoRF model also achieves superior performance when combining LBP textural features. The results estimated by the semi-supervised cooperative regression model is capable of providing instructions for the production and management of citrus orchard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biological control agents (BCAs) to cope with diseases has received considerable attention owing to its high efficiency and environmental safety. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of Pseudomonas mediterranea pretreatment in the response of lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] against mal secco, which is a devastating citrus disease caused by the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus. RNAseq analysis revealed that the fungus induced marked reprogramming of the transcriptome, but P. mediterranea pretreatment strongly reduced lemon leaf transcriptome modifications and limited the amount of fungal DNA inside the plant tissue. Furthermore, P. mediterranea prevented the downregulation of the genes involved in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and the deregulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis and perception of the main phytohormones. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first report on the analysis of the P. tracheiphilus-lemon plant-BCA interaction at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesperidin is a prominent flavanone found in citrus fruits that has a broad range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of hesperidin supplementation on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant parameters such as MDA, TAC, GSH, SOD, and CAT; CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 levels respectively, by analyzing human intervention trials. Google Scholar, PubMed, grey literature databases, and the ClinicalTrials website were scanned to identify eligible studies. For the meta-analysis, eighteen studies were chosen. Hesperidin supplementation had significant lowering effect on not only CRP, IL-6, and IL-4 levels but also MDA level (Meta-regression analysis revealed a non-significant direct relationship between hesperidin dosage and chance in CRP, IL-6, and MDA levels. As a result, it can be said that hesperidin supplementation contributes to the inflammatory and antioxidant response, but this contribution is independent of dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stages of maturity have decisive roles in determining the quality and quantity of essential oil (EO). In this regard, EO yield and composition and their antioxidant activity of citron fruit at four fruit maturity stages, i.e. the green mature (GM), intermediate (INT), yellow ripe (MAT) and overripe stage (OR) were studied. Obtained results showed significant effect of fruit maturity on most measured properties. The concentration of EO varied between 0.60 and 0.77% (v/w). The highest amount of limonene was 89.39% related to GM stage. The limonene decreased significantly during maturity. The highest antioxidant activity (76.08%) was measured at the OR stage, which is probably due to the presence of specific compounds in the EO and their synergistic effects. The phytochemical behaviors of this citron variety were different as relation to stages of fruit maturity. We can determine the ideal harvest period for maximum bioactive substances by recognizing these actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus is one of the most important and widely grown fruit crops around the world. Citrus fruit drop is due to the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors. Major biotic factors include insects like fruit flies and diseases such as Huanglongbing (HLB) and postbloom fruit drop (PFD) due to Colletotrichum acutatum. The associated abiotic factors are temperature, rainfall, hailstorms, water stress, nutritional imbalance, etc. Studies have been conducted to understand fruit drop and its relation to various plant growth regulators. Plant growth regulators such as auxin and gibberellins have been categorised as abscission inhibitors, while ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) are abscission promoters. Here, in this review, we have emphasised on the different phases of fruit drops, factors causing fruit drop, the role of plant growth regulators, fruit detachment force (FDF), rootstocks, water relation, nutrient status and different chemical, biological, botanical and hormonal strategies applied for controlling citrus fruit drop. Moreover, we have also discussed the molecular basis of citrus fruit drop and have reviewed recent studies involving biosynthesis/signalling pathway genes and phytohormone genes affecting fruit drop. This review offers comprehensive information about citrus fruit drop and shall provide the direction of future research for students, horticulturists, researchers and other stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a rare inherited disorder in which red blood cells (RBCs) under oxidative stress have altered sickle shape resulting in clinical complications. In this study, a library of pure natural products were screened to see their effectiveness in preventing sickling induced in blood samples of SCA patients, ex-vivo. The results indicated that baicalin (1) and naringenin (2), reduced sickling by 46.03 and 37.48 percent, respectively, compared to positive control, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), which inhibited RBC sickling by 56.87 percent. As a result of this screening, two compounds, baicalin (1) and naringenin (2), have been identified as potent sickling inhibitors. Study has clearly shown promising role of flavonoids for the management of SCD crisis for that not effective therapy is available. These phytochemicals or plant extracts can be explored further as an alternative anti-sickling remedy, owing to their high efficacy in the management of SCD crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, there has been a continuous rise in the consumption of fresh easy-to-peel mandarins. However, the majority of the knowledge comes from other citrus fruit, like orange, while there are relatively few studies about mandarins and no comprehensive research on literature data about them. One of the most important steps in the analytical process is sample preparation. Its value is evident in analyzing the samples with complex matrices, such as in mandarin fruit. In addition, mandarin contains hundreds to thousands of various compounds and metabolites, some of them present in extremely low concentrations, that interfere with the detection of one another. Hence, mandarin samples are commonly pretreated by extraction to facilitate analysis of bioactive compounds, improve accuracy and quantification levels. There is an abundance of extraction techniques available, depending on the group of compounds of interest. Finally, modern analytical techniques, have been applied to cope with numerous bioactive compounds in mandarins. Considering all the above, this review aims to (i) list the most valuable procedures of sample preparation, (ii) highlight the most important techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from mandarin fruit, and (iii) summarize current trends in the identification and determination of bioactive compounds in mandarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus plants face various abiotic stresses like drought during their life span which significantly affect their active growth and development. Tetraploid (4×) plants are more adaptable to environmental constraints than diploid (2×) plants by inducing critical physiological and biochemical processes. In this study, tetraploid and their corresponding diploid sour orange rootstocks were subjected to drought stress for 12 days. Results revealed that drought stress significantly affected plant physiology by reducing photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and leaf colour, which was prominent in diploid plants compared to tetraploid plants. In diploid plants, phenotypic differences (i.e. wilting and rolling of leaves) were also significant. Diploids with more accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in their leaves and roots exhibited more oxidative damage. It was observed that tetraploid plants had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase enzymes, while lower superoxide dismutase was recorded in the leaves and roots of plants. Higher glycine betaine, proline, total soluble protein, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities were also observed in the leaves and roots of tetraploids. Overall, results suggest that tetraploids in citrus can have better defence mechanisms that help them to sustain under water deficit scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudofabraea citricarpa (Dermateaceae: Helotiales) is known as a significant pathogen causing Citrus target spot disease and results in profound yield loss. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) determined based on next-generation sequencing technology. The circular mitogenome (56,935 bp) comprised 14 conserved protein-coding genes (PCGs), 16 ORFs, two ribosomal RNA genes (rns and rnl), one non-coding RNA gene (rnpB), one ribosomal protein S3 (rps3) and 28 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The overall base composition is as follows: 36.08% A, 35.25% T, 13.04% C, and 15.63% G, with a GC content of 28.70%. The phylogenetic analysis shows that P. citricarpa, belonging to Dermateaceae, forms a separate clade and is sister to Sclerotiniaceae. The mitogenome of P. citricarpa reported in this study provides more molecular data for further research on the evolutionary relationships of Helotiales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcareous and alkaline soil is the major drawback for low yield and poor fruit quality of sweet orange cv. Mosambi with increased granulation problem because such types of soil hinders the smooth micronutrient uptake from the soil. Therefore, the impact of micronutrients spray for three times at one month intervals from May to July on granulation and fruit quality of Mosambi was initiated for two consecutive years (2018–19 and 2019–20). Combined application of Zn @0.5% + Fe @0.2% + B @0.3% + Cu @0.1% followed by B @0.3% + Fe @0.2% and Zn @0.5% + B @0.3% were found effective for improving growth of Mosambi plants. Yield was also obtained maximum in foliar spray of Zn @0.5% + Fe @0.2% + B @0.3% + Cu @0.1% (19.92 t ha−1). Maximum fruit weight and volume was obtained in B @0.3% + Fe @0.2% treatment (173.80 g and 190.53 cc, respectively). Fruit quality attributes in terms of total soluble solids (TSS): acid ratio, sugar, and phenol content were recorded maximum in Zn @0.5% + Fe @0.2% + B @0.3% + Cu @0.1% spray. Minimum incidence of granulation was observed in Cu @0.1% spray (1.96%) with par result in Zn @0.5% + Fe @ 0.2% + B @0.3% + Cu @0.1% (2.33%). Hence, it can be concluded that three foliar spray of Zn @0.5% + Fe @0.2% + B @0.3% + Cu @0.1% from May to July is very effective to get maximum yield of better quality, granulation free fruits from Mosambi orchard under non-conventional citrus growing track having calcareous and alkaline nature of soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a significant global health issue with high recurrence rates despite extensive treatments. Hence, the search for new anticancer treatments is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of Citrus aurantium peels essential oil (CPEO) as a potential anti-cancer treatment. The Full Factorial Design 23 method was employed to optimize the yield of CPEO extraction and to examine its antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. GC-MS analysis revealed that limonene is the major constituent of CPEO (68.32%). The optimal extraction yield of 5.47 g/100 g d.b was achieved with a 4-minute microwave pretreatment, 5 washings, and a minimum salt concentration of 175 g/L. The CPEO was endowed with interesting antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH, H2O2, NO•, assays with IC50 of 0.492; 1.120; 1.243 mg/mL respectively. In addition, CPEO exhibited powerful antiproliferative effects evaluated with the MTT assay against HeLa (IC50 of 0.650 µg/mL) and MCF-7 (IC50 of 1.426 µg/mL) cell lines. The statistical correlation analyses showed a positive relationship between the IC50 values for MCF-7 and HeLa with the total phenol content (TPC). Based on the molecular docking study, CPEO constituents could dock into the binding pockets of EGFR with energy between -1.695 and -5.052 kcal/mol, As for VEGFR2, energy ranged between -4.175 and -8.096 kcal/mol. Naphthalen-1(2h)-one, limonene, and citral showed an interesting inhibition capacity against EGFR and VEGFR2 by molecular docking study. These findings suggest that CPEO would be a potential natural therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of essential oils obtained from the peels of Citrus aurantium and extracted with MAHD and HD. The various compounds detected include limonene and linalol. In this context, we used the methods of bovine serum albumin anti-denaturation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property and glucose uptake by yeast cells to evaluate the antidiabeticone. The results of evaluating the antidiabetic and the anti-inflammatory activities indicate that the essential oil extracted by MAHD has greater efficiency compared to the essential oil extracted by HD. Besides, the antioxidant potential of the essential oil was evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power, and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. Results show that the essential oil extracted by HD presents a high antioxidant activity. Moreover, essential oil is a potential source of important bioactive compounds and of possible synergistic effects among its components. To support the phytochemical analysis, an attempt was made to identify some potential compounds from Citrus aurantium essential oils that can inhibit important drug targets like bovine serum albumin (BSA), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tubulin using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPME-GCMS analysis of vesicles of Sanguinea cultivar showed the presence of limonene (45.63%), sabinene (22.65%), and bicyclogermacrene (10.80%). The analysis of the peel showed that the main components were limonene (48.24%), sabinene (37.15%), and α-pinene (4.26%). In Pink Ice cultivar the main components of the vesicles were sabinene (31.68%), limonene (20.71%), and bicyclogermacrene (14.18%). Peel analysis showed the presence of limonene (37.68%), sabinene (33.33%), and α-pinene (5.55%). In Faustrime limonene (51.54%), γ-terpinene (10.01%), α-bergamotene (7.48%), β-bisabolene (7.07%), and a-phellandrene (5.68%) were detected. In peel analysis limonene (27.84%), α-pinene (9.41%), γ-terpinene (10.00%), and citronellal (10.51%) were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial acroautophagy/autophagy plays a vital role in degrading intracellular pathogens or microbial molecules in host-microbe interactions. However, microbes evolved various mechanisms to hijack or modulate autophagy to escape elimination. Vector-transmitted phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. Liberibacter) species, cause Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most catastrophic citrus diseases worldwide, yet contributions of autophagy to HLB disease proliferation remain poorly defined. Here, we report the identification of a virulence effector in "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" (Las), SDE3, which is highly conserved among the "Ca. Liberibacter". SDE3 expression not only promotes the disease development of HLB and canker in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants but also facilitates Phytophthora and viral infections in Arabidopsis, and Nicotiana benthamiana (N.benthamiana). SDE3 directly associates with citrus cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (CsGAPCs), which negatively regulates plant immunity. Overexpression of CsGAPCs and SDE3 significantly inhibits autophagy in citrus, Arabidopsis, and N.benthamiana. Intriguingly, SDE3 undermines autophagy-mediated immunity by the specific degradation of CsATG8 family proteins in a CsGAPC1-dependent manner. CsATG8 degradation is largely rescued by treatment with an inhibitor of the late autophagic pathway, E64d. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CsATG8s enhances Phytophthora resistance. Collectively, these results suggest that SDE3-CsGAPC interactions modulate CsATG8-mediated autophagy to enhance Las progression in citrus. Abbreviations: ACP: asian citrus psyllid; ACD2: ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2; ATG: autophagy related; Ca. Liberibacter: Candidatus Liberibacter; CaMV: cauliflower mosaic virus; CMV: cucumber mosaic virus; Cs: Citrus sinensis; EV: empty vector; GAPC: cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HLB: huanglongbing; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; Las: liberibacter asiaticus; Laf: liberibacter africanus; Lam: liberibacter americanus; Pst: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato; PVX: potato virus X; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDE3: sec-delivered effector 3; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VIVE : virus-induced virulence effector; WT: wild-type; Xcc: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus juice is widely consumed due to its high nutritional values, desirable taste, and color. The juice color is the key indicator for quality attributes affecting the consumer's attention. Conventional thermal treatment is the common method in juice processing which adversely affects its nutritional value and appearance. Measuring the color properties of the juice is an intelligent way to control the juice quality and estimating the alteration in chemicals. In this study, the effects of different treatments on the color aspects of citrus juice including L*, a* & b* values, browning index, total color difference, chroma, and hue index were reviewed. New thermal methods such as microwave, ohmic heating, and infrared radiation are used which result in the shortened process come up time (CUT). In addition, non-thermal treatments such as pulsed electric fields, high-pressure processing, high-pressure carbon dioxide, sonication, and ultraviolet are applied to process the juice, which results in better preservation of the nutritional values. These methods are less effective in the inactivation of the enzymes playing a key role in the juices stability. Therefore, a combination of thermal and non-thermal methods is suggested to increase the effectiveness of the process as well as preserving the juice quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antifungal effects of laurel, myrtle and peppermint essential oils and their combinations were investigated in vitro on two strains of Alternaria alternata mycelial growth and in vivo on detached Citrus leaf disease incidence. Myrtle essential oil was rich in α-pinene and 1,8-cineole while peppermint essential oil in menthol and menthone. 1,8-Cineole was the main component of the essential oils from laurel, laurel + myrtle and peppermint + laurel. The combined peppermint and myrtle essential oil was characterized by the predominance of menthol and 1,8-cineole. All tested essential oils, incorporated in potato-dextrose agar, inhibited A. alternata mycelial growth and had a fungistatic effect at concentration 3 mg/mL of medium. A great synergism was detected between peppermint and laurel essential oils against the two strains of A. alternata. The combined laurel and peppermint essential oil reduced mycelial growth rates of inoculated detached leaves at concentration above 1.5 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of system absolute pressure on the yield and composition of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus deliciosa Tenore, extracted by steam distillation. The extractions were carried out at the absolute pressures of 760, 610, 460, and 310 Torr, for 1 h. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID. According to the results, the reduction of pressure reduced essential oil yield, from 0.6% v/w at 760 Torr to 0.3% v/w at 310 Torr. Regarding the chemical composition, there was an increase in methyl N-methylanthranilate content with the reduction of system pressure, from 88.3 wt.% at 760 Torr to 97.6 wt.% at 310 Torr. However, it was observed a reduction in extraction efficiency due to the lower steam temperature. On the other hand, lower temperatures may imply a smaller degradation of thermolabile compounds. This process may be an alternative to other deterpenation techniques because it couples in a sole stage the extraction and purification/separation of essential oil components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria including Lactobacillus brevis, L. plantarum, L. helveticus and L. delbrueckii from dairy products against Penicillium digitatum (green mold) on sweet orange fruit. Antifungal activity of Lactobacillus spp. was first assayed using bacterial cells through the overlay method against 105 spore/mL suspension of P. digitatum. Also, P. digitatum growth inhibition was measured in the PDA medium containing 15 and 30% cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus spp. Antifungal activity of Lactobacillus spp. was evaluated under storehouse conditions by treating wounded fruits with 108/mL cell suspension (CS) and 30% CFS of Lactobacillus spp., which then infected with 105/mL spore suspension of P. digitatum. The CS and CFS of L. plantarum had the best antifungal activity under both in vitro and in vivo conditions followed by L. helveticus, L. delbrueckii and L. brevis. L. plantarum. The 15 and 30% L. plantarum CFS were able to inhibit the growth of P. digitatum by 30.31%, 76.82% and 97.6% respectively, under in vitro conditions. Also, L. plantarum CS and 30% CFS reduced the growth of the P. digitatum on the fruit by 92.77 and 98.9% respectively, under storehouse conditions. The total content of all sugars of treated fruits with Lactobacillus spp., CS and CFS showed significant difference compared to untreated fruits. Therefore, the present study highlights the successful application of biological fungicides based on secondary compounds of Lactobacillus spp. due to greater stability of metabolites than bacterial cells in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soils of South-Western Punjab are alkaline and exhibited widespread nutrient deficiencies. Foliar applications of micronutrients under such circumstances hold great importance. However, micronutrient sprays on Kinnow grown in such soils are limited only to Zn and Mn. Therefore, the response of Kinnow to foliar applications of micronutrient mixture (containing Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Mo) was expected. In this viewpoint, studies were carried out during 2015–2019 to see the effect of foliar sprays (0.3 and 0.6%) of non-chelated and EDTA-chelated micronutrient mixtures in Kinnow mandarin. The results were compared with standard practice i.e., 0.3% sprays each of zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate on spring and summer flushes. The data was analyzed in Randomized Block Design, repeated in octuplet. The overall performance of treatments was evaluated using weighted aggregated sum product assessment model (WASPAS). The WASPAS score varied between 0.638–0.649 and 0.194–0.245 in treatments received non-chelated and chelated micronutrient mixtures, respectively, pointing out the superiority of the former. In overall, treatment followed standard practice registered highest WASPAS score and ranked at number 1 among all. Highly significant (p < 0.01) correlation between WASPAS score and leaf Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations clearly demonstrated the importance of foliar sprays of these micronutrients in the citrus production under the prevailing conditions. The study also suggests that multi criteria decision making analysis holds a key importance in agriculture domain for insightful decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application of different potassium (K) sources on yield and fruit nutrient uptake in 28-year-old Valencia oranges (Citrus sinensis, L.) grafted onto Trifoliata citrange rootstock. In the trial that was conducted with different foliar potassium sources in the region of Köyceğiz (Turkey) in the years 2016, 2017, and 2018 with 5 replications according to the random blocks trial design for this purpose, in addition to the control group where no foliar treatment was applied, the treatment groups received Potassium Nitrate (KNO3, 46% K2O; 300 g/100L/da), Potassium Thiosulfate (25% K2O; 400 ml/100L/da) and Potassium Phosphite (25% K2O; 500 ml/100 L/da) treatments. For all examined parameters and for all 3 years, the highest results were obtained in the potassium phosphite treatment. This may be due to its higher mobility inside the plant compared to other K sources. The effects of all treatments on yield were found significant, where the yield values for 2016, 2017, and 2018 were found as 139, 143, and 140 kg/tree, respectively. This may be explained with the role of K on promoting the fruit reserves. Regarding the effects of potassium phosphite on all fruit nutrient uptake amounts, the effect of the treatment in all 3 years was found significant except for Fe, Cu, and Mn. In conclusion, among the potassium sources, the most effective fertilizer was determined as potassium phosphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]